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capitolo_02_completo_IT.md create mode 100644 clean_translations.py create mode 100644 cover.jpg create mode 100644 merge_sections.py create mode 100644 prelude_completo_IT.md create mode 100644 split_chapter.py create mode 100644 translate_section.py diff --git a/.github/copilot-instruction.md b/.github/copilot-instruction.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d5a4a0a --- /dev/null +++ b/.github/copilot-instruction.md @@ -0,0 +1,300 @@ +# Workflow di Traduzione - "The World Set Free" di H.G. Wells + +## Obiettivo del Progetto +Tradurre in italiano "The World Set Free" (1914) di H.G. Wells, mantenendo lo stile letterario originale e la precisione scientifica del testo. + +## Informazioni Contestuali sull'Opera + +### Dettagli Bibliografici +- **Titolo originale**: The World Set Free +- **Titolo italiano**: La Liberazione del Mondo +- **Autore**: H.G. Wells (1866-1946) +- **Anno di pubblicazione**: 1914 (scritto nel 1913) +- **Genere**: Romanzo di fantascienza sociale/speculativa + +### Caratteristiche dell'Opera +- **Tema centrale**: Le conseguenze sociali e politiche dell'energia atomica +- **Influenze scientifiche**: Basato sui lavori di Frederick Soddy, Ernest Rutherford e William Ramsay sulla radioattività +- **Importanza storica**: Predisse l'uso dell'energia atomica e influenzò fisici come Leó Szilárd +- **Dedica**: "To Frederick Soddy's Interpretation of Radium" (1909) + +### Temi Principali +1. Speculazione scientifica accurata sull'energia atomica +2. Critica al sistema politico-legale antiquato +3. Visione di un governo mondiale come soluzione ai conflitti +4. Collasso e ricostruzione della società +5. Tensione tra progresso tecnologico e strutture sociali obsolete + +## Stile di Traduzione + +### Principi Guida +1. **Registro linguistico**: Colto ma accessibile, rispettando il registro elevato tipico di Wells +2. **Terminologia scientifica**: Precisa e conforme all'epoca (inizio XX secolo) +3. **Tono narrativo**: Profetico, didattico e critico-sociale +4. **Fedeltà**: Mantenere il significato originale senza modernizzare eccessivamente + +### Caratteristiche Stilistiche di Wells da Preservare +- Frasi complesse ma chiare +- Digressioni filosofiche e sociali +- Tono visionario e speculativo +- Ironia sottile nelle critiche sociali +- Descrizioni vivide e dettagliate +- Contrasti tra il quotidiano e l'epico + +### Scelte Terminologiche +- **Radio-activity**: "radio-attività" (con trattino, come nell'uso dell'epoca) +- **Atomic energy**: "energia atomica" +- **Modern State**: "Stato Moderno" (maiuscolo, indica un concetto filosofico) +- **The Great Change**: "il Grande Cambiamento" +- Mantenere i nomi propri in lingua originale (Holsten, Dass-Tata, etc.) +- Mantenere i riferimenti geografici originali + +## Workflow Operativo + +### Fase 1: Ricerca e Contestualizzazione +Prima di iniziare ogni capitolo: +1. Cercare informazioni storiche e biografiche sull'autore +2. Comprendere il contesto scientifico dell'epoca +3. Identificare i temi principali del capitolo +4. Studiare lo stile narrativo specifico della sezione + +### Fase 2: Lettura e Analisi +1. Leggere l'intero capitolo in inglese +2. Identificare le sezioni logiche naturali del testo +3. Annotare passaggi complessi o ambigui +4. Identificare termini tecnici e riferimenti culturali + +### Fase 3: Divisione in Sezioni +Per ogni capitolo: +1. Creare una cartella dedicata: `The World set Free_chapter[XX]/` +2. Dividere il capitolo in sezioni logiche (6-10 sezioni per capitolo) +3. Dare titoli descrittivi a ogni sezione +4. Nominare i file: `sezione_[XX]_[titolo_descrittivo].md` + +### Fase 4: Traduzione +Per ogni sezione: +1. **RIMUOVERE** intestazioni ripetute, piè di pagina e numeri di pagina dall'originale +2. Tradurre mantenendo la struttura dei paragrafi originale +3. Preservare la punteggiatura e il ritmo narrativo +4. Utilizzare un italiano elegante ma non arcaico +5. Verificare la coerenza terminologica con sezioni precedenti +6. Mantenere le citazioni e i corsivi originali + +**Elementi da rimuovere durante la traduzione:** +- Intestazioni ripetute tipo "### The World Set Free" +- Numeri di pagina (es. "24", "25", "26", ecc.) +- Righe di separazione ridondanti +- Qualsiasi altro elemento paratestuale non narrativo + +### Fase 5: Revisione +1. **Verifica rimozione** di intestazioni ripetute, numeri di pagina e elementi paratestuali +2. Rilettura per fluidità e naturalezza +3. Controllo coerenza terminologica +4. Verifica fedeltà al testo originale +5. Controllo formattazione Markdown + +## Struttura dei File + +### Organizzazione delle Cartelle +``` +/La Liberazione del Mondo/ +├── The World set Free_chapters/ # Capitoli originali in inglese +│ ├── chapter_01_[TITOLO].md +│ ├── chapter_02_[TITOLO].md +│ └── ... +├── The World set Free_chapter01/ # Traduzioni capitolo 1 +│ ├── sezione_01_[titolo].md +│ ├── sezione_02_[titolo].md +│ └── ... +├── The World set Free_chapter02/ # Traduzioni capitolo 2 +│ └── ... +└── .github/ + └── copilot-instruction.md # Questo file +``` + +### Formato dei File di Traduzione +Ogni file sezione deve contenere: +```markdown +# Capitolo [Numero]: [Titolo Capitolo] + +## Sezione [Numero] - [Titolo Sezione] + +[Testo tradotto...] +``` + +## Struttura dell'Opera + +### Capitoli Principali +1. **Chapter the First: The New Source of Energy** (La Nuova Fonte di Energia) +2. **Chapter the Second: The Last War** (L'Ultima Guerra) +3. **Chapter the Third: The Ending of War** (La Fine della Guerra) +4. **Chapter the Fourth: The New Phase** (La Nuova Fase) +5. **Chapter the Fifth: The Last Days of Marcus Karenin** (Gli Ultimi Giorni di Marcus Karenin) + +## Note per la Traduzione + +### Elementi da Preservare +- Nomi propri di persone e luoghi +- Titoli di opere citate +- Date specifiche +- Terminologia scientifica dell'epoca +- Struttura dei dialoghi +- Note a piè di pagina (se presenti) + +### Elementi da Adattare +- Espressioni idiomatiche (quando necessario per la comprensione) +- Misure (con nota esplicativa se necessario) +- Riferimenti culturali oscuri (con nota a piè di pagina) + +### Difficoltà Comuni +1. **Neologismi scientifici**: Wells inventa termini come "Carolinum" - mantenerli in originale +2. **Arcaismi deliberati**: Preservare il tono formale senza esagerare +3. **Passaggi filosofici**: Mantenere la complessità senza perdere chiarezza +4. **Ironia britannica**: Tradurre preservando la sottile critica sociale + +## Checklist per Ogni Sezione + +- [ ] Lettura completa della sezione originale +- [ ] Identificazione termini tecnici e culturali +- [ ] Prima stesura della traduzione +- [ ] Revisione per fluidità +- [ ] Controllo coerenza terminologica +- [ ] Verifica formattazione Markdown +- [ ] Controllo ortografico +- [ ] Rilettura finale + +## Risorse di Riferimento + +### Fonti Primarie +- Project Gutenberg: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1059 +- Wikipedia (EN): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World_Set_Free + +### Contesto Scientifico +- Opere di Frederick Soddy sulla radioattività +- Storia della fisica atomica del primo '900 +- Biografia di H.G. Wells e sue opere scientifiche + +### Stile e Linguaggio +- Altri romanzi scientifici di Wells (The Time Machine, War of the Worlds) +- Saggi e articoli scientifici di Wells +- Letteratura scientifica italiana del primo '900 per terminologia appropriata + +## Note sulla Coerenza + +### Termini Ricorrenti - Glossario di Riferimento +- **atomic energy** → energia atomica +- **radio-activity** → radio-attività +- **induced radio-activity** → radio-attività indotta +- **atomic disintegration** → disintegrazione atomica +- **power** → potenza / energia (a seconda del contesto) +- **engine** → motore +- **aeroplane** → aeroplano +- **flying** → volo / aviazione +- **Modern State** → Stato Moderno +- **the Great Change** → il Grande Cambiamento +- **World State** → Stato Mondiale + +### Nomi Propri Standardizzati +- Holsten (scienziato protagonista) +- Dass-Tata (compagnia/motore) +- Holsten-Roberts (motore) +- Marcus Karenin (filosofo del nuovo ordine) +- Frederick Barnet (narratore/testimone) + +## Ottimizzazione del Workflow + +### Nuovo Approccio con Script Python + +Per ottimizzare l'uso dei token e gestire meglio capitoli lunghi: + +1. **Script `split_chapter.py`**: Divide automaticamente un capitolo in sezioni separate basandosi sui marcatori `### Section` + ```bash + python split_chapter.py "path/to/chapter.md" "output_directory" + ``` + +2. **Script `translate_section.py`**: Fornisce linee guida per tradurre una sezione alla volta + ```bash + python translate_section.py --batch "directory_sezioni" + ``` + +3. **Script `clean_translations.py`**: Ripulisce le traduzioni da intestazioni ripetute, numeri di pagina e elementi paratestuali + ```bash + python clean_translations.py "directory_traduzioni" + ``` + +4. **Script `merge_sections.py`**: Riassembla tutte le sezioni tradotte in un unico file completo + ```bash + python merge_sections.py "directory_sezioni_IT" "capitolo_completo_IT.md" + ``` + +### Vantaggi dell'Approccio a Sezioni +- **Riduzione uso token**: Ogni sezione viene processata indipendentemente +- **Maggiore controllo qualità**: Focus su porzioni più piccole di testo +- **Facilità di revisione**: Possibile rivedere e modificare singole sezioni +- **Parallelizzazione**: Diverse sezioni possono essere tradotte in momenti diversi +- **Pulizia automatica**: Rimozione automatica di elementi paratestuali indesiderati +- **Riassemblaggio semplice**: merge_sections.py crea automaticamente il file completo ordinando le sezioni correttamente + +### Workflow Ottimizzato +1. Dividere il capitolo con `split_chapter.py` (se necessario) +2. Tradurre una sezione alla volta +3. Salvare ogni traduzione nella cartella `_IT` corrispondente +4. **Pulire** le traduzioni con `clean_translations.py` per rimuovere elementi paratestuali +5. **Unire** le sezioni con `merge_sections.py` per creare il file completo +6. Verificare coerenza e qualità del capitolo completo + +## Aggiornamenti e Modifiche + +**Data**: 24 ottobre 2025 +**Stato**: +- ✓ PRELUDE completato (8 sezioni) - **File completo: prelude_completo_IT.md** +- ✓ Capitolo 1 completato (8 sezioni) +- ✓ Capitolo 2 completato (10 sezioni) - **Pulito da elementi paratestuali** + - ✓ File completo: capitolo_02_completo_IT.md +- ✓ Script di ottimizzazione creati e testati + - `split_chapter.py` - divisione automatica capitoli + - `translate_section.py` - linee guida traduzione + - `clean_translations.py` - rimozione intestazioni/numeri pagina + - `merge_sections.py` - riassemblaggio sezioni in file unico + +**Prossimi passi**: +1. Pulire anche il Capitolo 1 con `clean_translations.py` +2. Assemblare il Capitolo 1 con `merge_sections.py` +3. Procedere con Capitolo 3 usando il workflow ottimizzato completo +4. Dividere il capitolo 3 con `split_chapter.py` +5. Tradurre le sezioni una alla volta +6. Pulire le traduzioni con `clean_translations.py` +7. Unire le sezioni con `merge_sections.py` + +**Struttura directory aggiornata**: +``` +/La Liberazione del Mondo/ +├── split_chapter.py # Script divisione capitoli +├── translate_section.py # Script helper traduzione +├── clean_translations.py # Script pulizia traduzioni +├── merge_sections.py # Script riassemblaggio sezioni ✨ NUOVO +├── prelude_completo_IT.md # ✓ PRELUDE tradotto completo +├── capitolo_02_completo_IT.md # ✓ Capitolo 2 tradotto completo +├── The World set Free_chapters/ # Originali inglesi +│ ├── PRELUDE.md # ✓ PRELUDE +│ ├── chapter_01_*.md # ✓ Capitolo 1 +│ ├── chapter_02_*.md # ✓ Capitolo 2 +│ ├── chapter_03_*.md # ⏳ Prossimo +│ ├── chapter_04_*.md +│ └── chapter_05_*.md +├── The World set Free_prelude_IT/ # ✓ PRELUDE traduzioni (8 sezioni) +├── The World set Free_chapter01/ # ✓ Cap. 1 sezioni inglesi (8) +├── The World set Free_chapter02/ # ✓ Cap. 2 sezioni inglesi (10) +└── The World set Free_chapter02_IT/ # ✓ Cap. 2 traduzioni (10/10) ✨ PULITO +``` + +**Statistiche Progresso**: +- Capitoli completati: 2/5 (40%) + PRELUDE ✓ +- Sezioni tradotte totali: 26 (8 PRELUDE + 18 capitoli) +- Workflow ottimizzato con successo ✓ +- Sistema di pulizia automatica implementato ✓ +- Sistema di riassemblaggio automatico implementato ✓ + +--- + +*Questo documento deve essere aggiornato man mano che si procede con la traduzione per mantenere coerenza e qualità.* diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..db6f9f1 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,78 @@ +# La Liberazione del Mondo +## *The World Set Free* di H.G. Wells + +![Copertina](cover.jpg) + +Traduzione italiana del romanzo profetico di H.G. Wells (1914) che previde l'energia atomica e le sue conseguenze sulla civiltà umana. + +--- + +## 📚 Indice dei Capitoli Disponibili + +### ✅ Completati + +- **[PRELUDIO: I Cacciatori del Sole](prelude_completo_IT.md)** *(8 sezioni)* + - La storia dell'umanità dalla preistoria alla scoperta dell'energia + +- **[Capitolo 1: La Nuova Fonte di Energia](The%20World%20set%20Free_chapter01/)** *(8 sezioni)* + - La scoperta di Holsten + - Holsten a Hampstead Heath + - Riflessioni serali di Holsten + - Avvento dell'era atomica + - Prosperità e distruzione + - Processo Dass-Tata + - Arcaismo del sistema legale + - Frederick Barnet e la sua epoca + +- **[Capitolo 2: L'Ultima Guerra](capitolo_02_completo_IT.md)** *(10 sezioni)* + - File completo disponibile + +### ⏳ In Lavorazione + +- Capitolo 3: La Fine della Guerra +- Capitolo 4: La Nuova Fase +- Capitolo 5: Gli Ultimi Giorni di Marcus Karenin + +--- + +## 🛠️ Workflow di Traduzione + +Il progetto utilizza script Python per ottimizzare il processo: + +1. **`split_chapter.py`** - Divide i capitoli in sezioni +2. **`translate_section.py`** - Guida la traduzione sezione per sezione +3. **`clean_translations.py`** - Rimuove elementi paratestuali +4. **`merge_sections.py`** - Riassembla le sezioni in file completi + +### Glossario Termini Chiave + +- **Carolinium** - L'elemento radioattivo fittizio scoperto da Holsten +- **Energia atomica** - Traduzione di "atomic energy" +- **Stato Moderno** - Traduzione di "Modern State" + +--- + +## 📊 Statistiche + +- **Capitoli tradotti**: 2/5 + PRELUDE (40%) +- **Sezioni totali**: 26 (8 PRELUDE + 18 capitoli) +- **Caratteri tradotti**: ~119.000 + +--- + +## 📖 Note sulla Traduzione + +Questa traduzione mantiene: +- Stile letterario elevato ma accessibile +- Terminologia scientifica dell'epoca +- Tono profetico e visionario dell'originale + +--- + +## 📜 Licenza + +Testo originale di pubblico dominio. Traduzione italiana © 2025. + +--- + +*Progetto di traduzione in corso - Ultimo aggiornamento: 24 ottobre 2025* diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_01_la_scoperta_di_holsten.md b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_01_la_scoperta_di_holsten.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..57872cb --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_01_la_scoperta_di_holsten.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +# Capitolo Primo: La Nuova Fonte di Energia + +## Sezione 1 - La Scoperta di Holsten + +Il problema che era già stato sollevato da uomini di scienza quali Ramsay, Rutherford e Soddy, proprio all'inizio del ventesimo secolo, il problema di indurre la radio-attività negli elementi più pesanti e così attingere all'energia interna degli atomi, fu risolto da una meravigliosa combinazione di induzione, intuizione e fortuna da parte di Holsten già nell'anno 1933. Dalla prima rilevazione della radio-attività alla sua prima sottomissione agli scopi umani trascorse poco più di un quarto di secolo. Per vent'anni dopo quello, invero, difficoltà minori impedirono qualsiasi applicazione pratica significativa del suo successo, ma l'essenziale era fatto, questa nuova frontiera nella marcia del progresso umano era stata attraversata, in quell'anno. Egli provocò la disintegrazione atomica in una minuscola particella di bismuto; essa esplose con grande violenza trasformandosi in un gas pesante di estrema radio-attività, che si disintegrò a sua volta nel corso di sette giorni, e fu solo dopo un altro anno di lavoro che riuscì a dimostrare praticamente che il risultato finale di questo rapido rilascio di energia era oro. Ma la cosa era fatta - al costo di un petto ustionato e di un dito ferito, e dal momento in cui l'invisibile granello di bismuto balenò trasformandosi in energia squarciante e lacerante, Holsten sapeva di aver aperto una via per l'umanità, per quanto stretta e buia potesse ancora essere, verso mondi di potenza illimitata. + +Egli registrò tutto ciò nello strano diario biografico che lasciò al mondo, un diario che fino a quel particolare momento era stata una massa di speculazioni e calcoli, e che improvvisamente divenne per un certo periodo una registrazione incredibilmente minuta e umana di sensazioni ed emozioni che tutta l'umanità avrebbe potuto comprendere. + +Egli fornisce, in frasi spezzate e spesso parole singole, è vero, ma non per questo meno vivacemente, una registrazione delle ventiquattro ore successive alla dimostrazione della correttezza del suo intricato tracciato di computazioni e congetture. "Pensavo che non sarei riuscito a dormire", scrive - le parole che omise sono fornite tra parentesi - "(a causa del) dolore (alla) mano e petto e (della) meraviglia di quello che avevo fatto... Dormii come un bambino." + +Si sentì strano e sconcertato la mattina seguente; non aveva nulla da fare, viveva solo in un appartamento a Bloomsbury, e decise di andare su a Hampstead Heath, che aveva conosciuto quando era un bambino piccolo come un ventoso campo da gioco. Andò su con la metropolitana sotterranea che era allora il mezzo di trasporto riconosciuto da una parte all'altra di Londra, e camminò su per Heath Street dalla stazione della metropolitana fino alla brughiera aperta. La trovò un burrone di tavole e impalcature tra le recinzioni degli demolitori di case. Lo spirito dei tempi si era impadronito di quella via stretta, ripida e tortuosa, ed era nell'atto di renderla comoda e interessante, secondo i notevoli ideali dell'estetismo neo-georgiano. + +Tale è la qualità illogica dell'umanità che Holsten, fresco di un lavoro che era come una bomba sotto il sedile della civiltà corrente, vide questi cambiamenti con rammarico. Era salito per Heath Street forse un migliaio di volte, aveva conosciuto le vetrine di tutti i piccoli negozi, aveva trascorso ore nel scomparso cinematografo, e si era meravigliato delle case georgiane primitive lanciate in alto sulla riva occidentale di quel vecchio burrone di via; si sentiva strano con tutte queste cose familiari scomparse. Scappò finalmente con un sentimento di sollievo da questo vicolo soffocato di fossati e buche e gru, ed emerse sulla vecchia scena familiare intorno al White Stone Pond. Quello, almeno, era molto simile a come era solito essere. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_02_holsten_a_hampstead_heath.md b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_02_holsten_a_hampstead_heath.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..04d45a2 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_02_holsten_a_hampstead_heath.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +# Capitolo Primo: La Nuova Fonte di Energia + +## Sezione 2 - Holsten a Hampstead Heath + +C'erano ancora le belle vecchie case di mattoni rossi alla sua destra e alla sua sinistra; il serbatoio era stato migliorato da un portico di marmo, la locanda dalla facciata bianca con i fiori raggruppati sopra il suo portico ancora si stagliava all'angolo delle vie, e la veduta azzurra verso Harrow Hill e la guglia di Harrow, una veduta di colline e alberi e acque splendenti e ombre di nuvole spinte dal vento, era come l'apertura di una grande finestra per il londinese che saliva. Tutto ciò era molto rassicurante. C'era la stessa folla che passeggiava, lo stesso miracolo perpetuo di automobili che le schivavano attraverso inoffensivamente, fuggendo a capofitto verso la campagna dalla pesantezza sabbatica dietro e sotto di loro. C'era ancora una banda, un comizio per il suffragio femminile - perché le donne suffragiste avevano riconquistato la via verso la tolleranza, un po' derisioria, del popolo - oratori socialisti, politici, una banda, e lo stesso tumulto selvaggio di cani, frenetici per la gioia della loro unica benedetta liberazione settimanale dal cortile sul retro e dalla catena. E lontano lungo la strada per gli Spaniards passeggiava una vasta moltitudine, dicendo, come sempre, che la veduta di Londra era eccezionalmente chiara quel giorno. + +Il volto del giovane Holsten era bianco. Camminava con quell'inquieta affettazione di naturalezza che segna un sistema nervoso sovraffaticato e un corpo sotto-esercitato. Esitò al White Stone Pond se andare alla sua sinistra o alla sua destra, e di nuovo al bivio delle strade. Continuava a spostare il suo bastone nella mano, e ogni tanto si metteva sulla strada dei passanti sul marciapiede o veniva urtato da loro a causa dell'incertezza dei suoi movimenti. Si sentiva, confessa, "inadeguato all'esistenza ordinaria". Gli sembrava di essere qualcosa di inumano e malizioso. Tutte le persone intorno a lui sembravano abbastanza prospere, abbastanza felici, abbastanza ben adattate alle vite che dovevano condurre - una settimana di lavoro e una domenica di vestiti migliori e mite passeggiata - ed egli aveva lanciato qualcosa che avrebbe disorganizzato l'intero tessuto che teneva insieme i loro contentamenti e ambizioni e soddisfazioni. "Mi sentivo come un imbecille che avesse presentato una scatola piena di revolver carichi a un asilo nido", annota. + +Incontrò un uomo di nome Lawson, un vecchio compagno di scuola, di cui la storia ora sa solo che era rosso in viso e aveva un terrier. Lui e Holsten camminarono insieme e Holsten era sufficientemente pallido e nervoso perché Lawson gli dicesse che lavorava troppo e aveva bisogno di una vacanza. Si sedettero a un piccolo tavolo fuori dalla casa del County Council di Golders Hill Park e mandarono uno dei camerieri al Bull and Bush per un paio di bottiglie di birra, senza dubbio su suggerimento di Lawson. La birra riscaldò il sistema piuttosto disumanizzato di Holsten. Iniziò a raccontare a Lawson più chiaramente che poteva a cosa ammontasse la sua grande scoperta. Lawson finse attenzione, ma in realtà non aveva né la conoscenza né l'immaginazione per comprendere. "Alla fine, prima che passino molti anni, questo deve eventualmente cambiare la guerra, il transito, l'illuminazione, l'edilizia, e ogni sorta di manifattura, persino l'agricoltura, ogni questione materiale umana..." + +Poi Holsten si fermò di colpo. Lawson era balzato in piedi. "Maledetto quel cane!" gridò Lawson. "Guardalo ora. Ehi! Qui! Phewoo-phewoo phewoo! Vieni QUI, Bobs! Vieni QUI!" + +Il giovane uomo di scienza, con la sua mano bendata, sedette al tavolo verde, troppo stanco per trasmettere la meraviglia della cosa che aveva cercato così a lungo, il suo amico fischiò e urlò per il suo cane, e la gente domenicale si spostava intorno a loro attraverso il sole primaverile. Per un momento o giù di lì Holsten fissò Lawson con stupore, perché era stato troppo intento su quello che stava dicendo per rendersi conto di quanto poco Lawson avesse prestato attenzione. + +Poi osservò, "BENE!" e sorrise debolmente, e - finì il boccale di birra davanti a lui. + +Lawson si sedette di nuovo. "Bisogna badare al proprio cane", disse, con una nota di scusa. "Cos'era quello che mi stavi dicendo?" \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_03_riflessioni_serali_di_holsten.md b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_03_riflessioni_serali_di_holsten.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..82f1764 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_03_riflessioni_serali_di_holsten.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# Capitolo Primo: La Nuova Fonte di Energia + +## Sezione 3 - Le Riflessioni Serali di Holsten + +La sera Holsten uscì di nuovo. Camminò fino alla Cattedrale di San Paolo, e rimase per un po' vicino alla porta ad ascoltare la funzione serale. Le candele sull'altare gli ricordarono in qualche strano modo le lucciole di Fiesole. Poi camminò di ritorno attraverso le luci serali verso Westminster. Era oppresso, era anzi spaventato, dal suo senso delle immense conseguenze della sua scoperta. Ebbe un'idea vaga quella notte che non avrebbe dovuto pubblicare i suoi risultati, che erano prematuri, che qualche associazione segreta di uomini saggi avrebbe dovuto prendersi cura del suo lavoro e tramandarlo di generazione in generazione fino a quando il mondo non fosse stato più maturo per la sua applicazione pratica. Sentiva che nessuno in tutte le migliaia di persone che incontrò si era veramente svegliato al fatto del cambiamento, esse confidavano nel mondo per quello che era, di non alterare troppo rapidamente, di rispettare le loro fiducie, le loro assicurazioni, le loro abitudini, i loro piccoli traffici abituali e le posizioni duramente conquistate. + +Entrò in quei piccoli giardini sotto le masse sovrastanti e brillantemente illuminate dell'Hotel Savoy e dell'Hotel Cecil. Si sedette su una panchina e divenne consapevole del parlare delle due persone accanto a lui. Era il parlare di una giovane coppia evidentemente alla vigilia del matrimonio. L'uomo si congratulava con se stesso per avere finalmente un lavoro regolare; "gli piaccio", disse, "e a me piace il lavoro. Se mi impegno - in una dozzina di anni o giù di lì dovrei ottenere qualcosa di abbastanza comodo. Questo è il senso semplice della cosa, Hetty. Non c'è nessuna ragione al mondo per cui non dovremmo andare avanti molto decorosamente - molto decorosamente davvero." + +Il desiderio di piccoli successi in mezzo a condizioni sicuramente fissate! Così colpì la mente di Holsten. Aggiunse nel suo diario, "Avevo un senso di tutto questo globo come quello..." + +Con quella frase intendeva una specie di visione chiaroveggente di questo mondo popolato nel suo insieme, di tutte le sue città e paesi e villaggi, le sue grandi strade e le locande accanto ad esse, i suoi giardini e fattorie e pascoli di altopiano, i suoi barcaioli e marinai, le sue navi che arrivavano lungo i grandi cerchi dell'oceano, i suoi orari e appuntamenti e pagamenti e doveri come se fosse uno spettacolo unificato e progressivo. A volte tali visioni gli arrivavano; la sua mente, abituata a grandi generalizzazioni e tuttavia acutamente sensibile ai dettagli, vedeva le cose molto più comprensivamente delle menti della maggior parte dei suoi contemporanei. Di solito la sfera brulicante si muoveva verso i suoi fini predestinati e girava con una maestosa rapidità sul suo percorso intorno al sole. Di solito era tutto un progresso vivente che si alterava sotto il suo sguardo. Ma ora la fatica lo addormentava un po' a quella incessanza della vita, ora sembrava solo un girare eterno. Ricadde nella persuasione più comune delle grandi fissità e ricorrenze della routine umana. Il passato più remoto del vagabondaggio selvaggio, i cambiamenti inevitabili del domani erano velati, e vedeva solo il giorno e la notte, il tempo della semina e il raccolto, l'amare e il generare, le nascite e le morti, le passeggiate nel sole estivo e i racconti accanto al focolare invernale, la sequenza antica di speranza e atti ed età perennemente rinnovata, turbinando per sempre e sempre, salvo che ora la mano empia della ricerca era alzata per rovesciare questa sonnolenta, dolcemente ronzante, abituale, illuminata dal sole trottola girante dell'esistenza dell'uomo... + +Per un po' dimenticò guerre e crimini e odi e persecuzioni, carestia e pestilenza, le crudeltà delle bestie, la stanchezza e il vento amaro, il fallimento e l'insufficienza e la retrocessione. Vide tutta l'umanità nei termini dell'umile coppia domenicale sulla panchina accanto a lui, che architettava le loro prospettive ingloriose e contentamenti improbabili. "Avevo un senso di tutto questo globo come quello." + +La sua intelligenza lottò contro questo umore e lottò per un po' invano. Si rassicurò contro l'invasione di questa sconcertante idea che fosse qualcosa di strano e inumano, un vagabondo sciolto dal gregge che tornava con doni malvagi dalle sue prolungate escursioni innaturali tra le tenebre e le fosforescenze sotto le belle superfici della vita. L'uomo non era sempre stato così; gli istinti e i desideri della piccola casa, del piccolo appezzamento, non erano tutta la sua natura; anche lui era un avventuriero, uno sperimentatore, una curiosità irrequieta, un desiderio insaziabile. Per poche migliaia di generazioni infatti aveva coltivato la terra e seguito le stagioni, dicendo le sue preghiere, macinando il suo grano e calpestando il torchio di ottobre, tuttavia non per così tanto tempo che non fosse ancora pieno di agitazioni irrequiete. + +"Se ci sono stati casa e routine e il campo", pensò Holsten, "ci sono stati anche meraviglia e il mare." + +Girò la testa e guardò in su oltre la spalliera della panchina ai grandi hotel sopra di lui, pieni di luci morbidamente sfumate e del bagliore e colore e movimento del banchettare. Poteva il suo dono all'umanità significare semplicemente più di quello? . . . + +Si alzò e uscì dal giardino, esaminò un tram che passava, carico di luce calda, contro il blu profondo della sera, gocciolante e trascinante lunghe gonne di riflesso splendente; attraversò l'Embankment e rimase per un po' a guardare il fiume scuro e girandosi sempre di nuovo verso gli edifici e ponti illuminati. La sua mente iniziò a progettare sostituzioni concepibili di tutti quei raggruppamenti ammassati. . . + +"È iniziato", scrive nel diario in cui queste cose sono registrate. "Non è per me raggiungere conseguenze che non posso prevedere. Sono una parte, non un tutto; sono un piccolo strumento nell'arsenale del Cambiamento. Se dovessi bruciare tutti questi fogli, prima che una ventina di anni fossero passati, qualche altro uomo starebbe facendo questo. . . \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_04_avvento_era_atomica.md b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_04_avvento_era_atomica.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3baacae --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_04_avvento_era_atomica.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Capitolo Primo: La Nuova Fonte di Energia + +## Sezione 4 - L'Avvento dell'Era Atomica + +Holsten, prima di morire, era destinato a vedere l'energia atomica dominare ogni altra fonte di energia, ma per alcuni anni ancora una vasta rete di difficoltà nei dettagli e nell'applicazione tenne la nuova scoperta lontana da qualsiasi invasione effettiva della vita ordinaria. Il sentiero dal laboratorio all'officina è a volte tortuoso; le radiazioni elettro-magnetiche furono conosciute e dimostrate per vent'anni prima che Marconi le rendesse praticamente disponibili, e allo stesso modo furono vent'anni prima che la radio-attività indotta potesse essere portata all'utilizzazione pratica. La cosa, naturalmente, fu molto discussa, forse più al momento della sua scoperta che durante l'intervallo di adattamento tecnico, ma con scarsissima realizzazione dell'enorme rivoluzione economica che incombeva. Quello che colpì principalmente i giornalisti del 1933 fu la produzione di oro dal bismuto e la realizzazione, benché su linee non profittevoli, dei sogni dell'alchimista; ci fu una considerevole quantità di discussione e aspettativa in quella sezione più intelligente dei pubblici educati dei vari paesi civilizzati che seguiva lo sviluppo scientifico; ma per la maggior parte il mondo andò per i suoi affari - come gli abitanti di quei villaggi svizzeri che vivono sotto la minaccia perpetua di rocce e montagne sovrastanti vanno per i loro affari - proprio come se il possibile fosse impossibile, come se l'inevitabile fosse rimandato per sempre perché era ritardato. + +Fu nel 1953 che il primo motore Holsten-Roberts portò la radio-attività indotta nella sfera della produzione industriale, e il suo primo uso generale fu per sostituire la macchina a vapore nelle stazioni di generazione elettrica. Subito dopo l'apparizione di questo venne il motore Dass-Tata - l'invenzione di due tra la brillante galassia di inventori bengalesi che la modernizzazione del pensiero indiano stava producendo in quel tempo - che fu usato principalmente per automobili, aeroplani, idrovolanti, e simili scopi mobili. Il motore americano Kemp, differendo ampiamente in principio ma ugualmente praticabile, e il Krupp-Erlanger vennero subito dopo, e nell'autunno del 1954 era in progresso una gigantesca sostituzione di metodi e macchinari industriali in tutto il globo abitabile. Piccola meraviglia era questa quando il costo, anche di questi primi e più goffi motori atomici, è paragonato con quello della potenza che sostituivano. Considerando la lubrificazione, il motore Dass-Tata, una volta avviato, costava un penny per far funzionare trentasette miglia, e aggiungeva solo nove libbre e un quarto al peso della carrozza che guidava. Rese l'automobile pesante mossa ad alcol del tempo ridicola nell'aspetto così come preposterosamente costosa. + +Per molti anni il prezzo del carbone e ogni forma di combustibile liquido era stato salendo a livelli che rendevano persino la rinascita del cavallo da tiro una possibilità praticabile, e ora con l'improvvisa rilassazione di questa ristrettezza, il cambiamento nell'aspetto del traffico sulle strade del mondo fu istantaneo. In tre anni i spaventosi mostri corazzati che avevano suonato il clacson e fumato e tonato per il mondo per quattro decenni terribili furono spazzati via ai commercianti di metallo vecchio, e le autostrade si affollarono di forme leggere e pulite e scintillanti di acciaio argentato. Allo stesso tempo un nuovo impulso fu dato all'aviazione dalla potenza relativamente enorme per il peso del motore atomico, fu finalmente possibile aggiungere l'ingegnoso motore di ascesa e discesa elicottero di Redmayne all'elica verticale che fino ad allora era stata la sola forza motrice dell'aeroplano senza sovrappesare la macchina, e gli uomini si trovarono in possesso di uno strumento di volo che poteva librarsi o ascendere o discendere verticalmente e dolcemente così come correre selvaggiamente attraverso l'aria. L'ultimo timore del volo svanì. Come lo fraseggiarono i giornalisti del tempo, questa fu l'epoca del Salto nell'Aria. Il nuovo aeroplano atomico divenne infatti una mania; ognuno con mezzi era frenetico di possedere una cosa così controllabile, così sicura e così libera dalla polvere e dal pericolo della strada, e solo in Francia nell'anno 1943 trentamila di questi nuovi aeroplani furono manifatturati e autorizzati, e si innalzarono ronzando dolcemente nel cielo. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_05_prosperita_e_distruzione.md b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_05_prosperita_e_distruzione.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1b0db02 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_05_prosperita_e_distruzione.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +# Capitolo Primo: La Nuova Fonte di Energia + +## Sezione 5 - Prosperità e Distruzione + +E con una velocità uguale motori atomici di vari tipi invasero l'industrialismo. Le ferrovie pagarono enormi premi per la priorità nella consegna di motori di trazione atomica, la fusione atomica fu intrapresa così avidamente da portare a un numero di esplosioni disastrose dovute alla gestione inesperta della nuova energia, e il rivoluzionario abbassamento dei prezzi sia dei materiali che dell'elettricità rese l'intera ricostruzione degli edifici domestici una questione meramente dipendente da una riorganizzazione dei metodi del costruttore e dell'arredatore. Vista dal lato della nuova energia e dal punto di vista di coloro che finanziarono e manifatturarono i nuovi motori e materiali che richiedeva, l'età del Salto nell'Aria fu di stupefacente prosperità. Le compagnie detentrici di brevetti stavano presentemente pagando dividendi del cinque o seicento per cento, e enormi fortune furono fatte e salari fantastici furono guadagnati da tutti coloro che erano coinvolti nei nuovi sviluppi. Questa prosperità non fu poco aumentata dal fatto che in entrambi i motori Dass-Tata e Holsten-Roberts uno dei prodotti di scarto recuperabili era oro - il primo disintegrava polvere di bismuto e l'ultimo polvere di piombo - e che questa nuova fornitura di oro portò abbastanza naturalmente a un aumento dei prezzi in tutto il mondo. + +Questo spettacolo di impresa febbrile era produttività, questo volo affollato di persone ricche felici e fortunate - ogni grande città era come se un formicaio strisciante avesse improvvisamente preso il volo - era il lato luminoso della fase di apertura della nuova epoca nella storia umana. Sotto quella luminosità c'era un'oscurità che si raccoglieva, uno sgomento che si approfondiva. Se c'era un vasto sviluppo della produzione c'era anche un'enorme distruzione di valori. Queste fabbriche abbaglianti che lavoravano notte e giorno, questi veicoli nuovi scintillanti che scivolavano silenziosamente lungo le strade, questi voli di libellule che si tuffavano e si innalzavano e facevano cerchi nell'aria, erano in verità non più che le luminosità di lampade e fuochi che brillano quando il mondo sprofonda verso il crepuscolo e la notte. Tra queste luci intense si accumulava il disastro, la catastrofe sociale. + +Le miniere di carbone erano manifestamente condannate alla chiusura in una data non molto distante, la vasta quantità di capitale investito nel petrolio stava diventando invendibile, milioni di minatori di carbone, lavoratori dell'acciaio sulle vecchie linee, vasti sciami di lavoratori non qualificati o sotto-qualificati in innumerevoli occupazioni, erano gettati fuori dall'impiego dalla superiore efficienza dei nuovi macchinari, la rapida caduta nel costo del transito stava distruggendo alti valori di terra in ogni centro di popolazione, il valore della proprietà immobiliare esistente era diventato problematico, l'oro stava subendo una precipitosa deprecazione, tutti i titoli su cui poggiava il credito del mondo stavano scivolando e slittando, le banche vacillavano, le borse erano scene di panico febbrile; - questo era il rovescio dello spettacolo, queste erano le nere e mostruose sotto-conseguenze del Salto nell'Aria. + +C'è una storia di un agente di cambio londinese impazzito che corse fuori in Threadneedle Street e si strappò i vestiti mentre correva. "Il Trust dell'Acciaio sta rottamando tutto il suo impianto", gridò. "Le Ferrovie di Stato stanno per rottamare tutti i loro motori. Tutto sta per essere rottamato - tutto. Venite a rottamare la zecca, voi ragazzi, venite a rottamare la zecca!" + +Nell'anno 1955 il tasso di suicidio per gli Stati Uniti d'America quadruplicò qualsiasi record precedente. Ci fu anche un enorme aumento della criminalità violenta in tutto il mondo. La cosa era arrivata su un'umanità impreparata; sembrava come se la società umana dovesse essere frantumata dai suoi stessi magnifici guadagni. + +Perché non c'era stata preveggenza di queste cose. Non c'era stato tentativo da nessuna parte nemmeno di computare le probabili dislocazioni che questa inondazione di energia poco costosa avrebbe prodotto negli affari umani. Il mondo in quei giorni non era veramente governato affatto, nel senso in cui il governo arrivò ad essere compreso negli anni successivi. Il governo era un trattato, non un progetto; era forense, conservativo, litigioso, cieco, irriflessivo, increativo; in tutto il mondo, eccetto dove i vestigi dell'assolutismo ancora riparavano il favorito di corte e il servo fidato, era nelle mani della casta predominante degli avvocati, che avevano un enorme vantaggio nell'essere l'unica casta addestrata. La loro educazione professionale e ogni circostanza nella manipolazione dei fantasticamente ingenui metodi elettorali con cui si arrampicavano al potere, cospirarono per tenerli sprezzanti dei fatti, coscienziosamente immaginativi, pronti a rivendicare e cogliere vantaggi e sospettosi di ogni generosità. Il governo era un affare ostruttivo di frazioni energetiche, il progresso andava avanti fuori e nonostante le attività pubbliche, e la legislazione era l'ultimo riconoscimento storpio di bisogni così clamorosi e imperativi e fatti così aggressivamente stabiliti da invadere persino le squallide reclusioni dei giudici e minacciare la stessa esistenza della macchina politica altrimenti disattenta. + +Il mondo era così poco governato che con il venire stesso dell'abbondanza, nella piena marea di un'abbondanza incalcolabile, quando tutto il necessario per soddisfare i bisogni umani e tutto il necessario per realizzare tale volontà e scopo come esisteva allora nei cuori umani era già a portata di mano, si deve ancora raccontare di difficoltà, carestia, rabbia, confusione, conflitto, e sofferenza incoerente. Non c'era schema per la distribuzione di questa vasta nuova ricchezza che era arrivata finalmente alla portata degli uomini; non c'era concezione chiara che qualche tale distribuzione fosse possibile. Mentre si tenta una visione comprensiva di quegli anni di apertura della nuova era, mentre la si misura contro il latente conseguimento che anni successivi hanno dimostrato, si inizia a misurare la cecità, la ristrettezza, l'insensato individualismo immaginativo del tempo pre-atomico. Sotto questa tremenda alba di potenza e libertà, sotto un cielo fiammeggiante di promessa, nella presenza stessa della scienza che stava come qualche dea benefica su tutte le basse oscurità della vita umana, tenendo pazientemente nelle sue braccia forti, fino a che gli uomini scegliessero di prenderli, sicurezza, abbondanza, la soluzione di enigmi, la chiave delle avventure più coraggiose, nella sua presenza stessa, e con l'anticipo dei suoi doni in tribunale, il mondo doveva assistere a cose come lo spettacolo squalido del contenzioso del brevetto Dass-Tata. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_06_processo_dass_tata.md b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_06_processo_dass_tata.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..4b62829 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_06_processo_dass_tata.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +# Capitolo Primo: La Nuova Fonte di Energia + +## Sezione 6 - Il Processo Dass-Tata + +Là in un tribunale soffocante a Londra, una scatola oblunga e grigia di stanza, durante il calore eccezionale del maggio del 1956, i principali avvocati del giorno argomentarono e gridarono su una miserabile piccola questione di più royalties o meno e se la compagnia Dass-Tata non potesse escludere i metodi Holsten-Roberts di utilizzare la nuova energia. La gente Dass-Tata stava infatti facendo un tentativo energico per assicurarsi un monopolio mondiale nell'ingegneria atomica. Il giudice, secondo la maniera di quei tempi, sedeva elevato sopra il tribunale, indossando una toga prepostora e una parrucca scioccamente enorme, gli avvocati indossavano anche piccole parrucche dall'aspetto sporco e strane toghe nere sopra il loro costume usuale, parrucche e toghe che si ritenevano necessarie al loro perorare, e su panche di legno non pulite si agitavano e sussurravano sollecitatori dall'aspetto astuto, reporter che scarabocchiavano busily, le parti del caso, testimoni esperti, persone interessate, e una confusione urtante di persone convocate, giovani avvocati senza cause (formando uno stile sui più stimati ed esempi truculenti) e spettatori casuali eccentrici che preferivano questa fossa di iniquità alla luce del sole libera fuori. Ognuno era umidamente caldo, l'esaminando King's Counsel si asciugò la perspiration dal suo labbro superiore enorme e ben rasato; e in questa atmosfera di contesa afferrante ed esalazioni umane la luce del giorno filtrava attraverso una finestra che era manifestamente sporca. La giuria sedeva in un doppio banco alla sinistra del giudice, sembrando scomoda come rane che fossero cadute in una fossa di cenere, e nel box dei testimoni mentiva il Dass che avrebbe voluto essere onnivoro, sotto controinterrogatorio... + +Holsten era sempre stato abituato a pubblicare i suoi risultati appena gli apparivano sufficientemente avanzati per fornire una base per ulteriore lavoro, e a quella disposizione fiduciosa e un felice lampo di invenzione adattiva l'allerta Dass doveva la sua pretesa... + +Ma infatti una vasta moltitudine di tali persone acute stavano afferrando, brevettando, pre-emptando, monopolizzando questa o quella caratteristica del nuovo sviluppo, cercando di sottomettere questo gigantesco potere alato agli scopi delle loro piccole concupiscenze e avarizie. Quel processo è solo uno di innumerevoli dispute dello stesso tipo. Per un tempo la faccia del mondo si riempì di piaghe con legislazione sui brevetti. Capitò, tuttavia, di avere una caratteristica stranamente drammatica nel fatto che Holsten, dopo essere stato tenuto ad aspettare intorno al tribunale per due giorni come un mendicante avrebbe potuto aspettare alla porta di un uomo ricco, dopo essere stato bullizzato da uscieri e sorvegliato da poliziotti, fu chiamato come testimone, piuttosto severamente gestito dagli avvocati, e gli fu detto di non "cavillare" dal giudice quando stava cercando di essere assolutamente esplicito. + +Il giudice si grattò il naso con una penna d'oca, e sogghignò per lo stupore di Holsten dietro l'angolo della sua mostruosa parrucca. Holsten era un grand'uomo, vero? Bene, in un tribunale i grandi uomini venivano messi al loro posto. + +"Vogliamo sapere se il querelante ha aggiunto qualcosa a questo o no", disse il giudice, "non vogliamo avere le tue opinioni se i miglioramenti di Sir Philip Dass fossero meramente adattamenti superficiali o se fossero impliciti nel tuo documento. Senza dubbio - secondo la maniera degli inventori - pensi che la maggior parte delle cose che sarebbero mai state scoperte sono implicite nei tuoi documenti. Senza dubbio anche pensi che la maggior parte delle aggiunte e modifiche successive sono meramente superficiali. Gli inventori hanno un modo di pensare così. La legge non si preoccupa di quel genere di cose. La legge non ha nulla a che fare con la vanità degli inventori. La legge si preoccupa della questione se questi diritti di brevetto hanno la novità che il querelante rivendica per essi. Quello che quell'ammissione può o non può fermare, e tutte queste altre cose che stai dicendo nel tuo zelo traboccante di rispondere a più delle domande rivolte a te - nessuna di queste cose ha qualcosa qualunque a che fare con il caso in questione. È una questione di costante stupore per me in questo tribunale vedere come voi uomini scientifici, con tutte le vostre straordinarie pretese di precisione e veridicità, vagate e vagate appena entrate nel box dei testimoni. Non conosco classe più insoddisfacente di testimoni. La domanda semplice e chiara è, Sir Philip Dass ha fatto qualche aggiunta reale alla conoscenza e ai metodi esistenti in questa materia o non l'ha fatta? Non vogliamo sapere se erano aggiunte grandi o piccole né quali possano essere le conseguenze della vostra ammissione. Quello lo lascerete a noi." + +Holsten rimase silenzioso. + +"Sicuramente?" disse il giudice, quasi pietosamente. + +"No, non l'ha fatto", disse Holsten, percependo che per una volta nella sua vita doveva trascurare gli infinitesimali. + +"Ah!" disse il giudice, "ora perché non riuscivi a dire quello quando l'avvocato ha fatto la domanda? ..." + +Una voce nel diario-autobiografia di Holsten, datata cinque giorni dopo, dice: "Ancora stupito. La legge è la cosa più pericolosa in questo paese. Ha centinaia di anni. Non ha un'idea. La più vecchia delle vecchie bottiglie e questo vino nuovo, il vino più esplosivo. Qualcosa li raggiungerà." \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_07_arcaismo_sistema_legale.md b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_07_arcaismo_sistema_legale.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..884056b --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_07_arcaismo_sistema_legale.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +# Capitolo Primo: La Nuova Fonte di Energia + +## Sezione 7 - L'Arcaismo del Sistema Legale + +C'era una certa verità nell'asserzione di Holsten che la legge aveva "centinaia di anni". Era, in relazione al pensiero corrente e alle idee ampiamente accettate, una cosa arcaica. Mentre quasi tutti i materiali e i metodi della vita erano stati cambiando rapidamente e ora stavano cambiando ancora più rapidamente, i tribunali e le legislature del mondo stavano lottando disperatamente per soddisfare le richieste moderne con dispositivi e procedure, concezioni di diritti e proprietà e autorità e obbligazione che datavano dai rozzi compromessi di tempi relativamente barbarici. Le parrucche di crine di cavallo e i vestiti antichi dei giudici britannici, i loro tribunali ammuffiti e le maniere prepotenti, erano in verità solo le intimazioni esteriori e visibili di anacronismi più profondi. L'organizzazione legale e politica della terra nella metà del ventesimo secolo era infatti ovunque come un indumento complicato, logoro ma forte, che ora incatenava il corpo governativo che una volta aveva protetto. + +Tuttavia quello stesso spirito di libero pensiero e di pubblicazione schietta che nel campo della scienza naturale era stato l'inizio della conquista della natura, era al lavoro attraverso tutti i diciottesimo e diciannovesimo secoli preparando lo spirito del mondo nuovo dentro il corpo degenerante del vecchio. L'idea di una maggiore subordinazione di interessi individuali e istituzioni stabilite al futuro collettivo, è tracciabile sempre più chiaramente nella letteratura di quei tempi, e movimento dopo movimento si logorò via in critica e opposizione prima a questo aspetto e poi a quello dell'ordine legale, sociale e politico. Già nei primi del diciannovesimo secolo Shelley, senza nessun pezzo di alternativa, stava denunciando i governanti stabiliti del mondo come Anarchi, e l'intero sistema di idee e suggerimenti che era conosciuto come Socialismo, e più particolarmente il suo lato internazionale, debole com'era nelle proposte creative o in qualsiasi metodo di transizione, testimonia ancora la crescita di una concezione di un sistema modernizzato di inter-relazioni che dovrebbe soppiantare l'esistente groviglio di idee legali proprietarie. + +La parola 'Sociologia' fu inventata da Herbert Spencer, uno scrittore popolare su argomenti filosofici, che fiorì verso la metà del diciannovesimo secolo, ma l'idea di uno stato, pianificato come un sistema di trazione elettrica è pianificato, senza riferimento ad apparato preesistente, su linee scientifiche, non prese una presa molto forte sull'immaginazione popolare del mondo fino al ventesimo secolo. Allora, la crescente impazienza del popolo americano con i mostruosi e socialmente paralizzanti sistemi di partito che erano sorti dai loro assurdi arrangiamenti elettorali, portò all'apparizione di quello che arrivò ad essere chiamato il movimento dello 'Stato Moderno', e una galassia di scrittori brillanti, in America, Europa, e Oriente, agitò il mondo al pensiero di riordinamenti più audaci di interazione sociale, proprietà, impiego, educazione, e governo, di quanto fosse mai stato contemplato prima. Senza dubbio queste idee dello Stato Moderno erano in gran parte il riflesso sul pensiero sociale e politico della vasta rivoluzione nelle cose materiali che era stata in progresso per duecento anni, ma per un lungo tempo sembrava che stessero avendo non più influenza sulle istituzioni esistenti di quanta gli scritti di Rousseau e Voltaire sembrassero aver avuto al tempo della morte di quest'ultimo. Stavano fermentando nelle menti degli uomini, e serviva solo proprio tali stress sociali e politici come il venire dei meccanismi atomici portò, per spingerli avanti bruscamente in realizzazione cruda e sorprendente. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_08_frederick_barnet_e_la_sua_epoca.md b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_08_frederick_barnet_e_la_sua_epoca.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2a542ef --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter01/sezione_08_frederick_barnet_e_la_sua_epoca.md @@ -0,0 +1,21 @@ +# Capitolo Primo: La Nuova Fonte di Energia + +## Sezione 8 - Frederick Barnet e la Sua Epoca + +Il Wander Jahre di Frederick Barnet è uno di quei romanzi autobiografici che furono popolari attraverso il terzo e quarto decennio del ventesimo secolo. Fu pubblicato nel 1970, e si deve comprendere Wander Jahre piuttosto in senso spirituale e intellettuale che in senso letterale. È infatti un titolo allusivo, che riporta il mondo al Wilhelm Meister di Goethe, un secolo e mezzo prima. + +Il suo autore, Frederick Barnet, dà una storia minuta e curiosa della sua vita e idee tra il suo diciannovesimo e il suo ventitreesimo compleanno. Non era né un uomo molto originale né molto brillante, ma aveva un trucco di scrittura circostanziata; e benché nessun ritratto autentico dovesse sopravvivere per l'informazione della posterità, tradisce con una ventina di frasi casuali che era basso, robusto, incline ad essere paffuto, con una faccia "piuttosto bitorzoluta", e occhi azzurri pieni, piuttosto sporgenti. Apparteneva fino al debacle finanziario del 1956 alla classe di persone abbastanza prospere, era uno studente a Londra, volò in aeroplano in Italia e poi ebbe un tour pedonale da Genova a Roma, attraversò in aria verso la Grecia e l'Egitto, e tornò sui Balcani e la Germania. Le sue fortune familiari, che erano largamente investite in azioni di banche, miniere di carbone, e proprietà immobiliari, furono distrutte. Ridotto alla penuria, cercò di guadagnarsi da vivere. Soffrì grandi difficoltà, e fu poi catturato dalla guerra e ebbe un anno di vita militare, prima come ufficiale nella fanteria inglese e poi nell'esercito di pacificazione. Il suo libro racconta tutte queste cose così semplicemente e allo stesso tempo così esplicitamente, che rimane, per così dire, un occhio attraverso il quale generazioni future possono avere almeno la visione di un uomo degli anni del Grande Cambiamento. + +Ed era, ci dice, un uomo dello 'Stato Moderno' "per istinto" dall'inizio. Respirò queste idee nelle aule e laboratori della scuola della Fondazione Carnegie che sorse, una facciata lunga e delicatamente bella, lungo la Riva Sud del Tamigi di fronte all'antica dignità di Somerset House. Tale pensiero era intrecciato con il tessuto stesso di quella scuola pioniere nella rinascenza educativa in Inghilterra. Dopo i consueti anni di scambio a Heidelberg e Parigi, entrò nella scuola classica dell'Università di Londra. L'educazione più vecchia cosiddetta 'classica' dei pedagoghi britannici, probabilmente la routine più paralizzante, inefficace e sciocca che mai sprecò vita umana, era già stata spazzata fuori da questa grande istituzione in favore di metodi moderni; e imparò greco e latino così bene come aveva imparato tedesco, spagnolo, e francese, cosicché li scriveva e parlava liberamente, e li usava con naturalezza inconscia nel suo studio delle civiltà fondamentali del sistema europeo di cui erano la chiave. (Questo cambiamento era ancora così recente che menziona un incontro a Roma con un 'don di Oxford' che 'parlava latino con accento del Wiltshire e manifesto disagio, scriveva lettere greche con la lingua fuori, e sembrava pensare una frase greca un incantesimo quando era una citazione e un'improprietà quando non lo era.') + +Barnet vide gli ultimi giorni dei motori a vapore-carbone sulle ferrovie inglesi e la graduale pulizia dell'atmosfera londinese mentre i fuochi di carbone marino che creavano fumo cedettero il posto al riscaldamento elettrico. La costruzione di laboratori a Kensington era ancora in progresso, e prese parte alle rivolte studentesche che ritardarono la rimozione dell'Albert Memorial. Portò uno striscione con 'Ci Piacciono le Statue Divertenti' su un lato, e sull'altro 'Posti a Sedere e Baldacchini per le Statue, Perché i Nostri Grandi Defunti Dovrebbero Stare sotto la Pioggia?' Imparò l'aviazione piuttosto atletica di quei giorni ai terreni universitari a Sydenham, e fu multato per aver volato sopra la nuova prigione per diffamatori politici a Wormwood Scrubs, 'in una maniera calcolata per esaltare i prigionieri durante l'esercizio.' Quello era il tempo del tentativo di soppressione di qualsiasi critica del pubblico giudicato e il posto era affollato di giornalisti che si erano azzardati a richiamare l'attenzione alla demenza del Giudice Capo Abrahams. Barnet non era un aviatore molto bravo, confessa che aveva sempre un po' paura della sua macchina - c'era eccellente ragione per ognuno di aver paura di quei tipi primitivi goffi - e non tentò mai discese ripide o voli molto alti. Anche, registra, possedette una di quelle motociclette mosse a olio la cui complessità goffa e sporcizia stravagante ancora stupiscono i visitatori del museo di macchinari a South Kensington. Menziona di aver investito un cane e si lamenta del prezzo rovinoso degli 'spatchcocks' nel Surrey. 'Spatchcocks,' sembra, era un termine gergale per galline schiacciate. + +Passò gli esami necessari per ridurre il suo servizio militare a un minimo, e la sua mancanza di qualsiasi qualificazione scientifica o tecnica speciale e una certa corpulenza precoce che handicappava la sua aviazione indicavano la fanteria di linea come la sua sfera di addestramento. Quella era la forma più generalizzata di vita militare. Lo sviluppo della teoria della guerra era stato per alcuni decenni ma poco assistito da qualsiasi esperienza pratica. Quello che combattimento era accaduto negli anni recenti, era stato combattimento in stati minori o incivilizzati, con soldati contadini o barbarici e con solo un piccolo equipaggiamento di congegni moderni, e le grandi potenze del mondo erano contente per la maggior parte di mantenere eserciti che sostenevano nella loro organizzazione più ampia le tradizioni delle guerre europee di trenta e quarant'anni prima. C'era il braccio di fanteria a cui Barnet apparteneva e che si supponeva combattesse a piedi con un fucile ed essere la porzione principale dell'esercito. C'erano forze di cavalleria (soldati a cavallo), avendo un rapporto con la fanteria che era stato determinato dalle esperienze della guerra franco-tedesca nel 1871. C'era anche artiglieria, e per qualche ragione inspiegata molto di questa era ancora trainata da cavalli; benché ci fossero anche in tutti gli eserciti europei un piccolo numero di cannoni a motore con ruote costruite così che potessero andare su terreno rotto. In aggiunta c'erano grandi sviluppi del braccio di ingegneria, concernenti trasporto a motore, ricognizione in motocicletta, aviazione, e simili. + +Nessuna intelligenza di prima classe era stata cercata per specializzarsi in e elaborare il problema della guerra con i nuovi apparecchi e sotto condizioni moderne, ma una successione di giuristi capaci, Lord Haldane, il Giudice Capo Briggs, e quel King's Counsel molto capace, Philbrick, avevano ricostruito l'esercito frequentemente e accuratamente e lo avevano posto finalmente, con l'adozione del servizio nazionale, su un piede che sarebbe sembrato molto imponente al pubblico del 1900. In qualsiasi momento l'Impero Britannico poteva ora mettere un milione e un quarto di soldati argomentabili sul tavolo della Welt-Politik. Le tradizioni del Giappone e degli eserciti dell'Europa Centrale erano più principesche e meno forensi; i cinesi ancora rifiutavano risolutamente di diventare una potenza militare, e mantenevano un piccolo esercito permanente sul modello americano che si diceva, per quello che valeva, essere altamente efficiente, e la Russia, assicurata da un'amministrazione stringente contro la critica interna, aveva scarsamente alterato il design di una uniforme o l'organizzazione di una batteria dall'apertura dei decenni del secolo. L'opinione di Barnet del suo addestramento militare era manifestamente povera, le sue idee dello Stato Moderno lo disponevano a riguardarlo come una seccatura, e il suo senso comune lo condannava come inutile. Inoltre, la sua abitudine di corpo lo rendeva peculiarmente sensibile alle fatiche e difficoltà del servizio. + +"Per tre giorni di seguito uscimmo prima dell'alba e - per nessuna ragione terrena - senza colazione," riferisce. "Suppongo che questo sia per mostrarci che quando arriverà il Giorno la prima cosa sarà metterci accuratamente scomodi e marci. Poi procedemmo al Kriegspiel, secondo le idee misteriose di quelli in autorità su di noi. L'ultimo giorno spendemmo tre ore sotto un sole caldo anche se mattutino per superare otto miglia di paese verso un punto che avremmo potuto raggiungere in un omnibus a motore in nove minuti e mezzo - lo feci il giorno dopo in quello - e poi facemmo un attacco di massa su trinceramenti che avrebbero potuto spararci tutti circa tre volte se solo gli arbitri glielo avessero permesso. Poi venne un piccolo esercizio di baionetta, ma dubito di essere sufficientemente un barbaro per ficcare questo lungo coltello in qualcosa di vivente. Comunque in questa battaglia non avrei avuto una possibilità. Assumendo che per qualche miracolo non fossi stato sparato tre volte, ero troppo caldo e senza fiato quando arrivai ai trinceramenti anche per alzare il mio maledetto fucile. Erano quegli altri che avrebbero iniziato l'infilzare... + +"Per un tempo fummo osservati da due aeroplani ostili; poi arrivò il nostro e chiese loro di non farlo, e - la pratica della guerra aerea essendo ancora sconosciuta - essi molto educatamente desistettero e andarono via e fecero tuffi e cerchi della più affascinante descrizione sopra le Fox Hills." + +Tutti i resoconti di Barnet del suo addestramento militare furono scritti nello stesso tono metà-sprezzante, metà-protestante. Era dell'opinione che le sue possibilità di partecipare a qualsiasi guerra reale fossero molto scarse, e che, se dopo tutto avesse partecipato, sarebbe stato necessariamente così interamente diverso da queste manovre di pace che il suo unico corso come uomo razionale sarebbe stato di tenersi osservatamente fuori dal pericolo come poteva fino a che non avesse imparato i trucchi e le possibilità delle nuove condizioni. Dichiara questo abbastanza francamente. Mai un uomo fu più libero da eroismo finto. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_02.md b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_02.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..677f8c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_02.md @@ -0,0 +1,77 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section 2 + +The plan of campaign of the Allies assigned the defence of the lower Meuse to the English, and the troop−trainswere run direct from the various British depots to the points in the Ardennes where they were intended to entrenchthemselves. +Most of the documents bearing upon the campaign were destroyed during the war, from the first the scheme of theAllies seems to have been confused, but it is highly probable that the formation of an aerial park in this region,from which attacks could be made upon the vast industrial plant of the lower Rhine, and a flanking raid throughHolland upon the German naval establishments at the mouth of the Elbe, were integral parts of the originalproject. Nothing of this was known to such pawns in the game as Barnet and his company, whose business it wasto do what they were told by the mysterious intelligences at the direction of things in Paris, to which city theWhitehall staff had also been transferred. From first to last these directing intelligences remained mysterious tothe body of the army, veiled under the name of 'Orders.' There was no Napoleon, no Caesar to embodyenthusiasm. Barnet says, 'We talked of Them. THEY are sending us up into Luxembourg. THEY are going to turnthe Central European right.' +Behind the veil of this vagueness the little group of more or less worthy men which constituted Headquarters wasbeginning to realise the enormity of the thing it was supposed to control.... +In the great hall of the War Control, whose windows looked out across the Seine to the Trocadero and the palacesof the western quarter, a series of big−scale relief maps were laid out upon tables to display the whole seat of war,and the staff−officers of the control were continually busy shifting the little blocks which represented thecontending troops, as the reports and intelligence came drifting in to the various telegraphic bureaux in theadjacent rooms. In other smaller apartments there were maps of a less detailed sort, upon which, for example, thereports of the British Admiralty and of the Slav commanders were recorded as they kept coming to hand. Uponthese maps, as upon chessboards, Marshal Dubois, in consultation with General Viard and the Earl of Delhi, wasto play the great game for world supremacy against the Central European powers. Very probably he had a definiteidea of his game; very probably he had a coherent and admirable plan. +But he had reckoned without a proper estimate either of the new strategy of aviation or of the possibilities ofatomic energy that Holsten had opened for mankind. While he planned entrenchments and invasions and a frontierwar, the Central European generalship was striking at the eyes and the brain. And while, with a certain diffidenthesitation, he developed his gambit that night upon the lines laid down by Napoleon and Moltke, his ownscientific corps in a state of mutinous activity was preparing a blow for Berlin. 'These old fools!' was the key inwhich the scientific corps was thinking. +The War Control in Paris, on the night of July the second, was an impressive display of the paraphernalia ofscientific military organisation, as the first half of the twentieth century understood it. To one human being atleast the consulting commanders had the likeness of world−wielding gods. +She was a skilled typist, capable of nearly sixty words a minute, and she had been engaged in relay with othersimilar women to take down orders in duplicate and hand them over to the junior officers in attendance, to beforwarded and filed. There had come a lull, and she had been sent out from the dictating room to take the air uponthe terrace before the great hall and to eat such scanty refreshment as she had brought with her until her serviceswere required again. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +26 + + +From her position upon the terrace this young woman had a view not only of the wide sweep of the river belowher, and all the eastward side of Paris from the Arc de Triomphe to Saint Cloud, great blocks and masses of blackor pale darkness with pink and golden flashes of illumination and endless interlacing bands of dotted lights undera still and starless sky, but also the whole spacious interior of the great hall with its slender pillars and graciousarching and clustering lamps was visible to her. There, over a wilderness of tables, lay the huge maps, done on solarge a scale that one might fancy them small countries; the messengers and attendants went and cameperpetually, altering, moving the little pieces that signified hundreds and thousands of men, and the greatcommander and his two consultants stood amidst all these things and near where the fighting was nearest,scheming, directing. They had but to breathe a word and presently away there, in the world of reality, the punctualmyriads moved. Men rose up and went forward and died. The fate of nations lay behind the eyes of these threemen. Indeed they were like gods. +Most godlike of the three was Dubois. It was for him to decide; the others at most might suggest. Her woman'ssoul went out to this grave, handsome, still, old man, in a passion of instinctive worship. +Once she had taken words of instruction from him direct. She had awaited them in an ecstasy of happiness−−andfear. For her exaltation was made terrible by the dread that some error might dishonour her.... +She watched him now through the glass with all the unpenetrating minuteness of an impassioned woman'sobservation. +He said little, she remarked. He looked but little at the maps. The tall Englishman beside him was manifestlytroubled by a swarm of ideas, conflicting ideas; he craned his neck at every shifting of the little red, blue, black,and yellow pieces on the board, and wanted to draw the commander's attention to this and that. Dubois listened,nodded, emitted a word and became still again, brooding like the national eagle. +His eyes were so deeply sunken under his white eyebrows that she could not see his eyes; his moustache overhungthe mouth from which those words of decision came. Viard, too, said little; he was a dark man with a droopinghead and melancholy, watchful eyes. He was more intent upon the French right, which was feeling its way nowthrough Alsace to the Rhine. He was, she knew, an old colleague of Dubois; he knew him better, she decided, hetrusted him more than this unfamiliar Englishman.... +Not to talk, to remain impassive and as far as possible in profile; these were the lessons that old Dubois hadmastered years ago. To seem to know all, to betray no surprise, to refuse to hurry−−itself a confession ofmiscalculation; by attention to these simple rules, Dubois had built up a steady reputation from the days when hehad been a promising junior officer, a still, almost abstracted young man, deliberate but ready. Even then men hadlooked at him and said: 'He will go far.' Through fifty years of peace he had never once been found wanting, andat manoeuvres his impassive persistence had perplexed and hypnotised and defeated many a more activelyintelligent man. Deep in his soul Dubois had hidden his one profound discovery about the modern art of warfare,the key to his career. And this discovery was that NOBODY KNEW, that to act therefore was to blunder, that totalk was to confess; and that the man who acted slowly and steadfastly and above all silently, had the best chanceof winning through. Meanwhile one fed the men. Now by this same strategy he hoped to shatter those mysteriousunknowns of the Central European command. Delhi might talk of a great flank march through Holland, with allthe British submarines and hydroplanes and torpedo craft pouring up the Rhine in support of it; Viard might cravefor brilliance with the motor bicycles, aeroplanes, and ski−men among the Swiss mountains, and a sudden swoopupon Vienna; the thing was to listen−−and wait for the other side to begin experimenting. It was allexperimenting. And meanwhile he remained in profile, with an air of assurance−−like a man who sits in anautomobile after the chauffeur has had his directions. +And every one about him was the stronger and surer for that quiet face, that air of knowledge and unruffledconfidence. The clustering lights threw a score of shadows of him upon the maps, great bunches of him, versions +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +27 + + +of a commanding presence, lighter or darker, dominated the field, and pointed in every direction. Those shadowssymbolised his control. When a messenger came from the wireless room to shift this or that piece in the game, toreplace under amended reports one Central European regiment by a score, to draw back or thrust out or distributethis or that force of the Allies, the Marshal would turn his head and seem not to see, or look and nod slightly, as amaster nods who approves a pupil's self−correction. 'Yes, that's better.' +How wonderful he was, thought the woman at the window, how wonderful it all was. This was the brain of thewestern world, this was Olympus with the warring earth at its feet. And he was guiding France, France so long aresentful exile from imperialism, back to her old predominance. +It seemed to her beyond the desert of a woman that she should be privileged to participate.... +It is hard to be a woman, full of the stormy impulse to personal devotion, and to have to be impersonal, abstract,exact, punctual. She must control herself.... +She gave herself up to fantastic dreams, dreams of the days when the war would be over and victory enthroned.Then perhaps this harshness, this armour would be put aside and the gods might unbend. Her eyelids drooped.... +She roused herself with a start. She became aware that the night outside was no longer still. That there was anexcitement down below on the bridge and a running in the street and a flickering of searchlights among the cloudsfrom some high place away beyond the Trocadero. And then the excitement came surging up past her and invadedthe hall within. +One of the sentinels from the terrace stood at the upper end of the room, gesticulating and shouting something. +And all the world had changed. A kind of throbbing. She couldn't understand. It was as if all the water−pipes andconcealed machinery and cables of the ways beneath, were beating−−as pulses beat. And about her blewsomething like a wind−−a wind that was dismay. +Her eyes went to the face of the Marshal as a frightened child might look towards its mother. +He was still serene. He was frowning slightly, she thought, but that was natural enough, for the Earl of Delhi, withone hand gauntly gesticulating, had taken him by the arm and was all too manifestly disposed to drag him towardsthe great door that opened on the terrace. And Viard was hurrying towards the huge windows and doing so in thestrangest of attitudes, bent forward and with eyes upturned. +Something up there? +And then it was as if thunder broke overhead. +The sound struck her like a blow. She crouched together against the masonry and looked up. She saw three blackshapes swooping down through the torn clouds, and from a point a little below two of them, there had alreadystarted curling trails of red.... +Everything else in her being was paralysed, she hung through moments that seemed infinities, watching those redmissiles whirl down towards her. +She felt torn out of the world. There was nothing else in the world but a crimson−purple glare and sound,deafening, all−embracing, continuing sound. Every other light had gone out about her and against this glare hungslanting walls, pirouetting pillars, projecting fragments of cornices, and a disorderly flight of huge angular sheetsof glass. She had an impression of a great ball of crimson−purple fire like a maddened living thing that seemed to +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +28 + + +be whirling about very rapidly amidst a chaos of falling masonry, that seemed to be attacking the earth furiously,that seemed to be burrowing into it like a blazing rabbit . . . +She had all the sensations of waking up out of a dream. +She found she was lying face downward on a bank of mould and that a little rivulet of hot water was running overone foot. She tried to raise herself and found her leg was very painful. She was not clear whether it was night orday nor where she was; she made a second effort, wincing and groaning, and turned over and got into a sittingposition and looked about her. +Everything seemed very silent. She was, in fact, in the midst of a vast uproar, but she did not realise this becauseher hearing had been destroyed. +At first she could not join on what she saw to any previous experience. +She seemed to be in a strange world, a soundless, ruinous world, a world of heaped broken things. And it waslit−−and somehow this was more familiar to her mind than any other fact about her−−by a flickering,purplish−crimson light. Then close to her, rising above a confusion of debris, she recognised the Trocadero; it waschanged, something had gone from it, but its outline was unmistakable. It stood out against a streaming, whirlinguprush of red−lit steam. And with that she recalled Paris and the Seine and the warm, overcast evening and thebeautiful, luminous organisation of the War Control.... +She drew herself a little way up the slope of earth on which she lay, and examined her surroundings with anincreasing understanding.... +The earth on which she was lying projected like a cape into the river. Quite close to her was a brimming lake ofdammed−up water, from which these warm rivulets and torrents were trickling. Wisps of vapour came intocircling existence a foot or so from its mirror−surface. Near at hand and reflected exactly in the water was theupper part of a familiar−looking stone pillar. On the side of her away from the water the heaped ruins rose steeplyin a confused slope up to a glaring crest. Above and reflecting this glare towered pillowed masses of steam rollingswiftly upward to the zenith. It was from this crest that the livid glow that lit the world about her proceeded, andslowly her mind connected this mound with the vanished buildings of the War Control. +'Mais!' she whispered, and remained with staring eyes quite motionless for a time, crouching close to the warmearth. +Then presently this dim, broken human thing began to look about it again. She began to feel the need offellowship. She wanted to question, wanted to speak, wanted to relate her experience. And her foot hurt heratrociously. There ought to be an ambulance. A little gust of querulous criticisms blew across her mind. Thissurely was a disaster! Always after a disaster there should be ambulances and helpers moving about.... +She craned her head. There was something there. But everything was so still! +'Monsieur!' she cried. Her ears, she noted, felt queer, and she began to suspect that all was not well with them. +It was terribly lonely in this chaotic strangeness, and perhaps this man−−if it was a man, for it was difficult tosee−−might for all his stillness be merely insensible. He might have been stunned.... +The leaping glare beyond sent a ray into his corner and for a moment every little detail was distinct. It wasMarshal Dubois. He was lying against a huge slab of the war map. To it there stuck and from it there dangled littlewooden objects, the symbols of infantry and cavalry and guns, as they were disposed upon the frontier. He did not +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +29 + + +seem to be aware of this at his back, he had an effect of inattention, not indifferent attention, but as if he werethinking.... +She could not see the eyes beneath his shaggy brows, but it was evident he frowned. He frowned slightly, he hadan air of not wanting to be disturbed. His face still bore that expression of assured confidence, that conviction thatif things were left to him France might obey in security.... +She did not cry out to him again, but she crept a little nearer. A strange surmise made her eyes dilate. With apainful wrench she pulled herself up so that she could see completely over the intervening lumps of smashed−upmasonry. Her hand touched something wet, and after one convulsive movement she became rigid. +It was not a whole man there; it was a piece of a man, the head and shoulders of a man that trailed down into aragged darkness and a pool of shining black.... +And even as she stared the mound above her swayed and crumbled, and a rush of hot water came pouring overher. Then it seemed to her that she was dragged downward.... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_03.md b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_03.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9a32194 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_03.md @@ -0,0 +1,38 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section 3 + +When the rather brutish young aviator with the bullet head and the black hair close−cropped en brosse, who wasin charge of the French special scientific corps, heard presently of this disaster to the War Control, he was sowanting in imagination in any sphere but his own, that he laughed. Small matter to him that Paris was burning.His mother and father and sister lived at Caudebec; and the only sweetheart he had ever had, and it was poorlove−making then, was a girl in Rouen. He slapped his second−in−command on the shoulder. 'Now,' he said,'there's nothing on earth to stop us going to Berlin and giving them tit−for−tat.... Strategy and reasons ofstate−−they're over.... Come along, my boy, and we'll just show these old women what we can do when they let ushave our heads.' +He spent five minutes telephoning and then he went out into the courtyard of the chateau in which he had beeninstalled and shouted for his automobile. Things would have to move quickly because there was scarcely an hourand a half before dawn. He looked at the sky and noted with satisfaction a heavy bank of clouds athwart the pallideast. +He was a young man of infinite shrewdness, and his material and aeroplanes were scattered all over thecountry−side, stuck away in barns, covered with hay, hidden in woods. A hawk could not have discovered any ofthem without coming within reach of a gun. But that night he only wanted one of the machines, and it was handyand quite prepared under a tarpaulin between two ricks not a couple of miles away; he was going to Berlin withthat and just one other man. Two men would be enough for what he meant to do.... +He had in his hands the black complement to all those other gifts science was urging upon unregenerate mankind,the gift of destruction, and he was an adventurous rather than a sympathetic type.... +He was a dark young man with something negroid about his gleaming face. He smiled like one who is favouredand anticipates great pleasures. There was an exotic richness, a chuckling flavour, about the voice in which hegave his orders, and he pointed his remarks with the long finger of a hand that was hairy and exceptionally big. +'We'll give them tit−for−tat,' he said. 'We'll give them tit−for−tat. No time to lose, boys....' +And presently over the cloud−banks that lay above Westphalia and Saxony the swift aeroplane, with its atomicengine as noiseless as a dancing sunbeam and its phosphorescent gyroscopic compass, flew like an arrow to theheart of the Central European hosts. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +30 + + +It did not soar very high; it skimmed a few hundred feet above the banked darknesses of cumulus that hid theworld, ready to plunge at once into their wet obscurities should some hostile flier range into vision. The tenseyoung steersman divided his attention between the guiding stars above and the level, tumbled surfaces of thevapour strata that hid the world below. Over great spaces those banks lay as even as a frozen lava−flow andalmost as still, and then they were rent by ragged areas of translucency, pierced by clear chasms, so that dimpatches of the land below gleamed remotely through abysses. Once he saw quite distinctly the plan of a bigrailway station outlined in lamps and signals, and once the flames of a burning rick showing livid through aboiling drift of smoke on the side of some great hill. But if the world was masked it was alive with sounds. Upthrough that vapour floor came the deep roar of trains, the whistles of horns of motor−cars, a sound of rifle fireaway to the south, and as he drew near his destination the crowing of cocks.... +The sky above the indistinct horizons of this cloud sea was at first starry and then paler with a light that creptfrom north to east as the dawn came on. The Milky Way was invisible in the blue, and the lesser stars vanished.The face of the adventurer at the steering−wheel, darkly visible ever and again by the oval greenish glow of thecompass face, had something of that firm beauty which all concentrated purpose gives, and something of thehappiness of an idiot child that has at last got hold of the matches. His companion, a less imaginative type, satwith his legs spread wide over the long, coffin−shaped box which contained in its compartments the three atomicbombs, the new bombs that would continue to explode indefinitely and which no one so far had ever seen inaction. Hitherto Carolinum, their essential substance, had been tested only in almost infinitesimal quantitieswithin steel chambers embedded in lead. Beyond the thought of great destruction slumbering in the black spheresbetween his legs, and a keen resolve to follow out very exactly the instructions that had been given him, the man'smind was a blank. His aquiline profile against the starlight expressed nothing but a profound gloom. +The sky below grew clearer as the Central European capital was approached. +So far they had been singularly lucky and had been challenged by no aeroplanes at all. The frontier scouts theymust have passed in the night; probably these were mostly under the clouds; the world was wide and they had hadluck in not coming close to any soaring sentinel. Their machine was painted a pale gray, that lay almost invisiblyover the cloud levels below. But now the east was flushing with the near ascent of the sun, Berlin was but a scoreof miles ahead, and the luck of the Frenchmen held. By imperceptible degrees the clouds below dissolved.... +Away to the north−eastward, in a cloudless pool of gathering light and with all its nocturnal illuminations stillblazing, was Berlin. The left finger of the steersman verified roads and open spaces below upon the mica−coveredsquare of map that was fastened by his wheel. There in a series of lake−like expansions was the Havel away to theright; over by those forests must be Spandau; there the river split about the Potsdam island; and right ahead wasCharlottenburg cleft by a great thoroughfare that fell like an indicating beam of light straight to the imperialheadquarters. There, plain enough, was the Thiergarten; beyond rose the imperial palace, and to the right those tallbuildings, those clustering, beflagged, bemasted roofs, must be the offices in which the Central European staffwas housed. It was all coldly clear and colourless in the dawn. +He looked up suddenly as a humming sound grew out of nothing and became swiftly louder. Nearly overhead aGerman aeroplane was circling down from an immense height to challenge him. He made a gesture with his leftarm to the gloomy man behind and then gripped his little wheel with both hands, crouched over it, and twisted hisneck to look upward. He was attentive, tightly strung, but quite contemptuous of their ability to hurt him. NoGerman alive, he was assured, could outfly him, or indeed any one of the best Frenchmen. He imagined theymight strike at him as a hawk strikes, but they were men coming down out of the bitter cold up there, in a hungry,spiritless, morning mood; they came slanting down like a sword swung by a lazy man, and not so rapidly but thathe was able to slip away from under them and get between them and Berlin. They began challenging him inGerman with a megaphone when they were still perhaps a mile away. The words came to him, rolled up into amere blob of hoarse sound. Then, gathering alarm from his grim silence, they gave chase and swept down, ahundred yards above him perhaps, and a couple of hundred behind. They were beginning to understand what he +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +31 + + +was. He ceased to watch them and concentrated himself on the city ahead, and for a time the two aeroplanesraced.... +A bullet came tearing through the air by him, as though some one was tearing paper. A second followed.Something tapped the machine. +It was time to act. The broad avenues, the park, the palaces below rushed widening out nearer and nearer to them.'Ready!' said the steersman. +The gaunt face hardened to grimness, and with both hands the bomb−thrower lifted the big atomic bomb from thebox and steadied it against the side. It was a black sphere two feet in diameter. Between its handles was a littlecelluloid stud, and to this he bent his head until his lips touched it. Then he had to bite in order to let the air inupon the inducive. Sure of its accessibility, he craned his neck over the side of the aeroplane and judged his paceand distance. Then very quickly he bent forward, bit the stud, and hoisted the bomb over the side. +'Round,' he whispered inaudibly. +The bomb flashed blinding scarlet in mid−air, and fell, a descending column of blaze eddying spirally in the midstof a whirlwind. Both the aeroplanes were tossed like shuttlecocks, hurled high and sideways and the steersman,with gleaming eyes and set teeth, fought in great banking curves for a balance. The gaunt man clung tight withhand and knees; his nostrils dilated, his teeth biting his lips. He was firmly strapped.... +When he could look down again it was like looking down upon the crater of a small volcano. In the open gardenbefore the Imperial castle a shuddering star of evil splendour spurted and poured up smoke and flame towardsthem like an accusation. They were too high to distinguish people clearly, or mark the bomb's effect upon thebuilding until suddenly the facade tottered and crumbled before the flare as sugar dissolves in water. The manstared for a moment, showed all his long teeth, and then staggered into the cramped standing position his strapspermitted, hoisted out and bit another bomb, and sent it down after its fellow. +The explosion came this time more directly underneath the aeroplane and shot it upward edgeways. The bombbox tipped to the point of disgorgement, and the bomb−thrower was pitched forward upon the third bomb with hisface close to its celluloid stud. He clutched its handles, and with a sudden gust of determination that the thingshould not escape him, bit its stud. Before he could hurl it over, the monoplane was slipping sideways. Everythingwas falling sideways. Instinctively he gave himself up to gripping, his body holding the bomb in its place. +Then that bomb had exploded also, and steersman, thrower, and aeroplane were just flying rags and splinters ofmetal and drops of moisture in the air, and a third column of fire rushed eddying down upon the doomed buildingsbelow.... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_04.md b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7882332 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_04.md @@ -0,0 +1,14 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section 4 + +Never before in the history of warfare had there been a continuing explosive; indeed, up to the middle of thetwentieth century the only explosives known were combustibles whose explosiveness was due entirely to theirinstantaneousness; and these atomic bombs which science burst upon the world that night were strange even to themen who used them. Those used by the Allies were lumps of pure Carolinum, painted on the outside withunoxidised cydonator inducive enclosed hermetically in a case of membranium. A little celluloid stud between thehandles by which the bomb was lifted was arranged so as to be easily torn off and admit air to the inducive, whichat once became active and set up radio−activity in the outer layer of the Carolinum sphere. This liberated freshinducive, and so in a few minutes the whole bomb was a blazing continual explosion. The Central Europeanbombs were the same, except that they were larger and had a more complicated arrangement for animating theinducive. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +32 + + +Always before in the development of warfare the shells and rockets fired had been but momentarily explosive,they had gone off in an instant once for all, and if there was nothing living or valuable within reach of theconcussion and the flying fragments then they were spent and over. But Carolinum, which belonged to the betagroup of Hyslop's so−called 'suspended degenerator' elements, once its degenerative process had been induced,continued a furious radiation of energy and nothing could arrest it. Of all Hyslop's artificial elements, Carolinumwas the most heavily stored with energy and the most dangerous to make and handle. To this day it remains themost potent degenerator known. What the earlier twentieth−century chemists called its half period was seventeendays; that is to say, it poured out half of the huge store of energy in its great molecules in the space of seventeendays, the next seventeen days' emission was a half of that first period's outpouring, and so on. As with allradio−active substances this Carolinum, though every seventeen days its power is halved, though constantly itdiminishes towards the imperceptible, is never entirely exhausted, and to this day the battle−fields and bombfields of that frantic time in human history are sprinkled with radiant matter, and so centres of inconvenient rays. +What happened when the celluloid stud was opened was that the inducive oxidised and became active. Then thesurface of the Carolinum began to degenerate. This degeneration passed only slowly into the substance of thebomb. A moment or so after its explosion began it was still mainly an inert sphere exploding superficially, a big,inanimate nucleus wrapped in flame and thunder. Those that were thrown from aeroplanes fell in this state, theyreached the ground still mainly solid, and, melting soil and rock in their progress, bored into the earth. There, asmore and more of the Carolinum became active, the bomb spread itself out into a monstrous cavern of fieryenergy at the base of what became very speedily a miniature active volcano. The Carolinum, unable to disperse,freely drove into and mixed up with a boiling confusion of molten soil and superheated steam, and so remainedspinning furiously and maintaining an eruption that lasted for years or months or weeks according to the size ofthe bomb employed and the chances of its dispersal. Once launched, the bomb was absolutely unapproachable anduncontrollable until its forces were nearly exhausted, and from the crater that burst open above it, puffs of heavyincandescent vapour and fragments of viciously punitive rock and mud, saturated with Carolinum, and each acentre of scorching and blistering energy, were flung high and far. +Such was the crowning triumph of military science, the ultimate explosive that was to give the 'decisive touch' towar.... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_05.md b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_05.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..7d8d427 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_05.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section 5 + +A recent historical writer has described the world of that time as one that 'believed in established words and wasinvincibly blind to the obvious in things.' Certainly it seems now that nothing could have been more obvious tothe people of the earlier twentieth century than the rapidity with which war was becoming impossible. And ascertainly they did not see it. They did not see it until the atomic bombs burst in their fumbling hands. Yet thebroad facts must have glared upon any intelligent mind. All through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries theamount of energy that men were able to command was continually increasing. Applied to warfare that meant thatthe power to inflict a blow, the power to destroy, was continually increasing. There was no increase whatever inthe ability to escape. Every sort of passive defence, armour, fortifications, and so forth, was being outmastered bythis tremendous increase on the destructive side. Destruction was becoming so facile that any little body ofmalcontents could use it; it was revolutionising the problems of police and internal rule. Before the last war beganit was a matter of common knowledge that a man could carry about in a handbag an amount of latent energysufficient to wreck half a city. These facts were before the minds of everybody; the children in the streets knewthem. And yet the world still, as the Americans used to phrase it, 'fooled around' with the paraphernalia andpretensions of war. +It is only by realising this profound, this fantastic divorce between the scientific and intellectual movement on theone hand, and the world of the lawyer−politician on the other, that the men of a later time can hope to understandthis preposterous state of affairs. Social organisation was still in the barbaric stage. There were already greatnumbers of actively intelligent men and much private and commercial civilisation, but the community, as a whole, +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +33 + + +was aimless, untrained and unorganised to the pitch of imbecility. Collective civilisation, the 'Modern State,' wasstill in the womb of the future.... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_06.md b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_06.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5cc6a7d --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_06.md @@ -0,0 +1,42 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section 6 + +But let us return to Frederick Barnet's Wander Jahre and its account of the experiences of a common man duringthe war time. While these terrific disclosures of scientific possibility were happening in Paris and Berlin, Barnetand his company were industriously entrenching themselves in Belgian Luxembourg. +He tells of the mobilisation and of his summer day's journey through the north of France and the Ardennes in afew vivid phrases. The country was browned by a warm summer, the trees a little touched with autumnal colour,and the wheat already golden. When they stopped for an hour at Hirson, men and women with tricolour badgesupon the platform distributed cakes and glasses of beer to the thirsty soldiers, and there was much cheerfulness.'Such good, cool beer it was,' he wrote. 'I had had nothing to eat nor drink since Epsom.' +A number of monoplanes, 'like giant swallows,' he notes, were scouting in the pink evening sky. +Barnet's battalion was sent through the Sedan country to a place called Virton, and thence to a point in the woodson the line to Jemelle. Here they detrained, bivouacked uneasily by the railway−−trains and stores were passingalong it all night−−and next morning he: marched eastward through a cold, overcast dawn, and a morning, firstcloudy and then blazing, over a large spacious country−side interspersed by forest towards Arlon. +There the infantry were set to work upon a line of masked entrenchments and hidden rifle pits between St Hubertand Virton that were designed to check and delay any advance from the east upon the fortified line of the Meuse.They had their orders, and for two days they worked without either a sight of the enemy or any suspicion of thedisaster that had abruptly decapitated the armies of Europe, and turned the west of Paris and the centre of Berlininto blazing miniatures of the destruction of Pompeii. +And the news, when it did come, came attenuated. 'We heard there had been mischief with aeroplanes and bombsin Paris,' Barnet relates; 'but it didn't seem to follow that "They" weren't still somewhere elaborating their plansand issuing orders. When the enemy began to emerge from the woods in front of us, we cheered and blazed away,and didn't trouble much more about anything but the battle in hand. If now and then one cocked up an eye into thesky to see what was happening there, the rip of a bullet soon brought one down to the horizontal again.... +That battle went on for three days all over a great stretch of country between Louvain on the north and Longwy tothe south. It was essentially a rifle and infantry struggle. The aeroplanes do not seem to have taken any decisiveshare in the actual fighting for some days, though no doubt they effected the strategy from the first by preventingsurprise movements. They were aeroplanes with atomic engines, but they were not provided with atomic bombs,which were manifestly unsuitable for field use, nor indeed had they any very effective kind of bomb. And thoughthey manoeuvred against each other, and there was rifle shooting at them and between them, there was little actualaerial fighting. Either the airmen were indisposed to fight or the commanders on both sides preferred to reservethese machines for scouting.... +After a day or so of digging and scheming, Barnet found himself in the forefront of a battle. He had made hissection of rifle pits chiefly along a line of deep dry ditch that gave a means of inter−communication, he had hadthe earth scattered over the adjacent field, and he had masked his preparations with tussocks of corn and poppy.The hostile advance came blindly and unsuspiciously across the fields below and would have been very cruellyhandled indeed, if some one away to the right had not opened fire too soon. +'It was a queer thrill when these fellows came into sight,' he confesses; 'and not a bit like manoeuvres. They haltedfor a time on the edge of the wood and then came forward in an open line. They kept walking nearer to us and not +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +34 + + +looking at us, but away to the right of us. Even when they began to be hit, and their officers' whistles woke themup, they didn't seem to see us. One or two halted to fire, and then they all went back towards the wood again.They went slowly at first, looking round at us, then the shelter of the wood seemed to draw them, and they trotted.I fired rather mechanically and missed, then I fired again, and then I became earnest to hit something, made sureof my sighting, and aimed very carefully at a blue back that was dodging about in the corn. At first I couldn'tsatisfy myself and didn't shoot, his movements were so spasmodic and uncertain; then I think he came to a ditchor some such obstacle and halted for a moment. "GOT you," I whispered, and pulled the trigger. +'I had the strangest sensations about that man. In the first instance, when I felt that I had hit him I was irradiatedwith joy and pride.... +'I sent him spinning. He jumped and threw up his arms.... +'Then I saw the corn tops waving and had glimpses of him flapping about. Suddenly I felt sick. I hadn't killedhim.... +'In some way he was disabled and smashed up and yet able to struggle about. I began to think.... +'For nearly two hours that Prussian was agonising in the corn. Either he was calling out or some one was shoutingto him.... +'Then he jumped up−−he seemed to try to get up upon his feet with one last effort; and then he fell like a sack andlay quite still and never moved again. +'He had been unendurable, and I believe some one had shot him dead. I had been wanting to do so for sometime....' +The enemy began sniping the rifle pits from shelters they made for themselves in the woods below. A man was hitin the pit next to Barnet, and began cursing and crying out in a violent rage. Barnet crawled along the ditch to himand found him in great pain, covered with blood, frantic with indignation, and with the half of his right handsmashed to a pulp. 'Look at this,' he kept repeating, hugging it and then extending it. 'Damned foolery! Damnedfoolery! My right hand, sir! My right hand!' +For some time Barnet could do nothing with him. The man was consumed by his tortured realisation of the evilsilliness of war, the realisation which had come upon him in a flash with the bullet that had destroyed his skill anduse as an artificer for ever. He was looking at the vestiges with a horror that made him impenetrable to any otheridea. At last the poor wretch let Barnet tie up his bleeding stump and help him along the ditch that conducted himdeviously out of range.... +When Barnet returned his men were already calling out for water, and all day long the line of pits suffered greatlyfrom thirst. For food they had chocolate and bread. +'At first,' he says, 'I was extraordinarily excited by my baptism of fire. Then as the heat of the day came on Iexperienced an enormous tedium and discomfort. The flies became extremely troublesome, and my little grave ofa rifle pit was invaded by ants. I could not get up or move about, for some one in the trees had got a mark on me. Ikept thinking of the dead Prussian down among the corn, and of the bitter outcries of my own man. Damnedfoolery! It WAS damned foolery. But who was to blame? How had we got to this? . . . +'Early in the afternoon an aeroplane tried to dislodge us with dynamite bombs, but she was hit by bullets once ortwice, and suddenly dived down over beyond the trees. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +35 + + +' "From Holland to the Alps this day," I thought, "there must be crouching and lying between half and a million ofmen, trying to inflict irreparable damage upon one another. The thing is idiotic to the pitch of impossibility. It is adream. Presently I shall wake up." . . . +'Then the phrase changed itself in my mind. "Presently mankind will wake up." +'I lay speculating just how many thousands of men there were among these hundreds of thousands, whose spiritswere in rebellion against all these ancient traditions of flag and empire. Weren't we, perhaps, already in the throesof the last crisis, in that darkest moment of a nightmare's horror before the sleeper will endure no more of it−−andwakes? +'I don't know how my speculations ended. I think they were not so much ended as distracted by the distantthudding of the guns that were opening fire at long range upon Namur.' \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_07.md b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_07.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e8d877f --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_07.md @@ -0,0 +1,31 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section 7 + +But as yet Barnet had seen no more than the mildest beginnings of modern warfare. So far he had taken part onlyin a little shooting. The bayonet attack by which the advanced line was broken was made at a place called CroixRouge, more than twenty miles away, and that night under cover of the darkness the rifle pits were abandoned andhe got his company away without further loss. +His regiment fell back unpressed behind the fortified lines between Namur and Sedan, entrained at a station calledMettet, and was sent northward by Antwerp and Rotterdam to Haarlem. Hence they marched into North Holland.It was only after the march into Holland that he began to realise the monstrous and catastrophic nature of thestruggle in which he was playing his undistinguished part. +He describes very pleasantly the journey through the hills and open land of Brabant, the repeated crossing of armsof the Rhine, and the change from the undulating scenery of Belgium to the flat, rich meadows, the sunlit dykeroads, and the countless windmills of the Dutch levels. In those days there was unbroken land from Alkmaar andLeiden to the Dollart. Three great provinces, South Holland, North Holland, and Zuiderzeeland, reclaimed atvarious times between the early tenth century and 1945 and all many feet below the level of the waves outside thedykes, spread out their lush polders to the northern sun and sustained a dense industrious population. An intricateweb of laws and custom and tradition ensured a perpetual vigilance and a perpetual defence against thebeleaguering sea. For more than two hundred and fifty miles from Walcheren to Friesland stretched a line ofembankments and pumping stations that was the admiration of the world. +If some curious god had chosen to watch the course of events in those northern provinces while that flankingmarch of the British was in progress, he would have found a convenient and appropriate seat for his observationupon one of the great cumulus clouds that were drifting slowly across the blue sky during all these eventful daysbefore the great catastrophe. For that was the quality of the weather, hot and clear, with something of a breeze,and underfoot dry and a little inclined to be dusty. This watching god would have looked down upon broadstretches of sunlit green, sunlit save for the creeping patches of shadow cast by the clouds, upon sky−reflectingmeres, fringed and divided up by masses of willow and large areas of silvery weeds, upon white roads lying bareto the sun and upon a tracery of blue canals. The pastures were alive with cattle, the roads had a busy traffic, ofbeasts and bicycles and gaily coloured peasants' automobiles, the hues of the innumerable motor barges in thecanal vied with the eventfulness of the roadways; and everywhere in solitary steadings, amidst ricks and barns, ingroups by the wayside, in straggling villages, each with its fine old church, or in compact towns laced with canalsand abounding in bridges and clipped trees, were human habitations. +The people of this country−side were not belligerents. The interests and sympathies alike of Holland had been sodivided that to the end she remained undecided and passive in the struggle of the world powers. And everywhere +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +36 + + +along the roads taken by the marching armies clustered groups and crowds of impartially observant spectators,women and children in peculiar white caps and old−fashioned sabots, and elderly, clean−shaven men quietlythoughtful over their long pipes. They had no fear of their invaders; the days when 'soldiering' meant bands oflicentious looters had long since passed away.... +That watcher among the clouds would have seen a great distribution of khaki−uniformed men and khaki−paintedmaterial over the whole of the sunken area of Holland. He would have marked the long trains, packed with men orpiled with great guns and war material, creeping slowly, alert for train−wreckers, along the north−going lines; hewould have seen the Scheldt and Rhine choked with shipping, and pouring out still more men and still morematerial; he would have noticed halts and provisionings and detrainments, and the long, bustling caterpillars ofcavalry and infantry, the maggot−like wagons, the huge beetles of great guns, crawling under the poplars alongthe dykes and roads northward, along ways lined by the neutral, unmolested, ambiguously observant Dutch. Allthe barges and shipping upon the canals had been requisitioned for transport. In that clear, bright, warm weather,it would all have looked from above like some extravagant festival of animated toys. +As the sun sank westward the spectacle must have become a little indistinct because of a golden haze; everythingmust have become warmer and more glowing, and because of the lengthening of the shadows more manifestly inrelief. The shadows of the tall churches grew longer and longer, until they touched the horizon and mingled in theuniversal shadow; and then, slow, and soft, and wrapping the world in fold after fold of deepening blue, came thenight−−the night at first obscurely simple, and then with faint points here and there, and then jewelled in darklingsplendour with a hundred thousand lights. Out of that mingling of darkness and ambiguous glares the noise of anunceasing activity would have arisen, the louder and plainer now because there was no longer any distraction ofsight. +It may be that watcher drifting in the pellucid gulf beneath the stars watched all through the night; it may be thathe dozed. But if he gave way to so natural a proclivity, assuredly on the fourth night of the great flank march hewas aroused, for that was the night of the battle in the air that decided the fate of Holland. The aeroplanes werefighting at last, and suddenly about him, above and below, with cries and uproar rushing out of the four quartersof heaven, striking, plunging, oversetting, soaring to the zenith and dropping to the ground, they came to assail ordefend the myriads below. +Secretly the Central European power had gathered his flying machines together, and now he threw them as a giantmight fling a handful of ten thousand knives over the low country. And amidst that swarming flight were five thatdrove headlong for the sea walls of Holland, carrying atomic bombs. From north and west and south, the alliedaeroplanes rose in response and swept down upon this sudden attack. So it was that war in the air began. Menrode upon the whirlwind that night and slew and fell like archangels. The sky rained heroes upon the astonishedearth. Surely the last fights of mankind were the best. What was the heavy pounding of your Homeric swordsmen,what was the creaking charge of chariots, beside this swift rush, this crash, this giddy triumph, this headlongswoop to death? +And then athwart this whirling rush of aerial duels that swooped and locked and dropped in the void between thelamp−lights and the stars, came a great wind and a crash louder than thunder, and first one and then a score oflengthening fiery serpents plunged hungrily down upon the Dutchmen's dykes and struck between land and seaand flared up again in enormous columns of glare and crimsoned smoke and steam. +And out of the darkness leapt the little land, with its spires and trees, aghast with terror, still and distinct, and thesea, tumbled with anger, red−foaming like a sea of blood.... +Over the populous country below went a strange multitudinous crying and a flurry of alarm bells... . +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +37 + + +The surviving aeroplanes turned about and fled out of the sky, like things that suddenly know themselves to bewicked.... +Through a dozen thunderously flaming gaps that no water might quench, the waves came roaring in upon theland.... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_08.md b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_08.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..27e33bb --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_08.md @@ -0,0 +1,50 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section 8 + +'We had cursed our luck,' says Barnet, 'that we could not get to our quarters at Alkmaar that night. There, we weretold, were provisions, tobacco, and everything for which we craved. But the main canal from Zaandam andAmsterdam was hopelessly jammed with craft, and we were glad of a chance opening that enabled us to get out ofthe main column and lie up in a kind of little harbour very much neglected and weedgrown before a desertedhouse. We broke into this and found some herrings in a barrel, a heap of cheeses, and stone bottles of gin in thecellar; and with this I cheered my starving men. We made fires and toasted the cheese and grilled our herrings.None of us had slept for nearly forty hours, and I determined to stay in this refuge until dawn and then if thetraffic was still choked leave the barge and march the rest of the way into Alkmaar. +'This place we had got into was perhaps a hundred yards from the canal and underneath a little brick bridge wecould see the flotilla still, and hear the voices of the soldiers. Presently five or six other barges came through andlay up in the meer near by us, and with two of these, full of men of the Antrim regiment, I shared my find ofprovisions. In return we got tobacco. A large expanse of water spread to the westward of us and beyond were acluster of roofs and one or two church towers. The barge was rather cramped for so many men, and I let severalsquads, thirty or forty perhaps altogether, bivouac on the bank. I did not let them go into the house on account ofthe furniture, and I left a note of indebtedness for the food we had taken. We were particularly glad of our tobaccoand fires, because of the numerous mosquitoes that rose about us. +'The gate of the house from which we had provisioned ourselves was adorned with the legend, Vreugde bij Vrede,"Joy with Peace," and it bore every mark of the busy retirement of a comfort−loving proprietor. I went along hisgarden, which was gay and delightful with big bushes of rose and sweet brier, to a quaint little summer−house,and there I sat and watched the men in groups cooking and squatting along the bank. The sun was setting in anearly cloudless sky. +'For the last two weeks I had been a wholly occupied man, intent only upon obeying the orders that came down tome. All through this time I had been working to the very limit of my mental and physical faculties, and my onlymoments of rest had been devoted to snatches of sleep. Now came this rare, unexpected interlude, and I couldlook detachedly upon what I was doing and feel something of its infinite wonderfulness. I was irradiated withaffection for the men of my company and with admiration at their cheerful acquiescence in the subordination andneeds of our positions. I watched their proceedings and heard their pleasant voices. How willing those men were!How ready to accept leadership and forget themselves in collective ends! I thought how manfully they had gonethrough all the strains and toil of the last two weeks, how they had toughened and shaken down to comradeshiptogether, and how much sweetness there is after all in our foolish human blood. For they were just one casualsample of the species−−their patience and readiness lay, as the energy of the atom had lain, still waiting to beproperly utilised. Again it came to me with overpowering force that the supreme need of our race is leading, thatthe supreme task is to discover leading, to forget oneself in realising the collective purpose of the race. Once moreI saw life plain....' +Very characteristic is that of the 'rather too corpulent' young officer, who was afterwards to set it all down in theWander Jahre. Very characteristic, too, it is of the change in men's hearts that was even then preparing a newphase of human history. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +38 + + +He goes on to write of the escape from individuality in science and service, and of his discovery of this 'salvation.'All that was then, no doubt, very moving and original; now it seems only the most obvious commonplace ofhuman life. +The glow of the sunset faded, the twilight deepened into night. The fires burnt the brighter, and some Irishmenaway across the meer started singing. But Barnet's men were too weary for that sort of thing, and soon the bankand the barge were heaped with sleeping forms. +'I alone seemed unable to sleep. I suppose I was over−weary, and after a little feverish slumber by the tiller of thebarge I sat up, awake and uneasy.... +'That night Holland seemed all sky. There was just a little black lower rim to things, a steeple, perhaps, or a line ofpoplars, and then the great hemisphere swept over us. As at first the sky was empty. Yet my uneasiness referreditself in some vague way to the sky. +'And now I was melancholy. I found something strangely sorrowful and submissive in the sleepers all about me,those men who had marched so far, who had left all the established texture of their lives behind them to comeupon this mad campaign, this campaign that signified nothing and consumed everything, this mere fever offighting. I saw how little and feeble is the life of man, a thing of chances, preposterously unable to find the will torealise even the most timid of its dreams. And I wondered if always it would be so, if man was a doomed animalwho would never to the last days of his time take hold of fate and change it to his will. Always, it may be, he willremain kindly but jealous, desirous but discursive, able and unwisely impulsive, until Saturn who begot him shalldevour him in his turn.... +'I was roused from these thoughts by the sudden realisation of the presence of a squadron of aeroplanes far awayto the north−east and very high. They looked like little black dashes against the midnight blue. I remember that Ilooked up at them at first rather idly−−as one might notice a flight of birds. Then I perceived that they were onlythe extreme wing of a great fleet that was advancing in a long line very swiftly from the direction of the frontierand my attention tightened. +'Directly I saw that fleet I was astonished not to have seen it before. +'I stood up softly, undesirous of disturbing my companions, but with my heart beating now rather more rapidlywith surprise and excitement. I strained my ears for any sound of guns along our front. Almost instinctively Iturned about for protection to the south and west, and peered; and then I saw coming as fast and much nearer tome, as if they had sprung out of the darkness, three banks of aeroplanes; a group of squadrons very high, a mainbody at a height perhaps of one or two thousand feet, and a doubtful number flying low and very indistinct. Themiddle ones were so thick they kept putting out groups of stars. And I realised that after all there was to befighting in the air. +'There was something extraordinarily strange in this swift, noiseless convergence of nearly invisible combatantsabove the sleeping hosts. Every one about me was still unconscious; there was no sign as yet of any agitationamong the shipping on the main canal, whose whole course, dotted with unsuspicious lights and fringed withfires, must have been clearly perceptible from above. Then a long way off towards Alkmaar I heard bugles, andafter that shots, and then a wild clamour of bells. I determined to let my men sleep on for as long as they could.... +'The battle was joined with the swiftness of dreaming. I do not think it can have been five minutes from themoment when I first became aware of the Central European air fleet to the contact of the two forces. I saw it quiteplainly in silhouette against the luminous blue of the northern sky. The allied aeroplanes−−they were mostlyFrench−−came pouring down like a fierce shower upon the middle of the Central European fleet. They lookedexactly like a coarser sort of rain. There was a crackling sound−−the first sound I heard−−it reminded one of the +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +39 + + +Aurora Borealis, and I supposed it was an interchange of rifle shots. There were flashes like summer lightning;and then all the sky became a whirling confusion of battle that was still largely noiseless. Some of the CentralEuropean aeroplanes were certainly charged and overset; others seemed to collapse and fall and then flare outwith so bright a light that it took the edge off one's vision and made the rest of the battle disappear as though ithad been snatched back out of sight. +'And then, while I still peered and tried to shade these flames from my eyes with my hand, and while the menabout me were beginning to stir, the atomic bombs were thrown at the dykes. They made a mighty thunder in theair, and fell like Lucifer in the picture, leaving a flaring trail in the sky. The night, which had been pellucid anddetailed and eventful, seemed to vanish, to be replaced abruptly by a black background to these tremendous pillarsof fire.... +'Hard upon the sound of them came a roaring wind, and the sky was filled with flickering lightnings and rushingclouds.... +'There was something discontinuous in this impact. At one moment I was a lonely watcher in a sleeping world;the next saw every one about me afoot, the whole world awake and amazed.... +'And then the wind had struck me a buffet, taken my helmet and swept aside the summerhouse of Vreugde bijVrede, as a scythe sweeps away grass. I saw the bombs fall, and then watched a great crimson flare leapresponsive to each impact, and mountainous masses of red−lit steam and flying fragments clamber up towards thezenith. Against the glare I saw the country−side for miles standing black and clear, churches, trees, chimneys.And suddenly I understood. The Central Europeans had burst the dykes. Those flares meant the bursting of thedykes, and in a little while the sea−water would be upon us....' +He goes on to tell with a certain prolixity of the steps he took−−and all things considered they were veryintelligent steps−−to meet this amazing crisis. He got his men aboard and hailed the adjacent barges; he got theman who acted as barge engineer at his post and the engines working, he cast loose from his moorings. Then hebethought himself of food, and contrived to land five men, get in a few dozen cheeses, and ship his men againbefore the inundation reached them. +He is reasonably proud of this piece of coolness. His idea was to take the wave head−on and with his engines fullspeed ahead. And all the while he was thanking heaven he was not in the jam of traffic in the main canal. Herather, I think, overestimated the probable rush of waters; he dreaded being swept away, he explains, and smashedagainst houses and trees. +He does not give any estimate of the time it took between the bursting of the dykes and the arrival of the waters,but it was probably an interval of about twenty minutes or half an hour. He was working now in darkness−−savefor the light of his lantern−−and in a great wind. He hung out head and stern lights.... +Whirling torrents of steam were pouring up from the advancing waters, which had rushed, it must be remembered,through nearly incandescent gaps in the sea defences, and this vast uprush of vapour soon veiled the flaringcentres of explosion altogether. +'The waters came at last, an advancing cascade. It was like a broad roller sweeping across the country. They camewith a deep, roaring sound. I had expected a Niagara, but the total fall of the front could not have been much morethan twelve feet. Our barge hesitated for a moment, took a dose over her bows, and then lifted. I signalled for fullspeed ahead and brought her head upstream, and held on like grim death to keep her there. +'There was a wind about as strong as the flood, and I found we were pounding against every conceivable buoyantobject that had been between us and the sea. The only light in the world now came from our lamps, the steam +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +40 + + +became impenetrable at a score of yards from the boat, and the roar of the wind and water cut us off from allremoter sounds. The black, shining waters swirled by, coming into the light of our lamps out of an ebonyblackness and vanishing again into impenetrable black. And on the waters came shapes, came things that flashedupon us for a moment, now a half−submerged boat, now a cow, now a huge fragment of a house's timberings,now a muddle of packing−cases and scaffolding. The things clapped into sight like something shown by theopening of a shutter, and then bumped shatteringly against us or rushed by us. Once I saw very clearly a man'swhite face.... +'All the while a group of labouring, half−submerged trees remained ahead of us, drawing very slowly nearer. Isteered a course to avoid them. They seemed to gesticulate a frantic despair against the black steam cloudsbehind. Once a great branch detached itself and tore shuddering by me. We did, on the whole, make headway.The last I saw of Vreugde bij Vrede before the night swallowed it, was almost dead astern of us....' \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_09.md b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_09.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..98ee206 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_09.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section 9 + +Morning found Barnet still afloat. The bows of his barge had been badly strained, and his men were pumping orbaling in relays. He had got about a dozen half−drowned people aboard whose boat had capsized near him, and hehad three other boats in tow. He was afloat, and somewhere between Amsterdam and Alkmaar, but he could nottell where. It was a day that was still half night. Gray waters stretched in every direction under a dark gray sky,and out of the waves rose the upper parts of houses, in many cases ruined, the tops of trees, windmills, in fact theupper third of all the familiar Dutch scenery; and on it there drifted a dimly seen flotilla of barges, small boats,many overturned, furniture, rafts, timbering, and miscellaneous objects. +The drowned were under water that morning. Only here and there did a dead cow or a stiff figure still clingingstoutly to a box or chair or such−like buoy hint at the hidden massacre. It was not till the Thursday that the deadcame to the surface in any quantity. The view was bounded on every side by a gray mist that closed overhead in agray canopy. The air cleared in the afternoon, and then, far away to the west under great banks of steam and dust,the flaming red eruption of the atomic bombs came visible across the waste of water. +They showed flat and sullen through the mist, like London sunsets. 'They sat upon the sea,' says Barnet, 'likefrayed−out waterlilies of flame.' +Barnet seems to have spent the morning in rescue work along the track of the canal, in helping people who wereadrift, in picking up derelict boats, and in taking people out of imperilled houses. He found other military bargessimilarly employed, and it was only as the day wore on and the immediate appeals for aid were satisfied that hethought of food and drink for his men, and what course he had better pursue. They had a little cheese, but nowater. 'Orders,' that mysterious direction, had at last altogether disappeared. He perceived he had now to act uponhis own responsibility. +'One's sense was of a destruction so far−reaching and of a world so altered that it seemed foolish to go in anydirection and expect to find things as they had been before the war began. I sat on the quarter−deck with Myliusmy engineer and Kemp and two others of the non−commissioned officers, and we consulted upon our line ofaction. We were foodless and aimless. We agreed that our fighting value was extremely small, and that our firstduty was to get ourselves in touch with food and instructions again. Whatever plan of campaign had directed ourmovements was manifestly smashed to bits. Mylius was of opinion that we could take a line westward and getback to England across the North Sea. He calculated that with such a motor barge as ours it would be possible toreach the Yorkshire coast within four−and−twenty hours. But this idea I overruled because of the shortness of ourprovisions, and more particularly because of our urgent need of water. +'Every boat we drew near now hailed us for water, and their demands did much to exasperate our thirst. I decidedthat if we went away to the south we should reach hilly country, or at least country that was not submerged, and +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +41 + + +then we should be able to land, find some stream, drink, and get supplies and news. Many of the barges adrift inthe haze about us were filled with British soldiers and had floated up from the Nord See Canal, but none of themwere any better informed than ourselves of the course of events. "Orders" had, in fact, vanished out of the sky. +' "Orders" made a temporary reappearance late that evening in the form of a megaphone hail from a Britishtorpedo boat, announcing a truce, and giving the welcome information that food and water were being hurrieddown the Rhine and were to be found on the barge flotilla lying over the old Rhine above Leiden.' . . . +We will not follow Barnet, however, in the description of his strange overland voyage among trees and housesand churches by Zaandam and between Haarlem and Amsterdam, to Leiden. It was a voyage in a red−lit mist, in aworld of steamy silhouette, full of strange voices and perplexity, and with every other sensation dominated by afeverish thirst. 'We sat,' he says, 'in a little huddled group, saying very little, and the men forward were mere knotsof silent endurance. Our only continuing sound was the persistent mewing of a cat one of the men had rescuedfrom a floating hayrick near Zaandam. We kept a southward course by a watch−chain compass Mylius hadproduced.... +'I do not think any of us felt we belonged to a defeated army, nor had we any strong sense of the war as thedominating fact about us. Our mental setting had far more of the effect of a huge natural catastrophe. The atomicbombs had dwarfed the international issues to complete insignificance. When our minds wandered from thepreoccupations of our immediate needs, we speculated upon the possibility of stopping the use of these frightfulexplosives before the world was utterly destroyed. For to us it seemed quite plain that these bombs and the stillgreater power of destruction of which they were the precursors might quite easily shatter every relationship andinstitution of mankind. +' "What will they be doing," asked Mylius, "what will they be doing? It's plain we've got to put an end to war. It'splain things have to be run some way. THIS−−all this−−is impossible." +'I made no immediate answer. Something−−I cannot think what−−had brought back to me the figure of that man Ihad seen wounded on the very first day of actual fighting. I saw again his angry, tearful eyes, and that poor,dripping, bloody mess that had been a skilful human hand five minutes before, thrust out in indignant protest."Damned foolery," he had stormed and sobbed, "damned foolery. My right hand, sir! My RIGHT hand. . . ." +'My faith had for a time gone altogether out of me. "I think we are too−−too silly," I said to Mylius, "ever to stopwar. If we'd had the sense to do it, we should have done it before this. I think this−−−−" I pointed to the gauntblack outline of a smashed windmill that stuck up, ridiculous and ugly, above the blood−lit waters−−"this is theend." ' \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_10.md b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6709e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_10.md @@ -0,0 +1,16 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section 10 + +But now our history must part company with Frederick Barnet and his barge−load of hungry and starving men. +For a time in western Europe at least it was indeed as if civilisation had come to a final collapse. These crowningbuds upon the tradition that Napoleon planted and Bismarck watered, opened and flared 'like waterlilies of flame'over nations destroyed, over churches smashed or submerged, towns ruined, fields lost to mankind for ever, and amillion weltering bodies. Was this lesson enough for mankind, or would the flames of war still burn amidst theruins? +Neither Barnet nor his companions, it is clear, had any assurance in their answers to that question. Already oncein the history of mankind, in America, before its discovery by the whites, an organised civilisation had given wayto a mere cult of warfare, specialised and cruel, and it seemed for a time to many a thoughtful man as if the wholeworld was but to repeat on a larger scale this ascendancy of the warrior, this triumph of the destructive instincts of +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +42 + + +the race. +The subsequent chapters of Barnet's narrative do but supply body to this tragic possibility. He gives a series ofvignettes of civilisation, shattered, it seemed, almost irreparably. He found the Belgian hills swarming withrefugees and desolated by cholera; the vestiges of the contending armies keeping order under a truce, withoutactual battles, but with the cautious hostility of habit, and a great absence of plan everywhere. +Overhead aeroplanes went on mysterious errands, and there were rumours of cannibalism and hystericalfanaticisms in the valleys of the Semoy and the forest region of the eastern Ardennes. There was the report of anattack upon Russia by the Chinese and Japanese, and of some huge revolutionary outbreak in America. Theweather was stormier than men had ever known it in those regions, with much thunder and lightning and wildcloud−bursts of rain.... \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_I.md b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_I.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ac4dee1 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_I.md @@ -0,0 +1,23 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section I + +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +24 + + +Viewed from the standpoint of a sane and ambitious social order, it is difficult to understand, and it would betedious to follow, the motives that plunged mankind into the war that fills the histories of the middle decades ofthe twentieth century. +It must always be remembered that the political structure of the world at that time was everywhere extraordinarilybehind the collective intelligence. That is the central fact of that history. For two hundred years there had been nogreat changes in political or legal methods and pretensions, the utmost change had been a certain shifting ofboundaries and slight readjustment of procedure, while in nearly every other aspect of life there had beenfundamental revolutions, gigantic releases, and an enormous enlargement of scope and outlook. The absurdities ofcourts and the indignities of representative parliamentary government, coupled with the opening of vast fields ofopportunity in other directions, had withdrawn the best intelligences more and more from public affairs. Theostensible governments of the world in the twentieth century were following in the wake of the ostensiblereligions. They were ceasing to command the services of any but second−rate men. After the middle of theeighteenth century there are no more great ecclesiastics upon the world's memory, after the opening of thetwentieth no more statesmen. Everywhere one finds an energetic, ambitious, short−sighted, common−place typein the seats of authority, blind to the new possibilities and litigiously reliant upon the traditions of the past. +Perhaps the most dangerous of those outworn traditions were the boundaries of the various 'sovereign states,' andthe conception of a general predominance in human affairs on the part of some one particular state. The memoryof the empires of Rome and Alexander squatted, an unlaid carnivorous ghost, in the human imagination−−it boredinto the human brain like some grisly parasite and filled it with disordered thoughts and violent impulses. Formore than a century the French system exhausted its vitality in belligerent convulsions, and then the infectionpassed to the German−speaking peoples who were the heart and centre of Europe, and from them onward to theSlavs. Later ages were to store and neglect the vast insane literature of this obsession, the intricate treaties, thesecret agreements, the infinite knowingness of the political writer, the cunning refusals to accept plain facts, thestrategic devices, the tactical manoeuvres, the records of mobilisations and counter−mobilisations. It ceased to becredible almost as soon as it ceased to happen, but in the very dawn of the new age their state craftsmen sat withtheir historical candles burning, and, in spite of strange, new reflections and unfamiliar lights and shadows, stillwrangling and planning to rearrange the maps of Europe and the world. +It was to become a matter for subtle inquiry how far the millions of men and women outside the world of thesespecialists sympathised and agreed with their portentous activities. One school of psychologists inclined tominimise this participation, but the balance of evidence goes to show that there were massive responses to thesesuggestions of the belligerent schemer. Primitive man had been a fiercely combative animal; innumerablegenerations had passed their lives in tribal warfare, and the weight of tradition, the example of history, the idealsof loyalty and devotion fell in easily enough with the incitements of the international mischief−maker. Thepolitical ideas of the common man were picked up haphazard, there was practically nothing in such education ashe was given that was ever intended to fit him for citizenship as such (that conception only appeared, indeed, withthe development of Modern State ideas), and it was therefore a comparatively easy matter to fill his vacant mindwith the sounds and fury of exasperated suspicion and national aggression. +For example, Barnet describes the London crowd as noisily patriotic when presently his battalion came up fromthe depot to London, to entrain for the French frontier. He tells of children and women and lads and old mencheering and shouting, of the streets and rows hung with the flags of the Allied Powers, of a real enthusiasm evenamong the destitute and unemployed. The Labour Bureaux were now partially transformed into enrolment offices,and were centres of hotly patriotic excitement. At every convenient place upon the line on either side of theChannel Tunnel there were enthusiastic spectators, and the feeling in the regiment, if a little stiffened anddarkened by grim anticipations, was none the less warlike. +But all this emotion was the fickle emotion of minds without established ideas; it was with most of them, Barnetsays, as it was with himself, a natural response to collective movement, and to martial sounds and colours, and the +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +25 + + +exhilarating challenge of vague dangers. And people had been so long oppressed by the threat of and preparationfor war that its arrival came with an effect of positive relief. \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_02.md b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_02.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d03818c --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_02.md @@ -0,0 +1,101 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione 2 + +Il piano di campagna degli Alleati assegnava la difesa della bassa Mosa agli Inglesi, e i treni militari furono diretti direttamente dai vari depositi britannici ai punti nelle Ardenne dove si intendeva che si trincerassero. + +La maggior parte dei documenti relativi alla campagna furono distrutti durante la guerra, sin dall'inizio lo schema degli Alleati sembra essere stato confuso, ma è altamente probabile che la formazione di un parco aereo in questa regione, dal quale potessero essere effettuati attacchi al vasto impianto industriale del basso Reno, e un'incursione di fianco attraverso l'Olanda sugli stabilimenti navali tedeschi alla foce dell'Elba, fossero parti integranti del progetto originale. Nulla di ciò era noto a tali pedine del gioco come Barnet e la sua compagnia, il cui compito era fare ciò che veniva loro detto dalle misteriose intelligenze alla direzione delle cose a Parigi, città alla quale era stato trasferito anche lo staff di Whitehall. Dal principio alla fine queste intelligenze direttive rimasero misteriose per il corpo dell'esercito, velate sotto il nome di 'Ordini'. Non c'era Napoleone, nessun Cesare a incarnare l'entusiasmo. Barnet dice: 'Parlavamo di Loro. LORO ci stanno mandando su nel Lussemburgo. LORO stanno per aggirare il fianco destro dell'Europa Centrale.' + +Dietro il velo di questa vaghezza il piccolo gruppo di uomini più o meno degni che costituiva il Quartier Generale stava cominciando a rendersi conto dell'enormità della cosa che si supponeva dovesse controllare... + +Nella grande sala del Controllo di Guerra, le cui finestre guardavano attraverso la Senna verso il Trocadero e i palazzi del quartiere occidentale, una serie di mappe in rilievo su grande scala erano disposte su tavoli per mostrare l'intero teatro di guerra, e gli ufficiali di stato maggiore del controllo erano continuamente occupati a spostare i piccoli blocchi che rappresentavano le truppe contendenti, mentre i rapporti e le informazioni continuavano ad affluire ai vari uffici telegrafici nelle stanze adiacenti. In altri appartamenti più piccoli c'erano mappe di tipo meno dettagliato, sulle quali, per esempio, i rapporti dell'Ammiragliato Britannico e dei comandanti Slavi venivano registrati man mano che giungevano. Su queste mappe, come su scacchiere, il Maresciallo Dubois, in consultazione con il Generale Viard e il Conte di Delhi, doveva giocare la grande partita per la supremazia mondiale contro le potenze dell'Europa Centrale. Molto probabilmente egli aveva un'idea definita del suo gioco; molto probabilmente aveva un piano coerente e ammirevole. + +Ma egli aveva fatto i conti senza una stima appropriata né della nuova strategia dell'aviazione né delle possibilità dell'energia atomica che Holsten aveva aperto per l'umanità. Mentre egli progettava trinceramenti e invasioni e una guerra di frontiera, il comando dell'Europa Centrale colpiva agli occhi e al cervello. E mentre, con una certa diffidente esitazione, sviluppava la sua apertura quella notte sulle linee tracciate da Napoleone e Moltke, il suo stesso corpo scientifico in uno stato di attività ammutinata stava preparando un colpo per Berlino. 'Questi vecchi pazzi!' era la chiave in cui pensava il corpo scientifico. + +Il Controllo di Guerra a Parigi, nella notte del due luglio, era un'impressionante esibizione della parafernalia dell'organizzazione militare scientifica, come la prima metà del ventesimo secolo la intendeva. Ad almeno un essere umano i comandanti consultanti avevano la somiglianza di dèi che brandiscono il mondo. + +Ella era una dattilografa esperta, capace di quasi sessanta parole al minuto, ed era stata ingaggiata in staffetta con altre donne simili per prendere gli ordini in duplice copia e consegnarli agli ufficiali subalterni in servizio, per essere inoltrati e archiviati. Era sopravvenuta una pausa, ed era stata mandata fuori dalla sala di dettatura per prendere aria sulla terrazza davanti alla grande sala e per mangiare il misero ristoro che aveva portato con sé fino a quando i suoi servigi non fossero stati richiesti di nuovo. + +Dalla sua posizione sulla terrazza questa giovane donna aveva una vista non solo dell'ampia curva del fiume sotto di lei, e di tutto il lato orientale di Parigi dall'Arco di Trionfo a Saint Cloud, grandi blocchi e masse di oscurità nera o pallida con lampi rosa e dorati di illuminazione e fasce interlacciate infinite di luci punteggiate sotto un cielo immobile e senza stelle, ma anche tutto l'interno spazioso della grande sala con le sue snelle colonne e i graziosi archi e le lampade a grappolo era visibile per lei. Là, sopra una selva di tavoli, giacevano le enormi mappe, fatte su scala così grande che si potevano immaginare piccoli paesi; i messaggeri e gli assistenti andavano e venivano perpetuamente, alterando, spostando i piccoli pezzi che significavano centinaia e migliaia di uomini, e il grande comandante e i suoi due consulenti stavano in mezzo a tutte queste cose e vicino a dove i combattimenti erano più vicini, complottando, dirigendo. Bastava che sussurrassero una parola e presentemente là lontano, nel mondo della realtà, le miriadi puntuali si muovevano. Gli uomini si alzavano e andavano avanti e morivano. Il destino delle nazioni giaceva dietro gli occhi di questi tre uomini. Davvero erano come dèi. + +Il più divino dei tre era Dubois. Stava a lui decidere; gli altri al massimo potevano suggerire. L'anima di donna di lei andò verso questo grave, bell'uomo, immobile, vecchio, in una passione di istintivo culto. + +Una volta aveva preso parole di istruzione direttamente da lui. Le aveva attese in un'estasi di felicità — e paura. Perché la sua esaltazione era resa terribile dal terrore che qualche errore potesse disonorarla... + +Lo osservava ora attraverso il vetro con tutta la minuziosità impenetrante dell'osservazione di una donna appassionata. + +Diceva poco, notò lei. Guardava poco le mappe. L'alto Inglese accanto a lui era manifestamente turbato da uno sciame di idee, idee conflittuali; tendeva il collo ad ogni spostamento dei piccoli pezzi rossi, blu, neri e gialli sulla tavola, e voleva attirare l'attenzione del comandante su questo e quello. Dubois ascoltava, annuiva, emetteva una parola e tornava immobile di nuovo, meditando come l'aquila nazionale. + +I suoi occhi erano così profondamente infossati sotto le sue bianche sopracciglia che lei non poteva vedere i suoi occhi; i suoi baffi sovrastavano la bocca da cui venivano quelle parole di decisione. Anche Viard diceva poco; era un uomo scuro con una testa cadente e occhi malinconici, vigili. Era più intento sulla destra francese, che stava tastando ora la sua via attraverso l'Alsazia verso il Reno. Era, lei sapeva, un vecchio collega di Dubois; lo conosceva meglio, decise lei, si fidava di lui più di questo Inglese non familiare... + +Non parlare, rimanere impassibile e per quanto possibile di profilo; queste erano le lezioni che il vecchio Dubois aveva padroneggiato anni prima. Sembrare di sapere tutto, non tradire alcuna sorpresa, rifiutarsi di affrettarsi — essa stessa una confessione di errore di calcolo; per attenzione a queste semplici regole, Dubois aveva costruito una solida reputazione dai giorni in cui era stato un promettente ufficiale subalterno, un giovane uomo immobile, quasi astratto, deliberato ma pronto. Persino allora gli uomini lo guardavano e dicevano: 'Andrà lontano'. Attraverso cinquant'anni di pace non era mai stato trovato mancante, e alle manovre la sua persistenza impassibile aveva perplesso e ipnotizzato e sconfitto molti uomini più attivamente intelligenti. Profondo nella sua anima Dubois aveva nascosto la sua unica profonda scoperta sull'arte moderna della guerra, la chiave della sua carriera. E questa scoperta era che NESSUNO SAPEVA, che quindi agire era commettere errori, che parlare era confessare; e che l'uomo che agiva lentamente e costantemente e soprattutto silenziosamente, aveva la migliore possibilità di riuscire. Nel frattempo si nutrivano gli uomini. Ora con questa stessa strategia sperava di distruggere quegli ignoti misteriosi del comando dell'Europa Centrale. Delhi poteva parlare di una grande marcia di fianco attraverso l'Olanda, con tutti i sommergibili britannici e gli idroplani e i mezzi siluranti che risalivano il Reno in suo supporto; Viard poteva bramare brillantezza con le motociclette, gli aeroplani e gli uomini sugli sci tra le montagne svizzere, e un improvviso piombamento su Vienna; la cosa era ascoltare — e aspettare che l'altro lato cominciasse a sperimentare. Era tutto sperimentare. E nel frattempo rimaneva di profilo, con un'aria di sicurezza — come un uomo che siede in un'automobile dopo che l'autista ha avuto le sue direzioni. + +E tutti intorno a lui erano più forti e sicuri per quel viso tranquillo, quell'aria di conoscenza e imperturbabile fiducia. Le luci a grappolo proiettavano una ventina di sue ombre sulle mappe, grandi mazzi di lui, versioni + +di una presenza comandante, più chiare o più scure, dominavano il campo, e indicavano in ogni direzione. Quelle ombre simboleggiavano il suo controllo. Quando un messaggero veniva dalla stanza wireless per spostare questo o quel pezzo nel gioco, per sostituire sotto rapporti emendati un reggimento dell'Europa Centrale con una ventina, per ritirare o spingere avanti o distribuire questa o quella forza degli Alleati, il Maresciallo avrebbe girato la testa e sembrava non vedere, o guardava e annuiva leggermente, come un maestro annuisce che approva l'autocorrezione di un allievo. 'Sì, così va meglio'. + +Quanto meraviglioso era, pensò la donna alla finestra, quanto meraviglioso era tutto. Questo era il cervello del mondo occidentale, questo era l'Olimpo con la terra in guerra ai suoi piedi. Ed egli stava guidando la Francia, la Francia così a lungo esule risentito dall'imperialismo, indietro al suo antico predominio. + +Le sembrava oltre il merito di una donna che dovesse essere privilegiata di partecipare... + +È duro essere una donna, piena dell'impulso tempestoso alla devozione personale, e dover essere impersonale, astratta, esatta, puntuale. Doveva controllarsi... + +Si abbandonò a sogni fantastici, sogni dei giorni in cui la guerra sarebbe stata finita e la vittoria intronizzata. Allora forse questa durezza, questa armatura sarebbe stata messa da parte e gli dèi avrebbero potuto ammorbidirsi. Le sue palpebre si abbassarono... + +Si svegliò con un sussulto. Divenne consapevole che la notte fuori non era più immobile. Che c'era un'eccitazione giù sotto sul ponte e una corsa nella strada e uno sfarfallio di riflettori tra le nuvole da qualche luogo elevato lontano oltre il Trocadero. E poi l'eccitazione venne ondata su oltre lei e invase la sala all'interno. + +Una delle sentinelle dalla terrazza stava all'estremità superiore della stanza, gesticolando e gridando qualcosa. + +E tutto il mondo era cambiato. Una specie di pulsazione. Non poteva capire. Era come se tutte le tubature dell'acqua e i macchinari nascosti e i cavi delle vie sotto, stessero battendo — come battono i polsi. E intorno a lei soffiava qualcosa come un vento — un vento che era sgomento. + +I suoi occhi andarono al volto del Maresciallo come un bambino spaventato potrebbe guardare verso sua madre. + +Era ancora sereno. Stava aggrottando leggermente le sopracciglia, pensò lei, ma quello era abbastanza naturale, perché il Conte di Delhi, con una mano gesticolante in modo scarno, lo aveva preso per il braccio ed era troppo manifestamente disposto a trascinarlo verso la grande porta che si apriva sulla terrazza. E Viard si stava affrettando verso le enormi finestre e lo faceva nell'atteggiamento più strano, piegato in avanti e con gli occhi rivolti verso l'alto. + +Qualcosa là sopra? + +E poi fu come se un tuono scoppiasse sopra la testa. + +Il suono la colpì come un colpo. Si rannicchiò insieme contro la muratura e guardò in alto. Vide tre forme nere che piombavano giù attraverso le nuvole squarciate, e da un punto un po' sotto due di esse, erano già iniziate scie arricciate di rosso... + +Tutto il resto nel suo essere era paralizzato, rimase sospesa attraverso momenti che sembravano infinità, guardando quei missili rossi vorticare giù verso di lei. + +Si sentì strappata fuori dal mondo. Non c'era null'altro nel mondo che un bagliore cremisi-purpureo e suono, assordante, abbracciante-tutto, suono continuo. Ogni altra luce si era spenta intorno a lei e contro questo bagliore pendevano muri inclinati, pilastri piroettanti, frammenti sporgenti di cornici, e un volo disordinato di enormi lastre angolari di vetro. Ebbe l'impressione di una grande palla di fuoco cremisi-purpureo come una cosa vivente impazzita che sembrava + +stesse turbinando molto rapidamente in mezzo a un caos di muratura che cadeva, che sembrava stesse attaccando la terra furiosamente, che sembrava stesse scavando in essa come un coniglio fiammeggiante... + +Ebbe tutte le sensazioni di svegliarsi da un sogno. + +Si trovò stesa a faccia in giù su un banco di terra e che un piccolo rivolo di acqua calda stava scorrendo su un piede. Cercò di sollevarsi e trovò che la sua gamba era molto dolorante. Non le era chiaro se fosse notte o giorno né dove fosse; fece un secondo sforzo, rabbrividendo e gemendo, e si girò e si mise in posizione seduta e si guardò intorno. + +Tutto sembrava molto silenzioso. Era, infatti, in mezzo a un vasto tumulto, ma non se ne rese conto perché il suo udito era stato distrutto. + +Dapprima non poteva collegare ciò che vedeva a nessuna esperienza precedente. + +Sembrava essere in un mondo strano, un mondo silenzioso, rovinoso, un mondo di cose rotte ammassate. Ed era illuminato — e in qualche modo questo era più familiare alla sua mente di qualsiasi altro fatto intorno a lei — da una luce tremolante, purpureo-cremisi. Poi vicino a lei, sorgendo sopra una confusione di detriti, riconobbe il Trocadero; era cambiato, qualcosa se n'era andato da esso, ma il suo contorno era inconfondibile. Si stagliava contro un'ondata vorticosa di vapore illuminato di rosso che saliva vorticosamente. E con ciò ricordò Parigi e la Senna e la calda serata coperta e la bella, luminosa organizzazione del Controllo di Guerra... + +Si tirò un po' su per il pendio di terra su cui giaceva, ed esaminò i suoi dintorni con una comprensione crescente... + +La terra su cui giaceva si protendeva come un capo nel fiume. Molto vicino a lei c'era un lago colmo di acqua arginata, da cui questi caldi rivoli e torrenti sgorgavano. Volute di vapore venivano in esistenza circolare a un piede o giù di lì dalla sua superficie a specchio. Vicino a mano e riflessa esattamente nell'acqua c'era la parte superiore di un pilastro di pietra dall'aspetto familiare. Dal lato di lei lontano dall'acqua le rovine ammassate si alzavano ripidamente in un pendio confuso fino a una cresta abbagliante. Sopra e riflettendo questo bagliore torreggiavano masse incuscinate di vapore che rotolava rapidamente verso l'alto verso lo zenit. Era da questa cresta che procedeva il bagliore livido che illuminava il mondo intorno a lei, e lentamente la sua mente collegò questo tumulo con gli edifici scomparsi del Controllo di Guerra. + +'Mais!' sussurrò, e rimase con occhi spalancati del tutto immobile per un po', rannicchiata vicino alla terra calda. + +Poi presentemente questa cosa umana fioca, rotta cominciò a guardarsi intorno di nuovo. Cominciò a sentire il bisogno di compagnia. Voleva domandare, voleva parlare, voleva raccontare la sua esperienza. E il suo piede le faceva atrocemente male. Ci doveva essere un'ambulanza. Un piccolo refolo di critiche querulose soffiò attraverso la sua mente. Questo sicuramente era un disastro! Sempre dopo un disastro ci dovrebbero essere ambulanze e soccorritori che si muovono... + +Allungò la testa. C'era qualcosa là. Ma tutto era così immobile! + +'Monsieur!' gridò. Le sue orecchie, notò, si sentivano strane, e cominciò a sospettare che non tutto andava bene con loro. + +Era terribilmente solitario in questa stranezza caotica, e forse quest'uomo — se era un uomo, perché era difficile vedere — poteva nonostante la sua immobilità essere meramente privo di sensi. Avrebbe potuto essere stordito... + +Il bagliore balzante oltre mandò un raggio nel suo angolo e per un momento ogni piccolo dettaglio fu distinto. Era il Maresciallo Dubois. Giaceva contro una lastra enorme della mappa di guerra. Ad essa erano attaccati e da essa penzolavano piccoli oggetti di legno, i simboli di fanteria e cavalleria e cannoni, come erano disposti sulla frontiera. Non + +sembrava essere consapevole di questo alla sua schiena, aveva un effetto di disattenzione, non attenzione indifferente, ma come se stesse pensando... + +Non poteva vedere gli occhi sotto le sue sopracciglia ispide, ma era evidente che aggrottava la fronte. Aggrottava leggermente la fronte, aveva un'aria di non voler essere disturbato. Il suo viso portava ancora quell'espressione di fiducia assicurata, quella convinzione che se le cose fossero state lasciate a lui la Francia avrebbe potuto obbedire in sicurezza... + +Non gli gridò di nuovo, ma strisciò un po' più vicino. Una strana supposizione fece dilatare i suoi occhi. Con uno strattone doloroso si tirò su così da poter vedere completamente sopra i grumi intervenuti di muratura frantumata. La sua mano toccò qualcosa di umido, e dopo un movimento convulso divenne rigida. + +Non c'era un uomo intero là; c'era un pezzo di uomo, la testa e le spalle di un uomo che si trascinava giù in un'oscurità strappata e una pozza di nero lucente... + +E anche mentre fissava il tumulo sopra di lei oscillò e si sbriciolò, e una corsa di acqua calda venne versandosi su di lei. Poi le sembrò di essere trascinata giù... diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_03.md b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_03.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..66823c0 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_03.md @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione 3 + +Quando il giovane aviatore piuttosto brutale con la testa a proiettile e i capelli neri tagliati corti en brosse, che era al comando del corpo scientifico speciale francese, sentì presentemente di questo disastro al Controllo di Guerra, era così privo di immaginazione in ogni sfera tranne la propria, che rise. Piccola importanza per lui che Parigi stesse bruciando. Sua madre e suo padre e sua sorella vivevano a Caudebec; e l'unica innamorata che avesse mai avuto, ed era stato povero corteggiamento allora, era una ragazza a Rouen. Diede una pacca sulla spalla del suo secondo in comando. 'Ora,' disse, 'non c'è nulla sulla terra che ci impedisca di andare a Berlino e di rendergli pan per focaccia... Strategia e ragioni di stato — sono finite... Vieni, ragazzo mio, e mostreremo a queste vecchie donne cosa possiamo fare quando ci lasciano avere le nostre teste.' + +Passò cinque minuti al telefono e poi uscì nel cortile del castello in cui era stato installato e gridò per la sua automobile. Le cose avrebbero dovuto muoversi velocemente perché c'era appena un'ora e mezza prima dell'alba. Guardò il cielo e notò con soddisfazione una pesante banca di nuvole attraverso l'est pallido. + +Era un giovane di infinita astuzia, e il suo materiale e i suoi aeroplani erano sparsi per tutta la campagna, nascosti nei fienili, coperti di fieno, nascosti nei boschi. Un falco non avrebbe potuto scoprirne nessuno senza venire a portata di un fucile. Ma quella notte voleva solo una delle macchine, ed era comoda e del tutto preparata sotto un telone tra due covoni a non un paio di miglia di distanza; stava andando a Berlino con quella e solo un altro uomo. Due uomini sarebbero stati sufficienti per quello che intendeva fare... + +Aveva nelle sue mani il complemento nero a tutti quegli altri doni che la scienza stava sollecitando sull'umanità non rigenerata, il dono della distruzione, ed era un tipo avventuroso piuttosto che simpatico... + +Era un giovane scuro con qualcosa di negroide nel suo viso lucente. Sorrideva come uno che è favorito e anticipa grandi piaceri. C'era una ricchezza esotica, un sapore ridacchiante, nella voce con cui dava i suoi ordini, e punteggiava le sue osservazioni con il lungo dito di una mano che era pelosa e eccezionalmente grande. + +'Gli renderemo pan per focaccia,' disse. 'Gli renderemo pan per focaccia. Non c'è tempo da perdere, ragazzi...' + +E presentemente sopra le banche di nuvole che giacevano sopra la Vestfalia e la Sassonia il rapido aeroplano, con il suo motore atomico silenzioso come un raggio di sole danzante e la sua bussola giroscopica fosforescente, volò come una freccia verso il cuore delle orde dell'Europa Centrale. + +Non si innalzò molto in alto; sfiorò a poche centinaia di piedi sopra le oscurità ammassate di cumuli che nascondevano il mondo, pronto a tuffarsi subito nelle loro oscurità umide se qualche aviatore ostile fosse entrato in vista. Il teso giovane timoniere divideva la sua attenzione tra le stelle guidatrici sopra e le superfici livellate, sconvolte degli strati di vapore che nascondevano il mondo sotto. Su grandi spazi quelle banche giacevano piane come una colata di lava congelata e quasi immobili, e poi erano squarciate da aree frastagliate di trasparenza, perforate da voragini chiare, così che macchie tenui della terra sotto brillavano remotamente attraverso abissi. Una volta vide abbastanza distintamente la pianta di una grande stazione ferroviaria delineata in lampade e segnali, e una volta le fiamme di un covone in fiamme che mostravano livide attraverso una deriva bollente di fumo sul fianco di qualche grande collina. Ma se il mondo era mascherato era vivo di suoni. Su attraverso quel pavimento di vapore veniva il profondo ruggito dei treni, i fischi dei clacson delle auto, un suono di fuoco di fucile lontano a sud, e mentre si avvicinava alla sua destinazione il canto dei galli... + +Il cielo sopra gli orizzonti indistinti di questo mare di nuvole era dapprima stellato e poi più pallido con una luce che strisciava da nord a est mentre l'alba avanzava. La Via Lattea era invisibile nel blu, e le stelle minori svanirono. Il volto dell'avventuriero al volante, oscuramente visibile ogni tanto dal bagliore verdastro ovale del quadrante della bussola, aveva qualcosa di quella ferma bellezza che ogni proposito concentrato dà, e qualcosa della felicità di un bambino idiota che ha finalmente messo le mani sui fiammiferi. Il suo compagno, un tipo meno immaginativo, sedeva con le gambe divaricate sulla lunga scatola a forma di bara che conteneva nei suoi scompartimenti le tre bombe atomiche, le nuove bombe che avrebbero continuato a esplodere indefinitamente e che nessuno finora aveva mai visto in azione. Finora il Carolinio, la loro sostanza essenziale, era stato testato solo in quantità quasi infinitesimali dentro camere d'acciaio immerse nel piombo. Oltre il pensiero della grande distruzione che dormiva nelle sfere nere tra le sue gambe, e una ferma risoluzione di seguire molto esattamente le istruzioni che gli erano state date, la mente dell'uomo era un vuoto. Il suo profilo aquilino contro la luce stellare non esprimeva nulla se non una profonda cupezza. + +Il cielo sotto si schiarì mentre la capitale dell'Europa Centrale veniva avvicinata. + +Finora erano stati singolarmente fortunati e non erano stati sfidati da nessun aeroplano. Le sentinelle di frontiera dovevano averle passate nella notte; probabilmente queste erano per lo più sotto le nuvole; il mondo era vasto ed erano stati fortunati a non avvicinarsi a nessuna sentinella volteggiante. La loro macchina era dipinta di un grigio pallido, che giaceva quasi invisibilmente sopra i livelli di nuvole sotto. Ma ora l'est stava arrossando con la vicina ascesa del sole, Berlino era a solo una ventina di miglia avanti, e la fortuna dei Francesi tenne. Per gradi impercettibili le nuvole sotto si dissolsero... + +Lontano verso nord-est, in una pozza senza nuvole di luce crescente e con tutte le sue illuminazioni notturne ancora fiammeggianti, c'era Berlino. Il dito sinistro del timoniere verificava strade e spazi aperti sotto sul quadrato coperto di mica della mappa che era fissato presso il suo volante. Là in una serie di espansioni simili a laghi c'era l'Havel lontano a destra; oltre per quelle foreste doveva essere Spandau; là il fiume si divideva sull'isola di Potsdam; e proprio avanti c'era Charlottenburg fessa da una grande arteria che cadeva come un raggio indicatore di luce dritto al quartier generale imperiale. Là, abbastanza piano, c'era il Thiergarten; oltre sorgeva il palazzo imperiale, e a destra quegli edifici alti, quei tetti raggruppati, imbandierati, con alberi, dovevano essere gli uffici in cui era alloggiato lo staff dell'Europa Centrale. Era tutto freddamente chiaro e incolore nell'alba. + +Guardò su improvvisamente mentre un ronzio cresceva dal nulla e diventava rapidamente più forte. Quasi sopra di lui un aeroplano tedesco stava scendendo in circolo da un'altezza immensa per sfidarlo. Fece un gesto con il braccio sinistro all'uomo cupo dietro e poi afferrò la sua piccola ruota con entrambe le mani, si rannicchiò su di essa, e torse il collo per guardare in alto. Era attento, teso, ma del tutto sprezzante della loro capacità di ferirlo. Nessun Tedesco vivo, era assicurato, poteva superarlo in volo, o davvero nessuno dei migliori Francesi. Immaginava che potessero colpirlo come un falco colpisce, ma erano uomini che scendevano dal freddo amaro lassù, in uno stato d'animo affamato, senza spirito, mattutino; vennero scendendo obliquamente come una spada brandita da un uomo pigro, e non così rapidamente che non fosse in grado di sgusciare via da sotto di loro e mettersi tra loro e Berlino. Cominciarono a sfidarlo in tedesco con un megafono quando erano ancora forse a un miglio di distanza. Le parole gli arrivavano, arrotolate in una mera macchia di suono rauco. Poi, raccogliendo allarme dal suo cupo silenzio, diedero la caccia e calarono giù, forse un centinaio di iarde sopra di lui, e un paio di centinaia dietro. Stavano cominciando a capire cosa + +fosse. Cessò di guardarli e si concentrò sulla città avanti, e per un po' i due aeroplani gareggiarono... + +Un proiettile venne strappando attraverso l'aria vicino a lui, come se qualcuno stesse strappando carta. Un secondo seguì. Qualcosa picchiettò la macchina. + +Era tempo di agire. I larghi viali, il parco, i palazzi sotto si precipitarono allargandosi sempre più vicini a loro. 'Pronto!' disse il timoniere. + +Il volto scarno si indurì in cupezza, e con entrambe le mani il lanciabombe sollevò la grande bomba atomica dalla scatola e la stabilizzò contro il fianco. Era una sfera nera di due piedi di diametro. Tra le sue maniglie c'era un piccolo bottone di celluloide, e a questo piegò la testa finché le sue labbra lo toccarono. Poi dovette mordere per far entrare l'aria sull'induttivo. Sicuro della sua accessibilità, allungò il collo sul fianco dell'aeroplano e giudicò la sua andatura e distanza. Poi molto rapidamente si piegò in avanti, morse il bottone, e issò la bomba sul fianco. + +'Gira,' sussurrò inaudibilmente. + +La bomba balenò scarlatto accecante in mezz'aria, e cadde, una colonna discendente di fiamma che turbinava a spirale in mezzo a un turbine. Entrambi gli aeroplani furono lanciati come volani, scagliati in alto e di lato e il timoniere, con occhi lucenti e denti serrati, combatté in grandi curve inclinate per l'equilibrio. L'uomo scarno si aggrappò forte con mano e ginocchia; le sue narici dilatate, i suoi denti che mordevano le sue labbra. Era fermamente legato... + +Quando poté guardare giù di nuovo era come guardare giù sul cratere di un piccolo vulcano. Nel giardino aperto davanti al castello Imperiale una stella tremante di malvagio splendore schizzava e versava su fumo e fiamme verso di loro come un'accusa. Erano troppo in alto per distinguere le persone chiaramente, o notare l'effetto della bomba sull'edificio fino a quando improvvisamente la facciata vacillò e si sbriciolò davanti al bagliore come lo zucchero si dissolve nell'acqua. L'uomo fissò per un momento, mostrò tutti i suoi lunghi denti, e poi barcollò nella posizione eretta ristretta che le sue cinghie permettevano, issò fuori e morse un'altra bomba, e la mandò giù dopo la sua compagna. + +L'esplosione venne questa volta più direttamente sotto l'aeroplano e lo lanciò verso l'alto di taglio. La scatola delle bombe si inclinò al punto di rigurgito, e il lanciabombe fu scagliato in avanti sulla terza bomba con la sua faccia vicino al suo bottone di celluloide. Afferrò le sue maniglie, e con un improvviso colpo di determinazione che la cosa non dovesse scappargli, morse il suo bottone. Prima che potesse lanciarla oltre, il monoplano stava scivolando di lato. Tutto stava cadendo di lato. Istintivamente si abbandonò ad aggrapparsi, il suo corpo trattenendo la bomba al suo posto. + +Poi anche quella bomba era esplosa, e timoniere, lanciatore, e aeroplano erano solo stracci volanti e schegge di metallo e gocce di umidità nell'aria, e una terza colonna di fuoco si precipitò turbinando giù sugli edifici condannati sotto... diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_04.md b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..49e3269 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_04.md @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione 4 + +Mai prima nella storia della guerra c'era stato un esplosivo continuo; invero, fino alla metà del ventesimo secolo gli unici esplosivi conosciuti erano combustibili la cui esplosività era dovuta interamente alla loro istantaneità; e queste bombe atomiche che la scienza fece scoppiare sul mondo quella notte erano strane persino agli uomini che le usavano. Quelle usate dagli Alleati erano grumi di Carolinio puro, dipinti all'esterno con induttivo cidonatore non ossidato racchiuso ermeticamente in un involucro di membranio. Un piccolo bottone di celluloide tra le maniglie con cui la bomba veniva sollevata era disposto in modo da essere facilmente strappato via e ammettere aria all'induttivo, che subito diventava attivo e stabiliva radioattività nello strato esterno della sfera di Carolinio. Questo liberava induttivo fresco, e così in pochi minuti l'intera bomba era un'esplosione continua fiammeggiante. Le bombe dell'Europa Centrale erano le stesse, eccetto che erano più grandi e avevano un arrangiamento più complicato per animare l'induttivo. + +Sempre prima nello sviluppo della guerra i proiettili e i razzi sparati erano stati solo momentaneamente esplosivi, erano esplosi in un istante una volta per tutte, e se non c'era nulla di vivente o di prezioso a portata della concussione e dei frammenti volanti allora erano esauriti e finiti. Ma il Carolinio, che apparteneva al gruppo beta degli elementi cosiddetti 'degeneratori sospesi' di Hyslop, una volta che il suo processo degenerativo era stato indotto, continuava una furiosa radiazione di energia e nulla poteva arrestarlo. Di tutti gli elementi artificiali di Hyslop, il Carolinio era il più pesantemente carico di energia e il più pericoloso da fabbricare e maneggiare. Fino ad oggi rimane il degeneratore più potente conosciuto. Quello che i chimici del primo ventesimo secolo chiamavano il suo periodo di dimezzamento era di diciassette giorni; vale a dire, versava fuori metà dell'enorme riserva di energia nelle sue grandi molecole nello spazio di diciassette giorni, l'emissione dei successivi diciassette giorni era metà di quell'effusione del primo periodo, e così via. Come con tutte le sostanze radioattive questo Carolinio, sebbene ogni diciassette giorni il suo potere sia dimezzato, sebbene costantemente diminuisca verso l'impercettibile, non è mai interamente esaurito, e fino ad oggi i campi di battaglia e i campi di bombardamento di quel tempo frenetico nella storia umana sono cosparsi di materia radiante, e così centri di raggi sconvenienti. + +Quello che accadeva quando il bottone di celluloide veniva aperto era che l'induttivo si ossidava e diventava attivo. Poi la superficie del Carolinio cominciava a degenerare. Questa degenerazione passava solo lentamente nella sostanza della bomba. Un momento o giù di lì dopo che la sua esplosione cominciava era ancora principalmente una sfera inerte che esplodeva superficialmente, un grande nucleo inanimato avvolto in fiamma e tuono. Quelle che erano lanciate dagli aeroplani cadevano in questo stato, raggiungevano il suolo ancora principalmente solide, e, fondendo suolo e roccia nel loro progresso, si conficcavano nella terra. Là, man mano che sempre più del Carolinio diventava attivo, la bomba si espandeva in una mostruosa caverna di energia infuocata alla base di quello che diventava molto rapidamente un vulcano attivo in miniatura. Il Carolinio, incapace di disperdersi, si spingeva liberamente e si mescolava con una confusione bollente di suolo fuso e vapore surriscaldato, e così rimaneva girando furiosamente e mantenendo un'eruzione che durava per anni o mesi o settimane secondo la dimensione della bomba impiegata e le possibilità della sua dispersione. Una volta lanciata, la bomba era assolutamente inavvicinabile e incontrollabile fino a quando le sue forze erano quasi esaurite, e dal cratere che scoppiava aperto sopra di essa, sbuffi di pesante vapore incandescente e frammenti di roccia e fango vizi osamente punitivi, saturati di Carolinio, e ciascuno un centro di energia scottante e vescicante, venivano scagliati in alto e lontano. + +Tale era il trionfo coronante della scienza militare, l'esplosivo ultimo che doveva dare il 'tocco decisivo' alla guerra... diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_05.md b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_05.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..926b522 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_05.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione 5 + +Uno scrittore storico recente ha descritto il mondo di quel tempo come uno che "credeva nelle parole stabilite ed era invincibilmente cieco all'ovvio nelle cose". Certamente sembra ora che nulla avrebbe potuto essere più ovvio per la gente del primo ventesimo secolo della rapidità con cui la guerra stava diventando impossibile. E altrettanto certamente non lo videro. Non lo videro fino a quando le bombe atomiche non esplosero nelle loro mani maldestre. Tuttavia i fatti generali avrebbero dovuto risaltare a qualsiasi mente intelligente. Per tutto il diciannovesimo e ventesimo secolo la quantità di energia che gli uomini erano in grado di comandare aumentava continuamente. Applicata alla guerra ciò significava che il potere di infliggere un colpo, il potere di distruggere, aumentava continuamente. Non c'era alcun aumento nella capacità di sfuggire. Ogni tipo di difesa passiva, armatura, fortificazioni, e così via, era superata da questo tremendo aumento sul lato distruttivo. La distruzione stava diventando così facile che qualsiasi piccolo corpo di malcontenti poteva usarla; stava rivoluzionando i problemi di polizia e governo interno. Prima che l'ultima guerra cominciasse era questione di conoscenza comune che un uomo potesse portare in giro in una borsa una quantità di energia latente sufficiente a devastare mezza città. Questi fatti erano davanti alle menti di tutti; i bambini nelle strade li conoscevano. E tuttavia il mondo ancora, come gli Americani erano soliti dire, "giocherellava" con la parafernalia e le pretese della guerra. + +È solo realizzando questo profondo, questo fantastico divorzio tra il movimento scientifico e intellettuale da un lato, e il mondo dell'avvocato-politico dall'altro, che gli uomini di un tempo posteriore possono sperare di comprendere questo stato di cose assurdo. L'organizzazione sociale era ancora nella fase barbarica. C'erano già gran numeri di uomini attivamente intelligenti e molta civiltà privata e commerciale, ma la comunità, nel suo insieme, era senza scopo, non addestrata e disorganizzata al punto dell'imbecillità. La civiltà collettiva, lo "Stato Moderno", era ancora nel grembo del futuro... diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_06.md b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_06.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c8ab46b --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_06.md @@ -0,0 +1,55 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione 6 + +Ma torniamo al Wander Jahre di Frederick Barnet e al suo resoconto delle esperienze di un uomo comune durante il tempo di guerra. Mentre queste terribili rivelazioni di possibilità scientifiche stavano accadendo a Parigi e Berlino, Barnet e la sua compagnia si stavano industriosamente trincerandosi nel Lussemburgo belga. + +Egli racconta della mobilitazione e del suo viaggio di un giorno d'estate attraverso il nord della Francia e le Ardenne in poche frasi vivide. La campagna era imbrunita da una calda estate, gli alberi un po' toccati dal colore autunnale, e il grano già dorato. Quando si fermarono per un'ora a Hirson, uomini e donne con distintivi tricolori sulla piattaforma distribuirono torte e bicchieri di birra ai soldati assetati, e ci fu molta allegria. 'Che buona birra fresca era,' scrisse. 'Non avevo avuto nulla da mangiare né da bere da Epsom.' + +Un certo numero di monoplani, 'come rondini giganti,' nota, stavano perlustrando nel cielo rosa della sera. + +Il battaglione di Barnet fu mandato attraverso il paese di Sedan a un luogo chiamato Virton, e di là a un punto nei boschi sulla linea verso Jemelle. Qui scesero dal treno, bivaccarono inquietamente presso la ferrovia — treni e rifornimenti passavano lungo di essa tutta la notte — e la mattina seguente marciò verso est attraverso un'alba fredda e coperta, e una mattina, prima nuvolosa e poi fiammeggiante, su una vasta campagna spaziosa intervallata da foreste verso Arlon. + +Là la fanteria fu messa al lavoro su una linea di trinceramenti mascherati e postazioni di fucileria nascoste tra St Hubert e Virton che erano progettate per controllare e ritardare qualsiasi avanzata da est sulla linea fortificata della Mosa. Avevano i loro ordini, e per due giorni lavorarono senza né una vista del nemico né alcun sospetto del disastro che aveva bruscamente decapitato gli eserciti d'Europa, e trasformato l'ovest di Parigi e il centro di Berlino in miniature fiammeggianti della distruzione di Pompei. + +E le notizie, quando arrivarono, giunsero attenuate. 'Sentimmo che c'erano stati guai con aeroplani e bombe a Parigi,' racconta Barnet; 'ma non sembrava seguire che "Loro" non fossero ancora da qualche parte a elaborare i loro piani ed emettere ordini. Quando il nemico cominciò a emergere dai boschi davanti a noi, applaudimmo e sparammo via, e non ci preoccupammo molto di nient'altro se non della battaglia in corso. Se ogni tanto si alzava un occhio verso il cielo per vedere cosa stava succedendo là, lo strappo di un proiettile presto riportava uno all'orizzontale di nuovo... + +Quella battaglia continuò per tre giorni su una grande estensione di paese tra Lovanio a nord e Longwy a sud. Fu essenzialmente una lotta di fucileria e fanteria. Gli aeroplani non sembrano aver preso alcuna parte decisiva nei combattimenti effettivi per alcuni giorni, sebbene senza dubbio influenzarono la strategia sin dall'inizio prevenendo movimenti a sorpresa. Erano aeroplani con motori atomici, ma non erano forniti di bombe atomiche, che erano manifestamente inadatte per l'uso sul campo, né invero avevano alcun tipo di bomba molto efficace. E sebbene manovrassero l'uno contro l'altro, e ci fossero colpi di fucile contro di loro e tra loro, ci fu poco combattimento aereo effettivo. O gli aviatori erano indisposti a combattere o i comandanti da entrambe le parti preferivano riservare queste macchine per la ricognizione... + +Dopo un giorno o giù di lì di scavo e macchinazione, Barnet si trovò in prima linea in una battaglia. Aveva fatto la sua sezione di postazioni di fucileria principalmente lungo una linea di fosso profondo e asciutto che dava un mezzo di intercomunicazione, aveva fatto spargere la terra sul campo adiacente, e aveva mascherato i suoi preparativi con ciuffi di grano e papaveri. L'avanzata ostile venne ciecamente e senza sospetti attraverso i campi sotto e sarebbe stata davvero trattata molto crudelmente, se qualcuno lontano a destra non avesse aperto il fuoco troppo presto. + +'Fu un brivido strano quando questi tizi vennero in vista,' confessa; 'e per niente come le manovre. Si fermarono per un po' sul bordo del bosco e poi avanzarono in una linea aperta. Continuavano a camminare più vicino a noi e non + +guardando noi, ma lontano a destra di noi. Persino quando cominciarono a essere colpiti, e i fischietti dei loro ufficiali li svegliarono, non sembravano vederci. Uno o due si fermarono per sparare, e poi tornarono tutti verso il bosco di nuovo. Andarono lentamente dapprima, guardandosi intorno verso di noi, poi il riparo del bosco sembrò attirarli, e trotterellarono. Sparai piuttosto meccanicamente e mancai, poi sparai di nuovo, e poi divenni serio nel voler colpire qualcosa, mi assicurai della mia mira, e mirai molto attentamente a una schiena blu che si muoveva schivando nel grano. Dapprima non potei soddisfarmi e non sparai, i suoi movimenti erano così spasmodici e incerti; poi penso che arrivò a un fosso o qualche ostacolo simile e si fermò per un momento. "Ti ho PRESO," sussurrai, e premetti il grilletto. + +'Ebbi le sensazioni più strane riguardo a quell'uomo. In primo luogo, quando sentii di averlo colpito fui irradiato di gioia e orgoglio... + +'Lo mandai girando. Saltò e alzò le braccia... + +'Poi vidi le cime del grano ondeggiare ed ebbi scorci di lui che si dibatteva. Improvvisamente mi sentii male. Non l'avevo ucciso... + +'In qualche modo era disabile e distrutto eppure in grado di dibattersi. Cominciai a pensare... + +'Per quasi due ore quel Prussiano agonizzò nel grano. O stava chiamando o qualcuno gli stava gridando... + +'Poi saltò su — sembrava tentare di mettersi in piedi con un ultimo sforzo; e poi cadde come un sacco e giacque del tutto immobile e non si mosse mai più. + +'Era stato insopportabile, e credo che qualcuno gli avesse sparato a morte. Avevo desiderato farlo per un po' di tempo...' + +Il nemico cominciò a tirare di nascosto alle postazioni di fucileria dai ripari che si fecero nei boschi sotto. Un uomo fu colpito nella postazione vicino a Barnet, e cominciò a imprecare e gridare in una violenta rabbia. Barnet strisciò lungo il fosso fino a lui e lo trovò in grande dolore, coperto di sangue, frenetico d'indignazione, e con metà della sua mano destra ridotta a poltiglia. 'Guarda questo,' continuava a ripetere, abbracciandola e poi estendendola. 'Dannata follia! Dannata follia! La mia mano destra, signore! La mia mano destra!' + +Per un po' Barnet non poté far nulla con lui. L'uomo era consumato dalla sua torturata realizzazione della malvagia stupidità della guerra, la realizzazione che era venuta su di lui in un lampo con il proiettile che aveva distrutto la sua abilità e utilità come artigiano per sempre. Stava guardando i resti con un orrore che lo rendeva impenetrabile a qualsiasi altra idea. Alla fine il povero disgraziato lasciò che Barnet gli fasciasse il moncone sanguinante e lo aiutasse lungo il fosso che lo condusse tortuosamente fuori dalla portata... + +Quando Barnet tornò i suoi uomini stavano già chiamando per acqua, e per tutto il giorno la linea delle postazioni soffrì grandemente per la sete. Per cibo avevano cioccolato e pane. + +'Dapprima,' dice, 'fui straordinariamente eccitato dal mio battesimo del fuoco. Poi mentre il calore del giorno avanzava sperimentai un'enorme noia e disagio. Le mosche divennero estremamente fastidiose, e la mia piccola tomba di postazione di fucileria fu invasa dalle formiche. Non potevo alzarmi o muovermi, perché qualcuno tra gli alberi aveva preso la mira su di me. Continuavo a pensare al Prussiano morto giù tra il grano, e alle amare grida del mio uomo. Dannata follia! ERA dannata follia. Ma chi era da biasimare? Come eravamo arrivati a questo?... + +'Nel primo pomeriggio un aeroplano cercò di sloggiarci con bombe di dinamite, ma fu colpito dai proiettili una o due volte, e improvvisamente si tuffò giù oltre gli alberi. + +'"Dall'Olanda alle Alpi in questo giorno," pensai, "devono esserci accovacciati e sdraiati tra mezzo milione di uomini, che cercano di infliggere danni irreparabili l'uno all'altro. La cosa è idiota al punto dell'impossibilità. È un sogno. Presentemente mi sveglierò."... + +'Poi la frase cambiò nella mia mente. "Presentemente l'umanità si sveglierà." + +'Giacqui speculando proprio quante migliaia di uomini ci fossero tra queste centinaia di migliaia, i cui spiriti erano in ribellione contro tutte queste antiche tradizioni di bandiera e impero. Non eravamo, forse, già nelle convulsioni dell'ultima crisi, in quel momento più oscuro dell'orrore di un incubo prima che il dormiente non ne sopporti più — e si svegli? + +'Non so come finirono le mie speculazioni. Penso che non furono tanto finite quanto distratte dal tonfo distante dei cannoni che stavano aprendo il fuoco a lungo raggio su Namur.' diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_07.md b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_07.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..bebda7a --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_07.md @@ -0,0 +1,33 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione 7 + +Ma fino ad allora Barnet non aveva visto che i più miti inizi della guerra moderna. Finora aveva preso parte solo a una piccola sparatoria. L'attacco alla baionetta con cui la linea avanzata fu spezzata fu fatto in un luogo chiamato Croix Rouge, a più di venti miglia di distanza, e quella notte sotto la copertura dell'oscurità le postazioni di fucileria furono abbandonate ed egli portò via la sua compagnia senza ulteriori perdite. + +Il suo reggimento si ritirò senza pressione dietro le linee fortificate tra Namur e Sedan, salì sul treno a una stazione chiamata Mettet, e fu mandato a nord per Anversa e Rotterdam fino a Haarlem. Di là marciarono nell'Olanda del Nord. Fu solo dopo la marcia in Olanda che cominciò a realizzare la natura mostruosa e catastrofica della lotta in cui stava giocando la sua parte senza distinzione. + +Descrive molto piacevolmente il viaggio attraverso le colline e la terra aperta del Brabante, l'attraversamento ripetuto di bracci del Reno, e il cambiamento dallo scenario ondulato del Belgio ai prati piatti e ricchi, le strade arginali al sole, e gli innumerevoli mulini a vento dei livelli olandesi. In quei giorni c'era terra ininterrotta da Alkmaar e Leida al Dollart. Tre grandi province, l'Olanda Meridionale, l'Olanda Settentrionale, e lo Zuiderzeeland, bonificate in vari tempi tra il primo decimo secolo e il 1945 e tutte molti piedi sotto il livello delle onde fuori dalle dighe, spiegavano i loro lussureggianti polder al sole settentrionale e sostenevano una densa popolazione industriosa. Un'intricata rete di leggi e costumi e tradizioni assicurava una vigilanza perpetua e una difesa perpetua contro il mare assediante. Per più di duecentocinquanta miglia da Walcheren alla Frisia si stendeva una linea di argini e stazioni di pompaggio che era l'ammirazione del mondo. + +Se qualche dio curioso avesse scelto di osservare il corso degli eventi in quelle province settentrionali mentre quella marcia di fianco dei Britannici era in corso, avrebbe trovato un seggio conveniente e appropriato per la sua osservazione su una delle grandi nuvole cumulo che stavano derivando lentamente attraverso il cielo blu durante tutti questi giorni carichi di eventi prima della grande catastrofe. Perché quella era la qualità del tempo, caldo e chiaro, con qualcosa di una brezza, e sotto i piedi asciutto e un po' incline ad essere polveroso. Questo dio osservatore avrebbe guardato giù su ampie distese di verde illuminato dal sole, illuminate dal sole salvo per le macchie striscianti d'ombra gettate dalle nuvole, su lagune riflettenti il cielo, orlate e divise da masse di salici e vaste aree di erbacce argentee, su strade bianche che giacevano nude al sole e su un tracciato di canali blu. I pascoli erano vivi di bestiame, le strade avevano un traffico occupato, di bestie e biciclette e automobili di contadini gaiamente colorate, le tinte delle innumerevoli chiatte a motore nel canale rivaleggiavano con l'avvenimento delle strade; e ovunque in fattorie solitarie, in mezzo a covoni e granai, in gruppi lungo la via, in villaggi sparsi, ciascuno con la sua bella vecchia chiesa, o in città compatte intrecciate di canali e abbondanti di ponti e alberi potati, c'erano abitazioni umane. + +La gente di questa campagna non era belligerante. Gli interessi e le simpatie dell'Olanda erano stati così divisi che fino alla fine rimase indecisa e passiva nella lotta delle potenze mondiali. E ovunque + +lungo le strade prese dagli eserciti in marcia si raggruppavano gruppi e folle di spettatori imparzialmente osservanti, donne e bambini in peculiari cuffie bianche e zoccoli antiquati, e uomini anziani, ben rasati, quietamente pensierosi sulle loro lunghe pipe. Non avevano paura dei loro invasori; i giorni in cui 'fare il soldato' significava bande di saccheggiatori licenziosi erano passati da tempo... + +Quell'osservatore tra le nuvole avrebbe visto una grande distribuzione di uomini in uniforme cachi e materiale dipinto di cachi su tutta l'area sommersa dell'Olanda. Avrebbe notato i lunghi treni, stipati di uomini o caricati di grandi cannoni e materiale bellico, che strisciavano lentamente, allerta per sabotatori, lungo le linee dirette a nord; avrebbe visto la Schelda e il Reno soffocati di naviglio, e versanti ancora più uomini e ancora più materiale; avrebbe notato fermate e approvvigionamenti e sbarchi, e i lunghi, brulicanti bruchi di cavalleria e fanteria, i carri simili a larve, gli enormi scarafaggi dei grandi cannoni, che strisciavano sotto i pioppi lungo le dighe e le strade verso nord, lungo vie fiancheggiate dagli Olandesi neutrali, non molestati, ambiguamente osservanti. Tutte le chiatte e il naviglio sui canali erano stati requisiti per il trasporto. In quel tempo chiaro, luminoso, caldo, tutto sarebbe apparso dall'alto come qualche stravagante festival di giocattoli animati. + +Mentre il sole tramontava a ovest lo spettacolo deve essere diventato un po' indistinto a causa di una foschia dorata; tutto deve essere diventato più caldo e più ardente, e a causa dell'allungamento delle ombre più manifestamente in rilievo. Le ombre delle chiese alte crebbero sempre più lunghe, finché toccarono l'orizzonte e si mescolarono nell'ombra universale; e poi, lenta, e soffice, e avvolgendo il mondo in piega dopo piega di blu che si faceva più profondo, venne la notte — la notte dapprima oscuramente semplice, e poi con deboli punti qua e là, e poi ingioiellata in oscuro splendore con centomila luci. Da quella mescolanza di oscurità e bagliori ambigui sarebbe sorto il rumore di un'attività incessante, il più forte e chiaro ora perché non c'era più alcuna distrazione della vista. + +Può essere che quell'osservatore che derivava nel golfo pellucido sotto le stelle osservò per tutta la notte; può essere che sonnecchiò. Ma se cedette a una così naturale propensione, certamente nella quarta notte della grande marcia di fianco fu risvegliato, perché quella fu la notte della battaglia nell'aria che decise il destino dell'Olanda. Gli aeroplani stavano finalmente combattendo, e improvvisamente intorno a lui, sopra e sotto, con grida e tumulto che irrompeva dai quattro angoli del cielo, colpendo, tuffandosi, rovesciandosi, volando allo zenit e precipitando al suolo, vennero ad assalire o difendere le miriadi sotto. + +Segretamente la potenza dell'Europa Centrale aveva radunato le sue macchine volanti insieme, e ora le scagliava come un gigante potrebbe lanciare una manciata di diecimila coltelli sul paese basso. E in mezzo a quel volo sciamante ce n'erano cinque che si diressero a capofitto verso i muri del mare dell'Olanda, portando bombe atomiche. Da nord e ovest e sud, gli aeroplani alleati si levarono in risposta e calarono su questo attacco improvviso. Così fu che cominciò la guerra nell'aria. Gli uomini cavalcarono il turbine quella notte e uccisero e caddero come arcangeli. Il cielo piovve eroi sulla terra stupita. Sicuramente le ultime battaglie dell'umanità furono le migliori. Cosa fu il pesante martellare dei tuoi spadaccini omerici, cosa fu lo scricchiolante assalto dei carri, accanto a questa rapida corsa, questo schianto, questo trionfo vertiginoso, questo precipitoso tuffo verso la morte? + +E poi attraverso questa corsa vorticosa di duelli aerei che si tuffavano e si agganciavano e cadevano nel vuoto tra le luci delle lampade e le stelle, venne un grande vento e uno schianto più forte del tuono, e prima uno e poi una ventina di serpenti infuocati che si allungavano si tuffarono affamate giù sulle dighe degli Olandesi e colpirono tra terra e mare e divamparono di nuovo in enormi colonne di bagliore e fumo e vapore cremisi. + +E dall'oscurità balzò la piccola terra, con i suoi campanili e alberi, atterrita dal terrore, immobile e distinta, e il mare, sconvolto dalla rabbia, schiumante di rosso come un mare di sangue... + +Sul paese popoloso sotto passò uno strano pianto moltitudinario e un frullio di campane d'allarme... + +Gli aeroplani sopravvissuti si voltarono e fuggirono dal cielo, come cose che improvvisamente sanno di essere malvagie... + +Attraverso una dozzina di brecce tuonanti e fiammeggianti che nessuna acqua poteva spegnere, le onde vennero ruggendo sulla terra... diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_08.md b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_08.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5ed6777 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_08.md @@ -0,0 +1,59 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione 8 + +'Avevamo maledetto la nostra fortuna,' dice Barnet, 'che non potessimo arrivare ai nostri alloggi ad Alkmaar quella notte. Là, ci fu detto, c'erano provviste, tabacco, e tutto ciò per cui bramavamo. Ma il canale principale da Zaandam e Amsterdam era senza speranza ingombrato di imbarcazioni, e fummo contenti di un'apertura casuale che ci permise di uscire dalla colonna principale e sostare in una specie di piccolo porto molto trascurato e invaso dalle erbacce davanti a una casa abbandonata. Vi facemmo irruzione e trovammo alcune aringhe in un barile, un mucchio di formaggi, e bottiglie di pietra di gin nella cantina; e con questo rallegrai i miei uomini affamati. Facemmo fuochi e tostammo il formaggio e grigliammo le nostre aringhe. Nessuno di noi aveva dormito per quasi quaranta ore, e decisi di restare in questo rifugio fino all'alba e poi se il traffico fosse ancora bloccato lasciare la chiatta e marciare il resto della strada fino ad Alkmaar. + +'Questo luogo in cui eravamo entrati era forse a cento iarde dal canale e sotto un piccolo ponte di mattoni potevamo vedere ancora la flottiglia, e sentire le voci dei soldati. Presentemente cinque o sei altre chiatte vennero attraverso e sostarono nel lago vicino a noi, e con due di queste, piene di uomini del reggimento di Antrim, condivisi la mia scoperta di provviste. In cambio ottenemmo tabacco. Una vasta distesa d'acqua si allargava a ovest di noi e oltre c'era un gruppo di tetti e una o due torri di chiese. La chiatta era piuttosto angusta per così tanti uomini, e lasciai diverse squadre, trenta o quaranta forse in tutto, bivaccare sulla riva. Non li lasciai entrare nella casa per via dei mobili, e lasciai una nota di debito per il cibo che avevamo preso. Eravamo particolarmente contenti del nostro tabacco e dei fuochi, a causa delle numerose zanzare che si alzavano intorno a noi. + +'Il cancello della casa da cui ci eravamo approvvigionati era ornato con la scritta, Vreugde bij Vrede, "Gioia con Pace," e portava ogni segno del ritiro occupato di un proprietario amante del conforto. Andai lungo il suo giardino, che era gaio e delizioso con grandi cespugli di rose e rose canine, a una bizzarra piccola casetta estiva, e là mi sedetti e osservai gli uomini in gruppi che cucinavano e si accovacciavano lungo la riva. Il sole stava tramontando in un cielo quasi senza nuvole. + +'Per le ultime due settimane ero stato un uomo totalmente occupato, intento solo a obbedire agli ordini che mi venivano comunicati. Per tutto questo tempo avevo lavorato al limite massimo delle mie facoltà mentali e fisiche, e i miei unici momenti di riposo erano stati dedicati a sonnellini di sonno. Ora veniva questo raro, inaspettato interludio, e potevo guardare con distacco a ciò che stavo facendo e sentire qualcosa della sua infinita meraviglia. Ero irradiato di affetto per gli uomini della mia compagnia e di ammirazione per la loro allegra acquiescenza nella subordinazione e nei bisogni delle nostre posizioni. Osservai i loro procedimenti e sentii le loro voci piacevoli. Quanto volenterosi erano quegli uomini! Quanto pronti ad accettare la leadership e dimenticare se stessi nei fini collettivi! Pensai a quanto virilmente erano passati attraverso tutte le tensioni e le fatiche delle ultime due settimane, a come si erano induriti e assestatisi nel cameratismo insieme, e quanta dolcezza c'è dopo tutto nel nostro sciocco sangue umano. Perché erano solo un campione casuale della specie — la loro pazienza e prontezza giacevano, come l'energia dell'atomo era giaciuta, ancora aspettando di essere propriamente utilizzate. Di nuovo mi venne con forza travolgente che il supremo bisogno della nostra razza è la guida, che il compito supremo è scoprire la guida, dimenticare se stessi nel realizzare il proposito collettivo della razza. Ancora una volta vidi la vita chiaramente...' + +Molto caratteristico è questo del giovane ufficiale 'piuttosto troppo corpulento', che doveva in seguito annotare tutto ciò nel Wander Jahre. Molto caratteristico, anche, è del cambiamento nei cuori degli uomini che già allora stava preparando una nuova fase della storia umana. + +Continua a scrivere della fuga dall'individualità nella scienza e nel servizio, e della sua scoperta di questa 'salvezza'. Tutto ciò era allora, senza dubbio, molto commovente e originale; ora sembra solo il più ovvio luogo comune della vita umana. + +Il bagliore del tramonto svanì, il crepuscolo si approfondì in notte. I fuochi bruciarono più luminosi, e alcuni Irlandesi dall'altra parte del lago iniziarono a cantare. Ma gli uomini di Barnet erano troppo stanchi per quel genere di cose, e presto la riva e la chiatta furono ammassate di forme dormienti. + +'Io solo sembravo incapace di dormire. Suppongo fossi troppo stanco, e dopo un po' di sonno febbrile presso il timone della chiatta mi sedetti, sveglio e inquieto... + +'Quella notte l'Olanda sembrava tutto cielo. C'era solo un piccolo bordo nero più basso alle cose, un campanile, forse, o una fila di pioppi, e poi il grande emisfero si stendeva su di noi. All'inizio il cielo era vuoto. Tuttavia la mia inquietudine si riferiva in qualche modo vago al cielo. + +'E ora ero malinconico. Trovavo qualcosa stranamente triste e sommesso nei dormienti tutto intorno a me, quegli uomini che avevano marciato così lontano, che avevano lasciato tutta la trama stabilita delle loro vite dietro di loro per venire su questa campagna folle, questa campagna che non significava nulla e consumava tutto, questa mera febbre di combattimento. Vidi quanto piccola e debole è la vita dell'uomo, una cosa di casi, preposteramente incapace di trovare la volontà di realizzare persino il più timido dei suoi sogni. E mi chiesi se sarebbe sempre stato così, se l'uomo era un animale condannato che non avrebbe mai fino agli ultimi giorni del suo tempo preso il destino e cambiato alla sua volontà. Sempre, può essere, rimarrà gentile ma geloso, desideroso ma divagante, capace e imprudentemente impulsivo, fino a quando Saturno che lo generò lo divorerà a sua volta... + +'Fui risvegliato da questi pensieri dalla realizzazione improvvisa della presenza di uno squadrone di aeroplani molto lontano a nord-est e molto in alto. Sembravano piccoli trattini neri contro il blu di mezzanotte. Ricordo che li guardai dapprima piuttosto pigramente — come si potrebbe notare un volo di uccelli. Poi percepii che erano solo l'ala estrema di una grande flotta che stava avanzando in una lunga linea molto rapidamente dalla direzione della frontiera e la mia attenzione si intensificò. + +'Appena vidi quella flotta fui stupito di non averla vista prima. + +'Mi alzai in piedi dolcemente, non desideroso di disturbare i miei compagni, ma con il cuore che batteva ora piuttosto più rapidamente per sorpresa ed eccitazione. Tesi le orecchie per qualsiasi suono di cannoni lungo il nostro fronte. Quasi istintivamente mi voltai per protezione a sud e ovest, e scrutai; e poi vidi venire altrettanto velocemente e molto più vicino a me, come se fossero balzate fuori dall'oscurità, tre banche di aeroplani; un gruppo di squadroni molto in alto, un corpo principale a un'altezza forse di uno o due mila piedi, e un numero dubbio che volava basso e molto indistinto. Quelli in mezzo erano così fitti che continuavano a oscurare gruppi di stelle. E realizzai che dopo tutto doveva esserci combattimento nell'aria. + +'C'era qualcosa straordinariamente strano in questa rapida, silenziosa convergenza di combattenti quasi invisibili sopra le schiere dormienti. Tutti intorno a me erano ancora inconsci; non c'era ancora alcun segno di agitazione tra il naviglio sul canale principale, il cui intero corso, punteggiato di luci ignare e orlato di fuochi, deve essere stato chiaramente percettibile dall'alto. Poi molto lontano verso Alkmaar sentii trombe, e dopo quello spari, e poi un selvaggio clamore di campane. Decisi di lasciare i miei uomini dormire il più a lungo possibile... + +'La battaglia fu ingaggiata con la rapidità del sogno. Non penso che possano essere stati cinque minuti dal momento in cui divenni consapevole per la prima volta della flotta aerea dell'Europa Centrale al contatto delle due forze. La vidi abbastanza chiaramente in silhouette contro il blu luminoso del cielo settentrionale. Gli aeroplani alleati — erano per lo più Francesi — vennero rovesciandosi giù come uno scroscio feroce sul centro della flotta dell'Europa Centrale. Sembravano esattamente un tipo più grossolano di pioggia. C'era un suono crepitante — il primo suono che sentii — mi ricordò + +l'Aurora Boreale, e supposi fosse uno scambio di colpi di fucile. Ci furono lampi come fulmini estivi; e poi tutto il cielo divenne una confusione vorticosa di battaglia che era ancora largamente silenziosa. Alcuni degli aeroplani dell'Europa Centrale furono certamente caricati e rovesciati; altri sembrarono collassare e cadere e poi divampare con una luce così brillante che levò il bordo alla propria visione e fece scomparire il resto della battaglia come se fosse stato strappato via dalla vista. + +'E poi, mentre ancora scrutavo e cercavo di schermare queste fiamme dai miei occhi con la mano, e mentre gli uomini intorno a me stavano cominciando a muoversi, le bombe atomiche furono lanciate sulle dighe. Fecero un potente tuono nell'aria, e caddero come Lucifero nel dipinto, lasciando una scia fiammeggiante nel cielo. La notte, che era stata pellucida e dettagliata ed eventuale, sembrò svanire, essere sostituita bruscamente da uno sfondo nero a questi tremendi pilastri di fuoco... + +'Subito dopo il loro suono venne un vento ruggente, e il cielo fu riempito di fulmini tremolanti e nuvole precipitose... + +'C'era qualcosa di discontinuo in questo impatto. In un momento ero un osservatore solitario in un mondo dormiente; il successivo vide tutti intorno a me in piedi, tutto il mondo sveglio e stupito... + +'E poi il vento mi aveva colpito un ceffone, preso il mio elmetto e spazzato via la casetta estiva di Vreugde bij Vrede, come una falce spazza via l'erba. Vidi le bombe cadere, e poi osservai un grande bagliore cremisi balzare in risposta a ogni impatto, e masse montuose di vapore illuminato di rosso e frammenti volanti arrampicarsi verso lo zenit. Contro il bagliore vidi la campagna per miglia stagliarsi nera e chiara, chiese, alberi, camini. E improvvisamente compresi. Gli Europei Centrali avevano fatto scoppiare le dighe. Quei bagliori significavano lo scoppio delle dighe, e in poco tempo l'acqua del mare sarebbe stata su di noi...' + +Continua a raccontare con una certa prolissità dei passi che intraprese — e tutte le cose considerate furono passi molto intelligenti — per affrontare questa stupefacente crisi. Fece salire i suoi uomini a bordo e chiamò le chiatte adiacenti; fece mettere al suo posto l'uomo che faceva da ingegnere della chiatta e mise in funzione i motori, si staccò dagli ormeggi. Poi si ricordò del cibo, e riuscì a far sbarcare cinque uomini, prendere alcune dozzine di formaggi, e imbarcare di nuovo i suoi uomini prima che l'inondazione li raggiungesse. + +È ragionevolmente orgoglioso di questo pezzo di sangue freddo. La sua idea era di prendere l'onda frontalmente e con i suoi motori a tutta velocità. E per tutto il tempo ringraziava il cielo di non essere nell'ingorgo di traffico nel canale principale. Egli piuttosto, penso, sovrastimò il probabile impeto delle acque; temeva di essere spazzato via, spiega, e schiantato contro case e alberi. + +Non dà alcuna stima del tempo che impiegò tra lo scoppio delle dighe e l'arrivo delle acque, ma fu probabilmente un intervallo di circa venti minuti o mezz'ora. Lavorava ora nell'oscurità — salvo per la luce della sua lanterna — e in un grande vento. Appese luci di prua e di poppa... + +Torrenti vorticosi di vapore stavano versandosi su dalle acque che avanzavano, che erano precipitate, bisogna ricordarlo, attraverso brecce quasi incandescenti nelle difese marine, e questo vasto sollevarsi di vapore presto velò del tutto i centri fiammeggianti dell'esplosione. + +'Le acque vennero alla fine, una cascata che avanzava. Era come un ampio rullo che spazzava attraverso il paese. Vennero con un suono profondo, ruggente. Mi ero aspettato un Niagara, ma la caduta totale del fronte non poteva essere stata molto più di dodici piedi. La nostra chiatta esitò per un momento, prese una dose sopra la prua, e poi si sollevò. Segnalai piena velocità avanti e portai la sua prua controcorrente, e mi tenni come una morte cupa per tenerla là. + +'C'era un vento forte quanto l'inondazione, e scoprii che stavamo martellando contro ogni concepibile oggetto galleggiante che era stato tra noi e il mare. L'unica luce nel mondo ora veniva dalle nostre lampade, il vapore + +diventò impenetrabile a una ventina di iarde dalla barca, e il ruggito del vento e dell'acqua ci tagliò fuori da tutti i suoni più remoti. Le acque nere e lucenti vorticavano accanto, venendo nella luce delle nostre lampade da un'oscurità ebano e svanendo di nuovo in nero impenetrabile. E sulle acque venivano forme, venivano cose che lampeggiavano su di noi per un momento, ora una barca semi-sommersa, ora una mucca, ora un enorme frammento del legname di una casa, ora un groviglio di casse da imballaggio e impalcature. Le cose sbattevano in vista come qualcosa mostrato dall'apertura di una persiana, e poi urtavano fragorosamente contro di noi o ci precipitavano accanto. Una volta vidi molto chiaramente il volto bianco di un uomo... + +'Per tutto il tempo un gruppo di alberi faticosi, semi-sommersi rimaneva davanti a noi, avvicinandosi molto lentamente. Sterzai una rotta per evitarli. Sembravano gesticolare una disperazione frenetica contro le nuvole di vapore nero dietro. Una volta un grande ramo si staccò e passò stracciandosi tremando accanto a me. Facemmo, nel complesso, progresso. L'ultima cosa che vidi di Vreugde bij Vrede prima che la notte l'ingoiasse, era quasi completamente dietro di noi...' diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_09.md b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_09.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2da97a8 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_09.md @@ -0,0 +1,29 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione 9 + +Il mattino trovò Barnet ancora a galla. La prua della sua chiatta era stata gravemente danneggiata, e i suoi uomini stavano pompando o svuotando a turno. Aveva fatto salire a bordo circa una dozzina di persone semi-annegate la cui barca era capovolta vicino a lui, e aveva tre altre barche a rimorchio. Era a galla, e da qualche parte tra Amsterdam e Alkmaar, ma non poteva dire dove. Era un giorno che era ancora metà notte. Acque grigie si stendevano in ogni direzione sotto un cielo grigio scuro, e dalle onde sorgevano le parti superiori delle case, in molti casi rovinate, le cime degli alberi, mulini a vento, in effetti il terzo superiore di tutta la familiare scenografia olandese; e su di essa derivava una flottiglia debolmente vista di chiatte, piccole barche, molte capovolte, mobili, zattere, legname, e oggetti vari. + +Gli annegati erano sott'acqua quella mattina. Solo qua e là una mucca morta o una figura rigida ancora aggrappata tenacemente a una scatola o sedia o simile boa lasciava intendere il massacro nascosto. Non fu fino al giovedì che i morti vennero a galla in qualche quantità. La vista era delimitata da ogni lato da una nebbia grigia che si chiudeva sopra in un baldacchino grigio. L'aria si schiarì nel pomeriggio, e poi, lontano a ovest sotto grandi banche di vapore e polvere, l'eruzione rossa fiammeggiante delle bombe atomiche divenne visibile attraverso la distesa d'acqua. + +Mostravano piatte e cupe attraverso la nebbia, come tramonti londinesi. 'Sedevano sul mare,' dice Barnet, 'come ninfee sfilacciate di fiamma.' + +Barnet sembra aver trascorso la mattina in lavoro di soccorso lungo la traccia del canale, nell'aiutare persone che erano alla deriva, nel raccogliere barche derelitte, e nel tirare fuori persone da case in pericolo. Trovò altre chiatte militari similmente impiegate, e fu solo quando il giorno avanzò e gli appelli immediati per aiuto furono soddisfatti che pensò al cibo e alla bevanda per i suoi uomini, e quale corso avrebbe fatto meglio a perseguire. Avevano un po' di formaggio, ma niente acqua. 'Gli Ordini', quella direzione misteriosa, erano infine completamente scomparsi. Percepì che doveva ora agire sulla propria responsabilità. + +'Il senso di uno era di una distruzione così di vasta portata e di un mondo così alterato che sembrava sciocco andare in qualsiasi direzione e aspettarsi di trovare le cose come erano state prima che la guerra iniziasse. Mi sedetti sul cassero con Mylius il mio ingegnere e Kemp e altri due degli ufficiali non commissionati, e consultammo sulla nostra linea d'azione. Eravamo senza cibo e senza scopo. Concordammo che il nostro valore combattivo era estremamente piccolo, e che il nostro primo dovere era metterci in contatto con cibo e istruzioni di nuovo. Qualsiasi piano di campagna avesse diretto i nostri movimenti era manifestamente fatto a pezzi. Mylius era dell'opinione che potessimo prendere una linea verso ovest e tornare in Inghilterra attraverso il Mare del Nord. Calcolò che con una chiatta a motore come la nostra sarebbe stato possibile raggiungere la costa dello Yorkshire entro ventiquattro ore. Ma questa idea la respinsi a causa della scarsezza delle nostre provviste, e più particolarmente a causa del nostro urgente bisogno d'acqua. + +'Ogni barca a cui ci avvicinavamo ora ci chiamava per acqua, e le loro richieste fecero molto per esasperare la nostra sete. Decisi che se fossimo andati via a sud avremmo dovuto raggiungere paese collinare, o almeno paese che non fosse sommerso, e + +poi avremmo potuto sbarcare, trovare qualche ruscello, bere, e ottenere rifornimenti e notizie. Molte delle chiatte alla deriva nella foschia intorno a noi erano piene di soldati britannici ed erano risalite dal Canale del Nord See, ma nessuna di loro era meglio informata di noi del corso degli eventi. "Gli Ordini" erano, in effetti, svaniti dal cielo. + +'"Gli Ordini" fecero una ricomparsa temporanea tardi quella sera nella forma di un richiamo col megafono da una torpediniera britannica, annunciando una tregua, e dando la benvenuta informazione che cibo e acqua stavano essendo affrettati giù per il Reno e dovevano essere trovati sulla flottiglia di chiatte che giaceva sul vecchio Reno sopra Leida.'... + +Non seguiremo Barnet, tuttavia, nella descrizione del suo strano viaggio via terra tra alberi e case e chiese per Zaandam e tra Haarlem e Amsterdam, fino a Leida. Fu un viaggio in una nebbia illuminata di rosso, in un mondo di silhouette vaporose, pieno di voci strane e perplessità, e con ogni altra sensazione dominata da una sete febbrile. 'Sedevamo,' dice, 'in un piccolo gruppo rannicchiato, dicendo molto poco, e gli uomini avanti erano meri nodi di silenziosa resistenza. Il nostro unico suono continuo era il persistente miagolare di un gatto che uno degli uomini aveva salvato da un pagliaio galleggiante vicino a Zaandam. Mantenemmo una rotta verso sud per una bussola a catena da orologio che Mylius aveva prodotto... + +'Non penso che nessuno di noi sentisse di appartenere a un esercito sconfitto, né avevamo alcun forte senso della guerra come il fatto dominante intorno a noi. Il nostro ambientamento mentale aveva molto più l'effetto di una enorme catastrofe naturale. Le bombe atomiche avevano rimpicciolito le questioni internazionali a completa insignificanza. Quando le nostre menti vagavano dalle preoccupazioni dei nostri bisogni immediati, speculavamo sulla possibilità di fermare l'uso di questi spaventosi esplosivi prima che il mondo fosse completamente distrutto. Perché per noi sembrava del tutto chiaro che queste bombe e il potere ancora maggiore di distruzione di cui erano le precorritrici avrebbero potuto abbastanza facilmente distruggere ogni relazione e istituzione dell'umanità. + +'"Cosa staranno facendo," chiese Mylius, "cosa staranno facendo? È chiaro che dobbiamo mettere fine alla guerra. È chiaro che le cose devono essere gestite in qualche modo. QUESTO — tutto questo — è impossibile." + +'Non diedi risposta immediata. Qualcosa — non posso pensare cosa — mi aveva riportato la figura di quell'uomo che avevo visto ferito il primissimo giorno di combattimento effettivo. Vidi di nuovo i suoi occhi arrabbiati, lacrimosi, e quel povero, gocciolante, sanguinoso disastro che era stata una mano umana abile cinque minuti prima, tesa fuori in protesta indignata. "Dannata follia," aveva tempestato e singhiozzato, "dannata follia. La mia mano destra, signore! La mia mano DESTRA..." + +'La mia fede era per un tempo completamente uscita da me. "Penso che siamo troppo — troppo sciocchi," dissi a Mylius, "per mai fermare la guerra. Se avessimo avuto il senno di farlo, avremmo dovuto farlo prima di questo. Penso che questo—" Indicai il contorno nero scarno di un mulino a vento distrutto che sporgeva su, ridicolo e brutto, sopra le acque illuminate di sangue — "questo è la fine."' diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_10.md b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_10.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1f47e85 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_10.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione 10 + +Ma ora la nostra storia deve separarsi da Frederick Barnet e dal suo carico di chiatta di uomini affamati e affamati. + +Per un tempo nell'Europa occidentale almeno fu davvero come se la civiltà fosse giunta a un collasso finale. Questi germogli coronanti sulla tradizione che Napoleone piantò e Bismarck innaffiò, si aprirono e divamparono 'come ninfee di fiamma' su nazioni distrutte, su chiese fracassate o sommerse, città rovinate, campi persi per l'umanità per sempre, e un milione di corpi nel tumulto. Fu questa lezione sufficiente per l'umanità, o le fiamme della guerra avrebbero ancora bruciato in mezzo alle rovine? + +Né Barnet né i suoi compagni, è chiaro, avevano alcuna assicurazione nelle loro risposte a quella domanda. Già una volta nella storia dell'umanità, in America, prima della sua scoperta da parte dei bianchi, una civiltà organizzata aveva ceduto a un mero culto della guerra, specializzato e crudele, e sembrò per un tempo a molti uomini pensanti come se il mondo intero dovesse solo ripetere su scala più larga questa ascesa del guerriero, questo trionfo degli istinti distruttivi + +della razza. + +I capitoli successivi della narrativa di Barnet non fanno che dare corpo a questa tragica possibilità. Egli dà una serie di vignette della civiltà, frantumata, sembrava, quasi irreparabilmente. Trovò le colline belghe brulicanti di rifugiati e desolate dal colera; i vestigi degli eserciti contendenti che mantenevano l'ordine sotto una tregua, senza battaglie effettive, ma con la cauta ostilità dell'abitudine, e una grande assenza di piano ovunque. + +Sopra la testa gli aeroplani andavano per incarichi misteriosi, e c'erano voci di cannibalismo e fanatismi isterici nelle valli del Semoy e nella regione forestale delle Ardenne orientali. C'era il rapporto di un attacco alla Russia da parte dei Cinesi e dei Giapponesi, e di qualche enorme scoppio rivoluzionario in America. Il tempo era più tempestoso di quanto gli uomini l'avessero mai conosciuto in quelle regioni, con molto tuono e fulmini e selvaggi scrosci-nubi di pioggia... diff --git a/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_I.md b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_I.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c6ebfac --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapter02_IT/sezione_I.md @@ -0,0 +1,15 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione I + +Vista dalla prospettiva di un ordine sociale sano e ambizioso, è difficile comprendere, e sarebbe tedioso seguire, i motivi che precipitarono l'umanità nella guerra che riempie le cronache dei decenni centrali del ventesimo secolo. + +Bisogna sempre ricordare che la struttura politica del mondo di quel tempo era ovunque straordinariamente arretrata rispetto all'intelligenza collettiva. Questo è il fatto centrale di quella storia. Per duecento anni non vi erano stati grandi cambiamenti nei metodi e nelle pretese politiche o legali, il massimo mutamento era stato un certo spostamento di confini e un lieve adattamento delle procedure, mentre in quasi ogni altro aspetto della vita si erano verificate rivoluzioni fondamentali, gigantesche liberazioni, e un enorme ampliamento di portata e visione. Le assurdità delle corti e le indegnità del governo parlamentare rappresentativo, unite all'apertura di vasti campi di opportunità in altre direzioni, avevano ritirato sempre più le migliori intelligenze dagli affari pubblici. I governi ostensibili del mondo nel ventesimo secolo stavano seguendo la scia delle religioni ostensibili. Stavano cessando di comandare i servigi di qualsiasi altro che uomini di second'ordine. Dopo la metà del diciottesimo secolo non vi sono più grandi ecclesiastici nella memoria del mondo, dopo l'inizio del ventesimo non più statisti. Ovunque si trovava un tipo energico, ambizioso, miope, mediocre nei seggi dell'autorità, cieco alle nuove possibilità e liti­giosamente dipendente dalle tradizioni del passato. + +Forse le più pericolose di quelle tradizioni logore erano i confini dei vari 'stati sovrani', e la concezione di un predominio generale negli affari umani da parte di qualche stato particolare. La memoria degli imperi di Roma e Alessandro si accovacciava, un fantasma carnivoro non esorcizzato, nell'immaginazione umana — si insinuava nel cervello umano come un parassita orrendo e lo riempiva di pensieri disordinati e impulsi violenti. Per più di un secolo il sistema francese esaurì la sua vitalità in convulsioni belligeranti, e poi l'infezione passò ai popoli di lingua tedesca che erano il cuore e il centro dell'Europa, e da essi in avanti agli Slavi. Le età successive avrebbero conservato e trascurato la vasta letteratura folle di questa ossessione, i trattati intricati, gli accordi segreti, l'infinita sapienza dello scrittore politico, i rifiuti astuti di accettare fatti evidenti, gli espedienti strategici, le manovre tattiche, le registrazioni di mobilitazioni e contro-mobilitazioni. Cessò di essere credibile quasi non appena cessò di accadere, ma nell'alba stessa della nuova era i loro uomini di stato sedevano con le loro candele storiche accese, e, nonostante strani nuovi riflessi e luci ed ombre non familiari, ancora litigando e progettando di riorganizzare le mappe dell'Europa e del mondo. + +Doveva diventare materia di sottile indagine quanto i milioni di uomini e donne al di fuori del mondo di questi specialisti simpatizzassero e concordassero con le loro attività portentose. Una scuola di psicologi inclinava a minimizzare questa partecipazione, ma il bilancio delle prove va a dimostrare che vi erano risposte massicce a questi suggerimenti dell'istigatore bellicoso. L'uomo primitivo era stato un animale ferocemente combattivo; innumerevoli generazioni avevano trascorso le loro vite in guerra tribale, e il peso della tradizione, l'esempio della storia, gli ideali di lealtà e devozione si accordavano abbastanza facilmente con gli incitamenti del seminatore internazionale di discordia. Le idee politiche dell'uomo comune erano raccolte alla rinfusa, non c'era praticamente nulla in quell'educazione che gli veniva data che fosse mai inteso ad adattarlo alla cittadinanza in quanto tale (tale concezione apparve solo, infatti, con lo sviluppo delle idee di Stato Moderno), e quindi era questione relativamente facile riempire la sua mente vacante con i suoni e la furia del sospetto esasperato e dell'aggressione nazionale. + +Per esempio, Barnet descrive la folla londinese come rumorosamente patriottica quando presentemente il suo battaglione salì dal deposito a Londra, per imbarcarsi per la frontiera francese. Egli racconta di bambini e donne e ragazzi e vecchi che applaudivano e gridavano, delle strade e dei viali ornati con le bandiere delle Potenze Alleate, di un vero entusiasmo persino tra i derelitti e i disoccupati. Gli Uffici del Lavoro erano ora parzialmente trasformati in uffici di arruolamento, ed erano centri di eccitazione ardentemente patriottica. Ad ogni luogo conveniente sulla linea su entrambi i lati del Tunnel della Manica vi erano spettatori entusiasti, e il sentimento nel reggimento, se un po' irrigidito e oscurato da fosche aspettative, non era tuttavia meno bellicoso. + +Ma tutta questa emozione era l'emozione volubile di menti senza idee stabilite; era con la maggior parte di loro, dice Barnet, come era con lui stesso, una risposta naturale al movimento collettivo, e ai suoni e colori marziali, e alla sfida esaltante di vaghi pericoli. E la gente era stata così a lungo oppressa dalla minaccia e dalla preparazione per la guerra che il suo arrivo venne con un effetto di positivo sollievo. diff --git a/The World set Free_chapters/PRELUDE.md b/The World set Free_chapters/PRELUDE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..854be79 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapters/PRELUDE.md @@ -0,0 +1,146 @@ +PRELUDE +THE SUN SNARERS +Section I + +The history of mankind is the history of the attainment of external power. Man is the tool-using, fire-making animal. From the outset of his terrestrial career we find him supplementing the natural strength and bodily weapons of a beast by the heat of burning and the rough implement of stone. So he passed beyond the ape. From that he expands. Presently he added to himself the power of the horse and the ox, he borrowed the carrying strength of water and the driving force of the wind, he quickened his fire by blowing, and his simple tools, pointed first with copper and then with iron, increased and varied and became more elaborate and efficient. He sheltered his heat in houses and made his way easier by paths and roads. He complicated his social relationships and increased his efficiency by the division of labour. He began to store up knowledge. Contrivance followed contrivance, each making it possible for a man to do more. Always down the lengthening record, save for a set-back ever and again, he is doing more.... A quarter of a million years ago the utmost man was a savage, a being scarcely articulate, sheltering in holes in the rocks, armed with a rough-hewn flint or a fire-pointed stick, naked, living in small family groups, killed by some younger man so soon as his first virile activity declined. Over most of the great wildernesses of earth you would have sought him in vain; only in a few temperate and sub-tropical river valleys would you have found the squatting lairs of his little herds, a male, a few females, a child or so. + +He knew no future then, no kind of life except the life he led. He fled the cave-bear over the rocks full of iron ore and the promise of sword and spear; he froze to death upon a ledge of coal; he drank water muddy with the clay that would one day make cups of porcelain; he chewed the ear of wild wheat he had plucked and gazed with a dim speculation in his eyes at the birds that soared beyond his reach. Or suddenly he became aware of the scent of another male and rose up roaring, his roars the formless precursors of moral admonitions. For he was a great individualist, that original, he suffered none other than himself. + +So through the long generations, this heavy precursor, this ancestor of all of us, fought and bred and perished, changing almost imperceptibly. + +Yet he changed. That keen chisel of necessity which sharpened the tiger’s claw age by age and fined down the clumsy Orchippus to the swift grace of the horse, was at work upon him—is at work upon him still. The clumsier and more stupidly fierce among him were killed soonest and oftenest; the finer hand, the quicker eye, the bigger brain, the better balanced body prevailed; age by age, the implements were a little better made, the man a little more delicately adjusted to his possibilities. He became more social; his herd grew larger; no longer did each man kill or drive out his growing sons; a system of taboos made them tolerable to him, and they revered him alive and soon even after he was dead, and were his allies against the beasts and the rest of mankind. (But they were forbidden to touch the women of the tribe, they had to go out and capture women for themselves, and each son fled from his stepmother and hid from her lest the anger of the Old Man should be roused. All the world over, even to this day, these ancient inevitable taboos can be traced.) And now instead of caves came huts and hovels, and the fire was better tended and there were wrappings and garments; and so aided, the creature spread into colder climates, carrying food with him, storing food—until sometimes the neglected grass-seed sprouted again and gave a first hint of agriculture. + +And already there were the beginnings of leisure and thought. + +Man began to think. There were times when he was fed, when his lusts and his fears were all appeased, when the sun shone upon the squatting-place and dim stirrings of speculation lit his eyes. He scratched upon a bone and found resemblance and pursued it and began pictorial art, moulded the soft, warm clay of the river brink between his fingers, and found a pleasure in its patternings and repetitions, shaped it into the form of vessels, and found that it would hold water. He watched the streaming river, and wondered from what bountiful breast this incessant water came; he blinked at the sun and dreamt that perhaps he might snare it and spear it as it went down to its resting-place amidst the distant hills. Then he was roused to convey to his brother that once indeed he had done so—at least that some one had done so—he mixed that perhaps with another dream almost as daring, that one day a mammoth had been beset; and therewith began fiction—pointing a way to achievement—and the august prophetic procession of tales. + +For scores and hundreds of centuries, for myriads of generations that life of our fathers went on. From the beginning to the ripening of that phase of human life, from the first clumsy eolith of rudely chipped flint to the first implements of polished stone, was two or three thousand centuries, ten or fifteen thousand generations. So slowly, by human standards, did humanity gather itself together out of the dim intimations of the beast. And that first glimmering of speculation, that first story of achievement, that story-teller bright-eyed and flushed under his matted hair, gesticulating to his gaping, incredulous listener, gripping his wrist to keep him attentive, was the most marvellous beginning this world has ever seen. It doomed the mammoths, and it began the setting of that snare that shall catch the sun. +Section 2 + +That dream was but a moment in a man’s life, whose proper business it seemed was to get food and kill his fellows and beget after the manner of all that belongs to the fellowship of the beasts. About him, hidden from him by the thinnest of veils, were the untouched sources of Power, whose magnitude we scarcely do more than suspect even to-day, Power that could make his every conceivable dream come real. But the feet of the race were in the way of it, though he died blindly unknowing. + +At last, in the generous levels of warm river valleys, where food is abundant and life very easy, the emerging human overcoming his earlier jealousies, becoming, as necessity persecuted him less urgently, more social and tolerant and amenable, achieved a larger community. There began a division of labour, certain of the older men specialised in knowledge and direction, a strong man took the fatherly leadership in war, and priest and king began to develop their rôles in the opening drama of man’s history. The priest’s solicitude was seed-time and harvest and fertility, and the king ruled peace and war. In a hundred river valleys about the warm, temperate zone of the earth there were already towns and temples, a score of thousand years ago. They flourished unrecorded, ignoring the past and unsuspicious of the future, for as yet writing had still to begin. + +Very slowly did man increase his demand upon the illimitable wealth of Power that offered itself on every hand to him. He tamed certain animals, he developed his primordially haphazard agriculture into a ritual, he added first one metal to his resources and then another, until he had copper and tin and iron and lead and gold and silver to supplement his stone, he hewed and carved wood, made pottery, paddled down his river until he came to the sea, discovered the wheel and made the first roads. But his chief activity for a hundred centuries and more, was the subjugation of himself and others to larger and larger societies. The history of man is not simply the conquest of external power; it is first the conquest of those distrusts and fiercenesses, that self-concentration and intensity of animalism, that tie his hands from taking his inheritance. The ape in us still resents association. From the dawn of the age of polished stone to the achievement of the Peace of the World, man’s dealings were chiefly with himself and his fellow man, trading, bargaining, law-making, propitiating, enslaving, conquering, exterminating, and every little increment in Power, he turned at once and always turns to the purposes of this confused elaborate struggle to socialise. To incorporate and comprehend his fellow men into a community of purpose became the last and greatest of his instincts. Already before the last polished phase of the stone age was over he had become a political animal. He made astonishingly far-reaching discoveries within himself, first of counting and then of writing and making records, and with that his town communities began to stretch out to dominion; in the valleys of the Nile, the Euphrates, and the great Chinese rivers, the first empires and the first written laws had their beginnings. Men specialised for fighting and rule as soldiers and knights. Later, as ships grew seaworthy, the Mediterranean which had been a barrier became a highway, and at last out of a tangle of pirate polities came the great struggle of Carthage and Rome. The history of Europe is the history of the victory and breaking up of the Roman Empire. Every ascendant monarch in Europe up to the last, aped Cæsar and called himself Kaiser or Tsar or Imperator or Kasir-i-Hind. Measured by the duration of human life it is a vast space of time between that first dynasty in Egypt and the coming of the aeroplane, but by the scale that looks back to the makers of the eoliths, it is all of it a story of yesterday. + +Now during this period of two hundred centuries or more, this period of the warring states, while men’s minds were chiefly preoccupied by politics and mutual aggression, their progress in the acquirement of external Power was slow—rapid in comparison with the progress of the old stone age, but slow in comparison with this new age of systematic discovery in which we live. They did not very greatly alter the weapons and tactics of warfare, the methods of agriculture, seamanship, their knowledge of the habitable globe, or the devices and utensils of domestic life between the days of the early Egyptians and the days when Christopher Columbus was a child. Of course, there were inventions and changes, but there were also retrogressions; things were found out and then forgotten again; it was, on the whole, a progress, but it contained no steps; the peasant life was the same, there were already priests and lawyers and town craftsmen and territorial lords and rulers, doctors, wise women, soldiers and sailors in Egypt and China and Assyria and south-eastern Europe at the beginning of that period, and they were doing much the same things and living much the same life as they were in Europe in A.D. 1500. The English excavators of the year A.D. 1900 could delve into the remains of Babylon and Egypt and disinter legal documents, domestic accounts, and family correspondence that they could read with the completest sympathy. There were great religious and moral changes throughout the period, empires and republics replaced one another, Italy tried a vast experiment in slavery, and indeed slavery was tried again and again and failed and failed and was still to be tested again and rejected again in the New World; Christianity and Mohammedanism swept away a thousand more specialised cults, but essentially these were progressive adaptations of mankind to material conditions that must have seemed fixed for ever. The idea of revolutionary changes in the material conditions of life would have been entirely strange to human thought through all that time. + +Yet the dreamer, the story-teller, was there still, waiting for his opportunity amidst the busy preoccupations, the comings and goings, the wars and processions, the castle building and cathedral building, the arts and loves, the small diplomacies and incurable feuds, the crusades and trading journeys of the middle ages. He no longer speculated with the untrammelled freedom of the stone-age savage; authoritative explanations of everything barred his path; but he speculated with a better brain, sat idle and gazed at circling stars in the sky and mused upon the coin and crystal in his hand. Whenever there was a certain leisure for thought throughout these times, then men were to be found dissatisfied with the appearances of things, dissatisfied with the assurances of orthodox belief, uneasy with a sense of unread symbols in the world about them, questioning the finality of scholastic wisdom. Through all the ages of history there were men to whom this whisper had come of hidden things about them. They could no longer lead ordinary lives nor content themselves with the common things of this world once they had heard this voice. And mostly they believed not only that all this world was as it were a painted curtain before things unguessed at, but that these secrets were Power. Hitherto Power had come to men by chance, but now there were these seekers seeking, seeking among rare and curious and perplexing objects, sometimes finding some odd utilisable thing, sometimes deceiving themselves with fancied discovery, sometimes pretending to find. The world of every day laughed at these eccentric beings, or found them annoying and ill-treated them, or was seized with fear and made saints and sorcerers and warlocks of them, or with covetousness and entertained them hopefully; but for the greater part heeded them not at all. Yet they were of the blood of him who had first dreamt of attacking the mammoth; every one of them was of his blood and descent; and the thing they sought, all unwittingly, was the snare that will some day catch the sun. +Section 3 + +Such a man was that Leonardo da Vinci, who went about the court of Sforza in Milan in a state of dignified abstraction. His common-place books are full of prophetic subtlety and ingenious anticipations of the methods of the early aviators. Dürer was his parallel and Roger Bacon—whom the Franciscans silenced—of his kindred. Such a man again in an earlier city was Hero of Alexandria, who knew of the power of steam nineteen hundred years before it was first brought into use. And earlier still was Archimedes of Syracuse, and still earlier the legendary Daedalus of Cnossos. All up and down the record of history whenever there was a little leisure from war and brutality the seekers appeared. And half the alchemists were of their tribe. + +When Roger Bacon blew up his first batch of gunpowder one might have supposed that men would have gone at once to the explosive engine. But they could see nothing of the sort. They were not yet beginning to think of seeing things; their metallurgy was all too poor to make such engines even had they thought of them. For a time they could not make instruments sound enough to stand this new force even for so rough a purpose as hurling a missile. Their first guns had barrels of coopered timber, and the world waited for more than five hundred years before the explosive engine came. + +Even when the seekers found, it was at first a long journey before the world could use their findings for any but the roughest, most obvious purposes. If man in general was not still as absolutely blind to the unconquered energies about him as his paleolithic precursor, he was at best purblind. +Section 4 + +The latent energy of coal and the power of steam waited long on the verge of discovery, before they began to influence human lives. + +There were no doubt many such devices as Hero’s toys devised and forgotten, time after time, in courts and palaces, but it needed that coal should be mined and burning with plenty of iron at hand before it dawned upon men that here was something more than a curiosity. And it is to be remarked that the first recorded suggestion for the use of steam was in war; there is an Elizabethan pamphlet in which it is proposed to fire shot out of corked iron bottles full of heated water. The mining of coal for fuel, the smelting of iron upon a larger scale than men had ever done before, the steam pumping engine, the steam-engine and the steam-boat, followed one another in an order that had a kind of logical necessity. It is the most interesting and instructive chapter in the history of the human intelligence, the history of steam from its beginning as a fact in human consciousness to the perfection of the great turbine engines that preceded the utilisation of intra-molecular power. Nearly every human being must have seen steam, seen it incuriously for many thousands of years; the women in particular were always heating water, boiling it, seeing it boil away, seeing the lids of vessels dance with its fury; millions of people at different times must have watched steam pitching rocks out of volcanoes like cricket balls and blowing pumice into foam, and yet you may search the whole human record through, letters, books, inscriptions, pictures, for any glimmer of a realisation that here was force, here was strength to borrow and use.... Then suddenly man woke up to it, the railways spread like a network over the globe, the ever enlarging iron steamships began their staggering fight against wind and wave. + +Steam was the first-comer in the new powers, it was the beginning of the Age of Energy that was to close the long history of the Warring States. + +But for a long time men did not realise the importance of this novelty. They would not recognise, they were not able to recognise that anything fundamental had happened to their immemorial necessities. They called the steam-engine the ‘iron horse’ and pretended that they had made the most partial of substitutions. Steam machinery and factory production were visibly revolutionising the conditions of industrial production, population was streaming steadily in from the country-side and concentrating in hitherto unthought-of masses about a few city centres, food was coming to them over enormous distances upon a scale that made the one sole precedent, the corn ships of imperial Rome, a petty incident; and a huge migration of peoples between Europe and Western Asia and America was in Progress, and—nobody seems to have realised that something new had come into human life, a strange swirl different altogether from any previous circling and mutation, a swirl like the swirl when at last the lock gates begin to open after a long phase of accumulating water and eddying inactivity.... + +The sober Englishman at the close of the nineteenth century could sit at his breakfast-table, decide between tea from Ceylon or coffee from Brazil, devour an egg from France with some Danish ham, or eat a New Zealand chop, wind up his breakfast with a West Indian banana, glance at the latest telegrams from all the world, scrutinise the prices current of his geographically distributed investments in South Africa, Japan, and Egypt, and tell the two children he had begotten (in the place of his father’s eight) that he thought the world changed very little. They must play cricket, keep their hair cut, go to the old school he had gone to, shirk the lessons he had shirked, learn a few scraps of Horace and Virgil and Homer for the confusion of cads, and all would be well with them.... +Section 5 + +Electricity, though it was perhaps the earlier of the two to be studied, invaded the common life of men a few decades after the exploitation of steam. To electricity also, in spite of its provocative nearness all about him, mankind had been utterly blind for incalculable ages. Could anything be more emphatic than the appeal of electricity for attention? It thundered at man’s ears, it signalled to him in blinding flashes, occasionally it killed him, and he could not see it as a thing that concerned him enough to merit study. It came into the house with the cat on any dry day and crackled insinuatingly whenever he stroked her fur. It rotted his metals when he put them together.... There is no single record that any one questioned why the cat’s fur crackles or why hair is so unruly to brush on a frosty day, before the sixteenth century. For endless years man seems to have done his very successful best not to think about it at all; until this new spirit of the Seeker turned itself to these things. + +How often things must have been seen and dismissed as unimportant, before the speculative eye and the moment of vision came! It was Gilbert, Queen Elizabeth’s court physician, who first puzzled his brains with rubbed amber and bits of glass and silk and shellac, and so began the quickening of the human mind to the existence of this universal presence. And even then the science of electricity remained a mere little group of curious facts for nearly two hundred years, connected perhaps with magnetism—a mere guess that—perhaps with the lightning. Frogs’ legs must have hung by copper hooks from iron railings and twitched upon countless occasions before Galvani saw them. Except for the lightning conductor, it was 250 years after Gilbert before electricity stepped out of the cabinet of scientific curiosities into the life of the common man.... Then suddenly, in the half-century between 1880 and 1930, it ousted the steam-engine and took over traction, it ousted every other form of household heating, abolished distance with the perfected wireless telephone and the telephotograph.... +Section 6 + +And there was an extraordinary mental resistance to discovery and invention for at least a hundred years after the scientific revolution had begun. Each new thing made its way into practice against a scepticism that amounted at times to hostility. One writer upon these subjects gives a funny little domestic conversation that happened, he says, in the year 1898, within ten years, that is to say, of the time when the first aviators were fairly on the wing. He tells us how he sat at his desk in his study and conversed with his little boy. + +His little boy was in profound trouble. He felt he had to speak very seriously to his father, and as he was a kindly little boy he did not want to do it too harshly. + +This is what happened. + +‘I wish, Daddy,’ he said, coming to his point, ‘that you wouldn’t write all this stuff about flying. The chaps rot me.’ + +‘Yes!’ said his father. + +‘And old Broomie, the Head I mean, he rots me. Everybody rots me.’ + +‘But there is going to be flying—quite soon.’ + +The little boy was too well bred to say what he thought of that. ‘Anyhow,’ he said, ‘I wish you wouldn’t write about it.’ + +‘You’ll fly—lots of times—before you die,’ the father assured him. + +The little boy looked unhappy. + +The father hesitated. Then he opened a drawer and took out a blurred and under-developed photograph. ‘Come and look at this,’ he said. + +The little boy came round to him. The photograph showed a stream and a meadow beyond, and some trees, and in the air a black, pencil-like object with flat wings on either side of it. It was the first record of the first apparatus heavier than air that ever maintained itself in the air by mechanical force. Across the margin was written: ‘Here we go up, up, up—from S. P. Langley, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.’ + +The father watched the effect of this reassuring document upon his son. ‘Well?’ he said. + +‘That,’ said the schoolboy, after reflection, ‘is only a model.’ + +‘Model to-day, man to-morrow.’ + +The boy seemed divided in his allegiance. Then he decided for what he believed quite firmly to be omniscience. ‘But old Broomie,’ he said, ‘he told all the boys in his class only yesterday, “no man will ever fly.” No one, he says, who has ever shot grouse or pheasants on the wing would ever believe anything of the sort....’ + +Yet that boy lived to fly across the Atlantic and edit his father’s reminiscences. +Section 7 + +At the close of the nineteenth century as a multitude of passages in the literature of that time witness, it was thought that the fact that man had at last had successful and profitable dealings with the steam that scalded him and the electricity that flashed and banged about the sky at him, was an amazing and perhaps a culminating exercise of his intelligence and his intellectual courage. The air of ‘Nunc Dimittis’ sounds in same of these writings. ‘The great things are discovered,’ wrote Gerald Brown in his summary of the nineteenth century. ‘For us there remains little but the working out of detail.’ The spirit of the seeker was still rare in the world; education was unskilled, unstimulating, scholarly, and but little valued, and few people even then could have realised that Science was still but the flimsiest of trial sketches and discovery scarcely beginning. No one seems to have been afraid of science and its possibilities. Yet now where there had been but a score or so of seekers, there were many thousands, and for one needle of speculation that had been probing the curtain of appearances in 1800, there were now hundreds. And already Chemistry, which had been content with her atoms and molecules for the better part of a century, was preparing herself for that vast next stride that was to revolutionise the whole life of man from top to bottom. + +One realises how crude was the science of that time when one considers the case of the composition of air. This was determined by that strange genius and recluse, that man of mystery, that disembowelled intelligence, Henry Cavendish, towards the end of the eighteenth century. So far as he was concerned the work was admirably done. He separated all the known ingredients of the air with a precision altogether remarkable; he even put it upon record that he had some doubt about the purity of the nitrogen. For more than a hundred years his determination was repeated by chemists all the world over, his apparatus was treasured in London, he became, as they used to say, ‘classic,’ and always, at every one of the innumerable repetitions of his experiment, that sly element argon was hiding among the nitrogen (and with a little helium and traces of other substances, and indeed all the hints that might have led to the new departures of the twentieth-century chemistry), and every time it slipped unobserved through the professorial fingers that repeated his procedure. + +Is it any wonder then with this margin of inaccuracy, that up to the very dawn of the twentieth-century scientific discovery was still rather a procession of happy accidents than an orderly conquest of nature? + +Yet the spirit of seeking was spreading steadily through the world. Even the schoolmaster could not check it. For the mere handful who grew up to feel wonder and curiosity about the secrets of nature in the nineteenth century, there were now, at the beginning of the twentieth, myriads escaping from the limitations of intellectual routine and the habitual life, in Europe, in America, North and South, in Japan, in China, and all about the world. + +It was in 1910 that the parents of young Holsten, who was to be called by a whole generation of scientific men, ‘the greatest of European chemists,’ were staying in a villa near Santo Domenico, between Fiesole and Florence. He was then only fifteen, but he was already distinguished as a mathematician and possessed by a savage appetite to understand. He had been particularly attracted by the mystery of phosphorescence and its apparent unrelatedness to every other source of light. He was to tell afterwards in his reminiscences how he watched the fireflies drifting and glowing among the dark trees in the garden of the villa under the warm blue night sky of Italy; how he caught and kept them in cages, dissected them, first studying the general anatomy of insects very elaborately, and how he began to experiment with the effect of various gases and varying temperature upon their light. Then the chance present of a little scientific toy invented by Sir William Crookes, a toy called the spinthariscope, on which radium particles impinge upon sulphide of zinc and make it luminous, induced him to associate the two sets of phenomena. It was a happy association for his inquiries. It was a rare and fortunate thing, too, that any one with the mathematical gift should have been taken by these curiosities. +Section 8 + +And while the boy Holsten was mooning over his fireflies at Fiesole, a certain professor of physics named Rufus was giving a course of afternoon lectures upon Radium and Radio-Activity in Edinburgh. They were lectures that had attracted a very considerable amount of attention. He gave them in a small lecture-theatre that had become more and more congested as his course proceeded. At his concluding discussion it was crowded right up to the ceiling at the back, and there people were standing, standing without any sense of fatigue, so fascinating did they find his suggestions. One youngster in particular, a chuckle-headed, scrub-haired lad from the Highlands, sat hugging his knee with great sand-red hands and drinking in every word, eyes aglow, cheeks flushed, and ears burning. + +‘And so,’ said the professor, ‘we see that this Radium, which seemed at first a fantastic exception, a mad inversion of all that was most established and fundamental in the constitution of matter, is really at one with the rest of the elements. It does noticeably and forcibly what probably all the other elements are doing with an imperceptible slowness. It is like the single voice crying aloud that betrays the silent breathing multitude in the darkness. Radium is an element that is breaking up and flying to pieces. But perhaps all elements are doing that at less perceptible rates. Uranium certainly is; thorium—the stuff of this incandescent gas mantle—certainly is; actinium. I feel that we are but beginning the list. And we know now that the atom, that once we thought hard and impenetrable, and indivisible and final and—lifeless—lifeless, is really a reservoir of immense energy. That is the most wonderful thing about all this work. A little while ago we thought of the atoms as we thought of bricks, as solid building material, as substantial matter, as unit masses of lifeless stuff, and behold! these bricks are boxes, treasure boxes, boxes full of the intensest force. This little bottle contains about a pint of uranium oxide; that is to say, about fourteen ounces of the element uranium. It is worth about a pound. And in this bottle, ladies and gentlemen, in the atoms in this bottle there slumbers at least as much energy as we could get by burning a hundred and sixty tons of coal. If at a word, in one instant I could suddenly release that energy here and now it would blow us and everything about us to fragments; if I could turn it into the machinery that lights this city, it could keep Edinburgh brightly lit for a week. But at present no man knows, no man has an inkling of how this little lump of stuff can be made to hasten the release of its store. It does release it, as a burn trickles. Slowly the uranium changes into radium, the radium changes into a gas called the radium emanation, and that again to what we call radium A, and so the process goes on, giving out energy at every stage, until at last we reach the last stage of all, which is, so far as we can tell at present, lead. But we cannot hasten it.’ + +‘I take ye, man,’ whispered the chuckle-headed lad, with his red hands tightening like a vice upon his knee. ‘I take ye, man. Go on! Oh, go on!’ + +The professor went on after a little pause. ‘Why is the change gradual?’ he asked. ‘Why does only a minute fraction of the radium disintegrate in any particular second? Why does it dole itself out so slowly and so exactly? Why does not all the uranium change to radium and all the radium change to the next lowest thing at once? Why this decay by driblets; why not a decay en masse? . . . Suppose presently we find it is possible to quicken that decay?’ + +The chuckle-headed lad nodded rapidly. The wonderful inevitable idea was coming. He drew his knee up towards his chin and swayed in his seat with excitement. ‘Why not?’ he echoed, ‘why not?’ + +The professor lifted his forefinger. + +‘Given that knowledge,’ he said, ‘mark what we should be able to do! We should not only be able to use this uranium and thorium; not only should we have a source of power so potent that a man might carry in his hand the energy to light a city for a year, fight a fleet of battleships, or drive one of our giant liners across the Atlantic; but we should also have a clue that would enable us at last to quicken the process of disintegration in all the other elements, where decay is still so slow as to escape our finest measurements. Every scrap of solid matter in the world would become an available reservoir of concentrated force. Do you realise, ladies and gentlemen, what these things would mean for us?’ + +The scrub head nodded. ‘Oh! go on. Go on.’ + +‘It would mean a change in human conditions that I can only compare to the discovery of fire, that first discovery that lifted man above the brute. We stand to-day towards radio-activity as our ancestor stood towards fire before he had learnt to make it. He knew it then only as a strange thing utterly beyond his control, a flare on the crest of the volcano, a red destruction that poured through the forest. So it is that we know radio-activity to-day. This—this is the dawn of a new day in human living. At the climax of that civilisation which had its beginning in the hammered flint and the fire-stick of the savage, just when it is becoming apparent that our ever-increasing needs cannot be borne indefinitely by our present sources of energy, we discover suddenly the possibility of an entirely new civilisation. The energy we need for our very existence, and with which Nature supplies us still so grudgingly, is in reality locked up in inconceivable quantities all about us. We cannot pick that lock at present, but——’ + +He paused. His voice sank so that everybody strained a little to hear him. + +‘——we will.’ + +He put up that lean finger again, his solitary gesture. + +‘And then,’ he said.... + +‘Then that perpetual struggle for existence, that perpetual struggle to live on the bare surplus of Nature’s energies will cease to be the lot of Man. Man will step from the pinnacle of this civilisation to the beginning of the next. I have no eloquence, ladies and gentlemen, to express the vision of man’s material destiny that opens out before me. I see the desert continents transformed, the poles no longer wildernesses of ice, the whole world once more Eden. I see the power of man reach out among the stars....’ + +He stopped abruptly with a catching of the breath that many an actor or orator might have envied. + +The lecture was over, the audience hung silent for a few seconds, sighed, became audible, stirred, fluttered, prepared for dispersal. More light was turned on and what had been a dim mass of figures became a bright confusion of movement. Some of the people signalled to friends, some crowded down towards the platform to examine the lecturer’s apparatus and make notes of his diagrams. But the chuckle-headed lad with the scrub hair wanted no such detailed frittering away of the thoughts that had inspired him. He wanted to be alone with them; he elbowed his way out almost fiercely, he made himself as angular and bony as a cow, fearing lest some one should speak to him, lest some one should invade his glowing sphere of enthusiasm. + +He went through the streets with a rapt face, like a saint who sees visions. He had arms disproportionately long, and ridiculous big feet. + +He must get alone, get somewhere high out of all this crowding of commonness, of everyday life. + +He made his way to the top of Arthur’s Seat, and there he sat for a long time in the golden evening sunshine, still, except that ever and again he whispered to himself some precious phrase that had stuck in his mind. + +‘If,’ he whispered, ‘if only we could pick that lock....’ + +The sun was sinking over the distant hills. Already it was shorn of its beams, a globe of ruddy gold, hanging over the great banks of cloud that would presently engulf it. + +‘Eh!’ said the youngster. ‘Eh!’ + +He seemed to wake up at last out of his entrancement, and the red sun was there before his eyes. He stared at it, at first without intelligence, and then with a gathering recognition. Into his mind came a strange echo of that ancestral fancy, that fancy of a Stone Age savage, dead and scattered bones among the drift two hundred thousand years ago. + +‘Ye auld thing,’ he said—and his eyes were shining, and he made a kind of grabbing gesture with his hand; ‘ye auld red thing.... We’ll have ye yet.’ \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_01_CHAPTER_THE_FIRST_THE_NEW_SOURCE_OF_ENERGY.md b/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_01_CHAPTER_THE_FIRST_THE_NEW_SOURCE_OF_ENERGY.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..9761d66 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_01_CHAPTER_THE_FIRST_THE_NEW_SOURCE_OF_ENERGY.md @@ -0,0 +1,198 @@ +## CHAPTER THE FIRST. THE NEW SOURCE OF ENERGY + +### Section I + +The problem which was already being mooted by such scientific men as Ramsay, Rutherford, and Soddy, in thevery beginning of the twentieth century, the problem of inducing radio−activity in the heavier elements and sotapping the internal energy of atoms, was solved by a wonderful combination of induction, intuition, and luck byHolsten so soon as the year 1933. From the first detection of radio−activity to its first subjugation to humanpurpose measured little more than a quarter of a century. For twenty years after that, indeed, minor difficultiesprevented any striking practical application of his success, but the essential thing was done, this new boundary inthe march of human progress was crossed, in that year. He set up atomic disintegration in a minute particle ofbismuth; it exploded with great violence into a heavy gas of extreme radio−activity, which disintegrated in its turnin the course of seven days, and it was only after another year's work that he was able to show practically that thelast result of this rapid release of energy was gold. But the thing was done−−at the cost of a blistered chest and aninjured finger, and from the moment when the invisible speck of bismuth flashed into riving and rending energy,Holsten knew that he had opened a way for mankind, however narrow and dark it might still be, to worlds oflimitless power. He recorded as much in the strange diary biography he left the world, a diary that was up to thatparticular moment a mass of speculations and calculations, and which suddenly became for a space an amazinglyminute and human record of sensations and emotions that all humanity might understand. +He gives, in broken phrases and often single words, it is true, but none the less vividly for that, a record of thetwenty−four hours following the demonstration of the correctness of his intricate tracery of computations andguesses. 'I thought I should not sleep,' he writes−−the words he omitted are supplied in brackets−−(on account of)'pain in (the) hand and chest and (the) wonder of what I had done.... Slept like a child.' +He felt strange and disconcerted the next morning; he had nothing to do, he was living alone in apartments inBloomsbury, and he decided to go up to Hampstead Heath, which he had known when he was a little boy as abreezy playground. He went up by the underground tube that was then the recognised means of travel from onepart of London to another, and walked up Heath Street from the tube station to the open heath. He found it a gullyof planks and scaffoldings between the hoardings of house−wreckers. The spirit of the times had seized upon thatnarrow, steep, and winding thoroughfare, and was in the act of making it commodious and interesting, accordingto the remarkable ideals of Neo−Georgian aestheticism. Such is the illogical quality of humanity that Holsten,fresh from work that was like a petard under the seat of current civilisation, saw these changes with regret. He hadcome up Heath Street perhaps a thousand times, had known the windows of all the little shops, spent hours in thevanished cinematograph theatre, and marvelled at the high−flung early Georgian houses upon the westward bankof that old gully of a thoroughfare; he felt strange with all these familiar things gone. He escaped at last with afeeling of relief from this choked alley of trenches and holes and cranes, and emerged upon the old familiar sceneabout the White Stone Pond. That, at least, was very much as it used to be. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +11 + + +There were still the fine old red−brick houses to left and right of him; the reservoir had been improved by aportico of marble, the white−fronted inn with the clustering flowers above its portico still stood out at the angle ofthe ways, and the blue view to Harrow Hill and Harrow spire, a view of hills and trees and shining waters andwind−driven cloud shadows, was like the opening of a great window to the ascending Londoner. All that was veryreassuring. There was the same strolling crowd, the same perpetual miracle of motors dodging through itharmlessly, escaping headlong into the country from the Sabbatical stuffiness behind and below them. There wasa band still, a women's suffrage meeting−−for the suffrage women had won their way back to the tolerance, atrifle derisive, of the populace again−−socialist orators, politicians, a band, and the same wild uproar of dogs,frantic with the gladness of their one blessed weekly release from the back yard and the chain. And away alongthe road to the Spaniards strolled a vast multitude, saying, as ever, that the view of London was exceptionallyclear that day. +Young Holsten's face was white. He walked with that uneasy affectation of ease that marks an overstrainednervous system and an under−exercised body. He hesitated at the White Stone Pond whether to go to the left of itor the right, and again at the fork of the roads. He kept shifting his stick in his hand, and every now and then hewould get in the way of people on the footpath or be jostled by them because of the uncertainty of his movements.He felt, he confesses, 'inadequate to ordinary existence.' He seemed to himself to be something inhuman andmischievous. All the people about him looked fairly prosperous, fairly happy, fairly well adapted to the lives theyhad to lead−−a week of work and a Sunday of best clothes and mild promenading−−and he had launchedsomething that would disorganise the entire fabric that held their contentments and ambitions and satisfactionstogether. 'Felt like an imbecile who has presented a box full of loaded revolvers to a Creche,' he notes. +He met a man named Lawson, an old school−fellow, of whom history now knows only that he was red−faced andhad a terrier. He and Holsten walked together and Holsten was sufficiently pale and jumpy for Lawson to tell himhe overworked and needed a holiday. They sat down at a little table outside the County Council house of GoldersHill Park and sent one of the waiters to the Bull and Bush for a couple of bottles of beer, no doubt at Lawson'ssuggestion. The beer warmed Holsten's rather dehumanised system. He began to tell Lawson as clearly as hecould to what his great discovery amounted. Lawson feigned attention, but indeed he had neither the knowledgenor the imagination to understand. 'In the end, before many years are out, this must eventually change war, transit,lighting, building, and every sort of manufacture, even agriculture, every material human concern−−−−' +Then Holsten stopped short. Lawson had leapt to his feet. 'Damn that dog!' cried Lawson. 'Look at it now. Hi!Here! Phewoo−−phewoo phewoo! Come HERE, Bobs! Come HERE!' +The young scientific man, with his bandaged hand, sat at the green table, too tired to convey the wonder of thething he had sought so long, his friend whistled and bawled for his dog, and the Sunday people drifted about themthrough the spring sunshine. For a moment or so Holsten stared at Lawson in astonishment, for he had been toointent upon what he had been saying to realise how little Lawson had attended. +Then he remarked, 'WELL!' and smiled faintly, and−−finished the tankard of beer before him. +Lawson sat down again. 'One must look after one's dog,' he said, with a note of apology. 'What was it you weretelling me?' +### Section 2 + +In the evening Holsten went out again. He walked to Saint Paul's Cathedral, and stood for a time near the doorlistening to the evening service. The candles upon the altar reminded him in some odd way of the fireflies atFiesole. Then he walked back through the evening lights to Westminster. He was oppressed, he was indeedscared, by his sense of the immense consequences of his discovery. He had a vague idea that night that he oughtnot to publish his results, that they were premature, that some secret association of wise men should take care of +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +12 + + +his work and hand it on from generation to generation until the world was riper for its practical application. Hefelt that nobody in all the thousands of people he passed had really awakened to the fact of change, they trustedthe world for what it was, not to alter too rapidly, to respect their trusts, their assurances, their habits, their littleaccustomed traffics and hard−won positions. +He went into those little gardens beneath the over−hanging, brightly−lit masses of the Savoy Hotel and the HotelCecil. He sat down on a seat and became aware of the talk of the two people next to him. It was the talk of ayoung couple evidently on the eve of marriage. The man was congratulating himself on having regularemployment at last; 'they like me,' he said, 'and I like the job. If I work up−−in'r dozen years or so I ought to begettin' somethin' pretty comfortable. That's the plain sense of it, Hetty. There ain't no reason whatsoever why weshouldn't get along very decently−−very decently indeed.' +The desire for little successes amidst conditions securely fixed! So it struck upon Holsten's mind. He added in hisdiary, 'I had a sense of all this globe as that....' +By that phrase he meant a kind of clairvoyant vision of this populated world as a whole, of all its cities and townsand villages, its high roads and the inns beside them, its gardens and farms and upland pastures, its boatmen andsailors, its ships coming along the great circles of the ocean, its time−tables and appointments and payments anddues as it were one unified and progressive spectacle. Sometimes such visions came to him; his mind, accustomedto great generalisations and yet acutely sensitive to detail, saw things far more comprehensively than the minds ofmost of his contemporaries. Usually the teeming sphere moved on to its predestined ends and circled with astately swiftness on its path about the sun. Usually it was all a living progress that altered under his regard. Butnow fatigue a little deadened him to that incessancy of life, it seemed now just an eternal circling. He lapsed to thecommoner persuasion of the great fixities and recurrencies of the human routine. The remoter past of wanderingsavagery, the inevitable changes of to−morrow were veiled, and he saw only day and night, seed−time andharvest, loving and begetting, births and deaths, walks in the summer sunlight and tales by the winter fireside, theancient sequence of hope and acts and age perennially renewed, eddying on for ever and ever, save that now theimpious hand of research was raised to overthrow this drowsy, gently humming, habitual, sunlit spinning−top ofman's existence.... +For a time he forgot wars and crimes and hates and persecutions, famine and pestilence, the cruelties of beasts,weariness and the bitter wind, failure and insufficiency and retrocession. He saw all mankind in terms of thehumble Sunday couple upon the seat beside him, who schemed their inglorious outlook and improbablecontentments. 'I had a sense of all this globe as that.' +His intelligence struggled against this mood and struggled for a time in vain. He reassured himself against theinvasion of this disconcerting idea that he was something strange and inhuman, a loose wanderer from the flockreturning with evil gifts from his sustained unnatural excursions amidst the darknesses and phosphorescencesbeneath the fair surfaces of life. Man had not been always thus; the instincts and desires of the little home, thelittle plot, was not all his nature; also he was an adventurer, an experimenter, an unresting curiosity, an insatiabledesire. For a few thousand generations indeed he had tilled the earth and followed the seasons, saying his prayers,grinding his corn and trampling the October winepress, yet not for so long but that he was still full of restlessstirrings. +'If there have been home and routine and the field,' thought Holsten, 'there have also been wonder and the sea.' +He turned his head and looked up over the back of the seat at the great hotels above him, full of softly shadedlights and the glow and colour and stir of feasting. Might his gift to mankind mean simply more of that? . . . +He got up and walked out of the garden, surveyed a passing tram−car, laden with warm light, against the deepblues of evening, dripping and trailing long skirts of shining reflection; he crossed the Embankment and stood for +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +13 + + +a time watching the dark river and turning ever and again to the lit buildings and bridges. His mind began toscheme conceivable replacements of all those clustering arrangements. . . . +'It has begun,' he writes in the diary in which these things are recorded. 'It is not for me to reach out toconsequences I cannot foresee. I am a part, not a whole; I am a little instrument in the armoury of Change. If Iwere to burn all these papers, before a score of years had passed, some other man would be doing this. . . +### Section 3 + +Holsten, before he died, was destined to see atomic energy dominating every other source of power, but for someyears yet a vast network of difficulties in detail and application kept the new discovery from any effectiveinvasion of ordinary life. The path from the laboratory to the workshop is sometimes a tortuous one;electro−magnetic radiations were known and demonstrated for twenty years before Marconi made thempractically available, and in the same way it was twenty years before induced radio−activity could be brought topractical utilisation. The thing, of course, was discussed very much, more perhaps at the time of its discovery thanduring the interval of technical adaptation, but with very little realisation of the huge economic revolution thatimpended. What chiefly impressed the journalists of 1933 was the production of gold from bismuth and therealisation albeit upon unprofitable lines of the alchemist's dreams; there was a considerable amount of discussionand expectation in that more intelligent section of the educated publics of the various civilised countries whichfollowed scientific development; but for the most part the world went about its business−−as the inhabitants ofthose Swiss villages which live under the perpetual threat of overhanging rocks and mountains go about theirbusiness−−just as though the possible was impossible, as though the inevitable was postponed for ever because itwas delayed. +It was in 1953 that the first Holsten−Roberts engine brought induced radio−activity into the sphere of industrialproduction, and its first general use was to replace the steam−engine in electrical generating stations. Hard uponthe appearance of this came the Dass−Tata engine−−the invention of two among the brilliant galaxy of Bengaliinventors the modernisation of Indian thought was producing at this time−−which was used chiefly forautomobiles, aeroplanes, waterplanes, and such−like, mobile purposes. The American Kemp engine, differingwidely in principle but equally practicable, and the Krupp−Erlanger came hard upon the heels of this, and by theautumn of 1954 a gigantic replacement of industrial methods and machinery was in progress all about thehabitable globe. Small wonder was this when the cost, even of these earliest and clumsiest of atomic engines, iscompared with that of the power they superseded. Allowing for lubrication the Dass−Tata engine, once it wasstarted cost a penny to run thirty−seven miles, and added only nine and quarter pounds to the weight of thecarriage it drove. It made the heavy alcohol−driven automobile of the time ridiculous in appearance as well aspreposterously costly. For many years the price of coal and every form of liquid fuel had been clambering tolevels that made even the revival of the draft horse seem a practicable possibility, and now with the abruptrelaxation of this stringency, the change in appearance of the traffic upon the world's roads was instantaneous. Inthree years the frightful armoured monsters that had hooted and smoked and thundered about the world for fourawful decades were swept away to the dealers in old metal, and the highways thronged with light and clean andshimmering shapes of silvered steel. At the same time a new impetus was given to aviation by the relativelyenormous power for weight of the atomic engine, it was at last possible to add Redmayne's ingenious helicopterascent and descent engine to the vertical propeller that had hitherto been the sole driving force of the aeroplanewithout overweighting the machine, and men found themselves possessed of an instrument of flight that couldhover or ascend or descend vertically and gently as well as rush wildly through the air. The last dread of flyingvanished. As the journalists of the time phrased it, this was the epoch of the Leap into the Air. The new atomicaeroplane became indeed a mania; every one of means was frantic to possess a thing so controllable, so secureand so free from the dust and danger of the road, and in France alone in the year 1943 thirty thousand of thesenew aeroplanes were manufactured and licensed, and soared humming softly into the sky. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +14 + + +And with an equal speed atomic engines of various types invaded industrialism. The railways paid enormouspremiums for priority in the delivery of atomic traction engines, atomic smelting was embarked upon so eagerlyas to lead to a number of disastrous explosions due to inexperienced handling of the new power, and therevolutionary cheapening of both materials and electricity made the entire reconstruction of domestic buildings amatter merely dependent upon a reorganisation of the methods of the builder and the house−furnisher. Viewedfrom the side of the new power and from the point of view of those who financed and manufactured the newengines and material it required the age of the Leap into the Air was one of astonishing prosperity. Patent−holdingcompanies were presently paying dividends of five or six hundred per cent. and enormous fortunes were madeand fantastic wages earned by all who were concerned in the new developments. This prosperity was not a littleenhanced by the fact that in both the Dass−Tata and Holsten−Roberts engines one of the recoverable wasteproducts was gold−−the former disintegrated dust of bismuth and the latter dust of lead−−and that this new supplyof gold led quite naturally to a rise in prices throughout the world. +This spectacle of feverish enterprise was productivity, this crowding flight of happy and fortunate richpeople−−every great city was as if a crawling ant−hill had suddenly taken wing−−was the bright side of theopening phase of the new epoch in human history. Beneath that brightness was a gathering darkness, a deepeningdismay. If there was a vast development of production there was also a huge destruction of values. These glaringfactories working night and day, these glittering new vehicles swinging noiselessly along the roads, these flightsof dragon−flies that swooped and soared and circled in the air, were indeed no more than the brightnesses oflamps and fires that gleam out when the world sinks towards twilight and the night. Between these high lightsaccumulated disaster, social catastrophe. The coal mines were manifestly doomed to closure at no very distantdate, the vast amount of capital invested in oil was becoming unsaleable, millions of coal miners, steel workersupon the old lines, vast swarms of unskilled or under−skilled labourers in innumerable occupations, were beingflung out of employment by the superior efficiency of the new machinery, the rapid fall in the cost of transit wasdestroying high land values at every centre of population, the value of existing house property had becomeproblematical, gold was undergoing headlong depreciation, all the securities upon which the credit of the worldrested were slipping and sliding, banks were tottering, the stock exchanges were scenes of feverish panic;−−thiswas the reverse of the spectacle, these were the black and monstrous under−consequences of the Leap into the### Air. + +There is a story of a demented London stockbroker running out into Threadneedle Street and tearing off hisclothes as he ran. 'The Steel Trust is scrapping the whole of its plant,' he shouted. 'The State Railways are going toscrap all their engines. Everything's going to be scrapped−−everything. Come and scrap the mint, you fellows,come and scrap the mint!' +In the year 1955 the suicide rate for the United States of America quadrupled any previous record. There was anenormous increase also in violent crime throughout the world. The thing had come upon an unprepared humanity;it seemed as though human society was to be smashed by its own magnificent gains. +For there had been no foresight of these things. There had been no attempt anywhere even to compute theprobable dislocations this flood of inexpensive energy would produce in human affairs. The world in these dayswas not really governed at all, in the sense in which government came to be understood in subsequent years.Government was a treaty, not a design; it was forensic, conservative, disputatious, unseeing, unthinking,uncreative; throughout the world, except where the vestiges of absolutism still sheltered the court favourite andthe trusted servant, it was in the hands of the predominant caste of lawyers, who had an enormous advantage inbeing the only trained caste. Their professional education and every circumstance in the manipulation of thefantastically naive electoral methods by which they clambered to power, conspired to keep them contemptuous offacts, conscientiously unimaginative, alert to claim and seize advantages and suspicious of every generosity.Government was an obstructive business of energetic fractions, progress went on outside of and in spite of publicactivities, and legislation was the last crippling recognition of needs so clamorous and imperative and facts soaggressively established as to invade even the dingy seclusions of the judges and threaten the very existence of +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +15 + + +the otherwise inattentive political machine. +The world was so little governed that with the very coming of plenty, in the full tide of an incalculable abundance,when everything necessary to satisfy human needs and everything necessary to realise such will and purpose asexisted then in human hearts was already at hand, one has still to tell of hardship, famine, anger, confusion,conflict, and incoherent suffering. There was no scheme for the distribution of this vast new wealth that had comeat last within the reach of men; there was no clear conception that any such distribution was possible. As oneattempts a comprehensive view of those opening years of the new age, as one measures it against the latentachievement that later years have demonstrated, one begins to measure the blindness, the narrowness, theinsensate unimaginative individualism of the pre−atomic time. Under this tremendous dawn of power andfreedom, under a sky ablaze with promise, in the very presence of science standing like some bountiful goddessover all the squat darknesses of human life, holding patiently in her strong arms, until men chose to take them,security, plenty, the solution of riddles, the key of the bravest adventures, in her very presence, and with theearnest of her gifts in court, the world was to witness such things as the squalid spectacle of the Dass−Tata patentlitigation. +There in a stuffy court in London, a grimy oblong box of a room, during the exceptional heat of the May of 1956,the leading counsel of the day argued and shouted over a miserable little matter of more royalties or less andwhether the Dass−Tata company might not bar the Holsten−Roberts' methods of utilising the new power. TheDass−Tata people were indeed making a strenuous attempt to secure a world monopoly in atomic engineering.The judge, after the manner of those times, sat raised above the court, wearing a preposterous gown and a foolishhuge wig, the counsel also wore dirty−looking little wigs and queer black gowns over their usual costume, wigsand gowns that were held to be necessary to their pleading, and upon unclean wooden benches stirred andwhispered artful−looking solicitors, busily scribbling reporters, the parties to the case, expert witnesses, interestedpeople, and a jostling confusion of subpoenaed persons, briefless young barristers (forming a style on the mostesteemed and truculent examples) and casual eccentric spectators who preferred this pit of iniquity to the freesunlight outside. Every one was damply hot, the examining King's Counsel wiped the perspiration from his huge,clean−shaven upper lip; and into this atmosphere of grasping contention and human exhalations the daylightfiltered through a window that was manifestly dirty. The jury sat in a double pew to the left of the judge, lookingas uncomfortable as frogs that have fallen into an ash−pit, and in the witness−box lied the would−be omnivorousDass, under cross−examination.... +Holsten had always been accustomed to publish his results so soon as they appeared to him to be sufficientlyadvanced to furnish a basis for further work, and to that confiding disposition and one happy flash of adaptiveinvention the alert Dass owed his claim.... +But indeed a vast multitude of such sharp people were clutching, patenting, pre−empting, monopolising this orthat feature of the new development, seeking to subdue this gigantic winged power to the purposes of their littlelusts and avarice. That trial is just one of innumerable disputes of the same kind. For a time the face of the worldfestered with patent legislation. It chanced, however, to have one oddly dramatic feature in the fact that Holsten,after being kept waiting about the court for two days as a beggar might have waited at a rich man's door, afterbeing bullied by ushers and watched by policemen, was called as a witness, rather severely handled by counsel,and told not to 'quibble' by the judge when he was trying to be absolutely explicit. +The judge scratched his nose with a quill pen, and sneered at Holsten's astonishment round the corner of hismonstrous wig. Holsten was a great man, was he? Well, in a law−court great men were put in their places. +'We want to know has the plaintiff added anything to this or hasn't he?' said the judge, 'we don't want to have yourviews whether Sir Philip Dass's improvements were merely superficial adaptations or whether they were implicitin your paper. No doubt−−after the manner of inventors−−you think most things that were ever likely to bediscovered are implicit in your papers. No doubt also you think too that most subsequent additions and +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +16 + + +modifications are merely superficial. Inventors have a way of thinking that. The law isn't concerned with that sortof thing. The law has nothing to do with the vanity of inventors. The law is concerned with the question whetherthese patent rights have the novelty the plantiff claims for them. What that admission may or may not stop, and allthese other things you are saying in your overflowing zeal to answer more than the questions addressed toyou−−none of these things have anything whatever to do with the case in hand. It is a matter of constantastonishment to me in this court to see how you scientific men, with all your extraordinary claims to precision andveracity, wander and wander so soon as you get into the witness−box. I know no more unsatisfactory class ofwitness. The plain and simple question is, has Sir Philip Dass made any real addition to existing knowledge andmethods in this matter or has he not? We don't want to know whether they were large or small additions nor whatthe consequences of your admission may be. That you will leave to us.' +Holsten was silent. +'Surely?' said the judge, almost pityingly. +'No, he hasn't,' said Holsten, perceiving that for once in his life he must disregard infinitesimals. +'Ah!' said the judge, 'now why couldn't you say that when counsel put the question? . . .' +An entry in Holsten's diary−autobiography, dated five days later, runs: 'Still amazed. The law is the mostdangerous thing in this country. It is hundreds of years old. It hasn't an idea. The oldest of old bottles and this newwine, the most explosive wine. Something will overtake them.' +### Section 4 + +There was a certain truth in Holsten's assertion that the law was 'hundreds of years old.' It was, in relation tocurrent thought and widely accepted ideas, an archaic thing. While almost all the material and methods of life hadbeen changing rapidly and were now changing still more rapidly, the law−courts and the legislatures of the worldwere struggling desperately to meet modern demands with devices and procedures, conceptions of rights andproperty and authority and obligation that dated from the rude compromises of relatively barbaric times. Thehorse−hair wigs and antic dresses of the British judges, their musty courts and overbearing manners, were indeedonly the outward and visible intimations of profounder anachronisms. The legal and political organisation of theearth in the middle twentieth century was indeed everywhere like a complicated garment, outworn yet strong, thatnow fettered the governing body that once it had protected. +Yet that same spirit of free−thinking and outspoken publication that in the field of natural science had been thebeginning of the conquest of nature, was at work throughout all the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries preparingthe spirit of the new world within the degenerating body of the old. The idea of a greater subordination ofindividual interests and established institutions to the collective future, is traceable more and more clearly in theliterature of those times, and movement after movement fretted itself away in criticism of and opposition to firstthis aspect and then that of the legal, social, and political order. Already in the early nineteenth century Shelley,with no scrap of alternative, is denouncing the established rulers of the world as Anarchs, and the entire system ofideas and suggestions that was known as Socialism, and more particularly its international side, feeble as it was increative proposals or any method of transition, still witnesses to the growth of a conception of a modernisedsystem of inter−relationships that should supplant the existing tangle of proprietary legal ideas. +The word 'Sociology' was invented by Herbert Spencer, a popular writer upon philosophical subjects, whoflourished about the middle of the nineteenth century, but the idea of a state, planned as an electric−tractionsystem is planned, without reference to pre−existing apparatus, upon scientific lines, did not take a very stronghold upon the popular imagination of the world until the twentieth century. Then, the growing impatience of theAmerican people with the monstrous and socially paralysing party systems that had sprung out of their absurd +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +17 + + +electoral arrangements, led to the appearance of what came to be called the 'Modern State' movement, and agalaxy of brilliant writers, in America, Europe, and the East, stirred up the world to the thought of bolderrearrangements of social interaction, property, employment, education, and government, than had ever beencontemplated before. No doubt these Modern State ideas were very largely the reflection upon social and politicalthought of the vast revolution in material things that had been in progress for two hundred years, but for a longtime they seemed to be having no more influence upon existing institutions than the writings of Rousseau andVoltaire seemed to have had at the time of the death of the latter. They were fermenting in men's minds, and itneeded only just such social and political stresses as the coming of the atomic mechanisms brought about, tothrust them forward abruptly into crude and startling realisation. +### Section 5 + +Frederick Barnet's Wander Jahre is one of those autobiographical novels that were popular throughout the thirdand fourth decades of the twentieth century. It was published in 1970, and one must understand Wander Jahrerather in a spiritual and intellectual than in a literal sense. It is indeed an allusive title, carrying the world back tothe Wilhelm Meister of Goethe, a century and a half earlier. +Its author, Frederick Barnet, gives a minute and curious history of his life and ideas between his nineteenth andhis twenty−third birthdays. He was neither a very original nor a very brilliant man, but he had a trick ofcircumstantial writing; and though no authentic portrait was to survive for the information of posterity, he betraysby a score of casual phrases that he was short, sturdy, inclined to be plump, with a 'rather blobby' face, and full,rather projecting blue eyes. He belonged until the financial debacle of 1956 to the class of fairly prosperouspeople, he was a student in London, he aeroplaned to Italy and then had a pedestrian tour from Genoa to Rome,crossed in the air to Greece and Egypt, and came back over the Balkans and Germany. His family fortunes, whichwere largely invested in bank shares, coal mines, and house property, were destroyed. Reduced to penury, hesought to earn a living. He suffered great hardship, and was then caught up by the war and had a year ofsoldiering, first as an officer in the English infantry and then in the army of pacification. His book tells all thesethings so simply and at the same time so explicitly, that it remains, as it were, an eye by which future generationsmay have at least one man's vision of the years of the Great Change. +And he was, he tells us, a 'Modern State' man 'by instinct' from the beginning. He breathed in these ideas in theclass rooms and laboratories of the Carnegie Foundation school that rose, a long and delicately beautiful facade,along the South Bank of the Thames opposite the ancient dignity of Somerset House. Such thought wasinterwoven with the very fabric of that pioneer school in the educational renascence in England. After thecustomary exchange years in Heidelberg and Paris, he went into the classical school of London University. Theolder so−called 'classical' education of the British pedagogues, probably the most paralysing, ineffective, andfoolish routine that ever wasted human life, had already been swept out of this great institution in favour ofmodern methods; and he learnt Greek and Latin as well as he had learnt German, Spanish, and French, so that hewrote and spoke them freely, and used them with an unconscious ease in his study of the foundation civilisationsof the European system to which they were the key. (This change was still so recent that he mentions an encounterin Rome with an 'Oxford don' who 'spoke Latin with a Wiltshire accent and manifest discomfort, wrote Greekletters with his tongue out, and seemed to think a Greek sentence a charm when it was a quotation and animpropriety when it wasn't.') +Barnet saw the last days of the coal−steam engines upon the English railways and the gradual cleansing of theLondon atmosphere as the smoke−creating sea−coal fires gave place to electric heating. The building oflaboratories at Kensington was still in progress, and he took part in the students' riots that delayed the removal ofthe Albert Memorial. He carried a banner with 'We like Funny Statuary' on one side, and on the other 'Seats andCanopies for Statues, Why should our Great Departed Stand in the Rain?' He learnt the rather athletic aviation ofthose days at the University grounds at Sydenham, and he was fined for flying over the new prison for politicallibellers at Wormwood Scrubs, 'in a manner calculated to exhilarate the prisoners while at exercise.' That was the +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +18 + + +time of the attempted suppression of any criticism of the public judicature and the place was crowded withjournalists who had ventured to call attention to the dementia of Chief Justice Abrahams. Barnet was not a verygood aviator, he confesses he was always a little afraid of his machine−−there was excellent reason for every oneto be afraid of those clumsy early types−−and he never attempted steep descents or very high flying. He also, herecords, owned one of those oil−driven motor−bicycles whose clumsy complexity and extravagant filthiness stillastonish the visitors to the museum of machinery at South Kensington. He mentions running over a dog andcomplains of the ruinous price of 'spatchcocks' in Surrey. 'Spatchcocks,' it seems, was a slang term for crushedhens. +He passed the examinations necessary to reduce his military service to a minimum, and his want of any specialscientific or technical qualification and a certain precocious corpulence that handicapped his aviation indicatedthe infantry of the line as his sphere of training. That was the most generalised form of soldiering. Thedevelopment of the theory of war had been for some decades but little assisted by any practical experience. Whatfighting had occurred in recent years, had been fighting in minor or uncivilised states, with peasant or barbaricsoldiers and with but a small equipment of modern contrivances, and the great powers of the world were contentfor the most part to maintain armies that sustained in their broader organisation the traditions of the Europeanwars of thirty and forty years before. There was the infantry arm to which Barnet belonged and which wassupposed to fight on foot with a rifle and be the main portion of the army. There were cavalry forces (horsesoldiers), having a ratio to the infantry that had been determined by the experiences of the Franco−German war in# 1871. There was also artillery, and for some unexplained reason much of this was still drawn by horses; though +there were also in all the European armies a small number of motor−guns with wheels so constructed that theycould go over broken ground. In addition there were large developments of the engineering arm, concerned withmotor transport, motor−bicycle scouting, aviation, and the like. +No first−class intelligence had been sought to specialise in and work out the problem of warfare with the newappliances and under modern conditions, but a succession of able jurists, Lord Haldane, Chief Justice Briggs, andthat very able King's Counsel, Philbrick, had reconstructed the army frequently and thoroughly and placed it atlast, with the adoption of national service, upon a footing that would have seemed very imposing to the public of# 1900. At any moment the British Empire could now put a million and a quarter of arguable soldiers upon the +board of Welt−Politik. The traditions of Japan and the Central European armies were more princely and lessforensic; the Chinese still refused resolutely to become a military power, and maintained a small standing armyupon the American model that was said, so far as it went, to be highly efficient, and Russia, secured by a stringentadministration against internal criticism, had scarcely altered the design of a uniform or the organisation of abattery since the opening decades of the century. Barnet's opinion of his military training was manifestly a poorone, his Modern State ideas disposed him to regard it as a bore, and his common sense condemned it as useless.Moreover, his habit of body made him peculiarly sensitive to the fatigues and hardships of service. +'For three days in succession we turned out before dawn and−−for no earthly reason−−without breakfast,' herelates. 'I suppose that is to show us that when the Day comes the first thing will be to get us thoroughlyuncomfortable and rotten. We then proceeded to Kriegspiel, according to the mysterious ideas of those inauthority over us. On the last day we spent three hours under a hot if early sun getting over eight miles of countryto a point we could have reached in a motor omnibus in nine minutes and a half−−I did it the next day inthat−−and then we made a massed attack upon entrenchments that could have shot us all about three times over ifonly the umpires had let them. Then came a little bayonet exercise, but I doubt if I am sufficiently a barbarian tostick this long knife into anything living. Anyhow in this battle I shouldn't have had a chance. Assuming that bysome miracle I hadn't been shot three times over, I was far too hot and blown when I got up to the entrenchmentseven to lift my beastly rifle. It was those others would have begun the sticking.... +'For a time we were watched by two hostile aeroplanes; then our own came up and asked them not to, and−−thepractice of aerial warfare still being unknown−−they very politely desisted and went away and did dives andcircles of the most charming description over the Fox Hills.' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +19 + + +All Barnet's accounts of his military training were written in the same half−contemptuous, half−protesting tone.He was of opinion that his chances of participating in any real warfare were very slight, and that, if after all heshould participate, it was bound to be so entirely different from these peace manoeuvres that his only course as arational man would be to keep as observantly out of danger as he could until he had learnt the tricks andpossibilities of the new conditions. He states this quite frankly. Never was a man more free from sham heroics. +### Section 6 + +Barnet welcomed the appearance of the atomic engine with the zest of masculine youth in all fresh machinery,and it is evident that for some time he failed to connect the rush of wonderful new possibilities with the financialtroubles of his family. 'I knew my father was worried,' he admits. That cast the smallest of shadows upon hisdelighted departure for Italy and Greece and Egypt with three congenial companions in one of the new atomicmodels. They flew over the Channel Isles and Touraine, he mentions, and circled about Mont Blanc−−'These newhelicopters, we found,' he notes, 'had abolished all the danger and strain of sudden drops to which the old−timeaeroplanes were liable'−−and then he went on by way of Pisa, Paestum, Ghirgenti, and Athens, to visit thepyramids by moonlight, flying thither from Cairo, and to follow the Nile up to Khartum. Even by later standards,it must have been a very gleeful holiday for a young man, and it made the tragedy of his next experiences all thedarker. A week after his return his father, who was a widower, announced himself ruined, and committed suicideby means of an unscheduled opiate. +At one blow Barnet found himself flung out of the possessing, spending, enjoying class to which he belonged,penniless and with no calling by which he could earn a living. He tried teaching and some journalism, but in alittle while he found himself on the underside of a world in which he had always reckoned to live in the sunshine.For innumerable men such an experience has meant mental and spiritual destruction, but Barnet, in spite of hisbodily gravitation towards comfort, showed himself when put to the test, of the more valiant modern quality. Hewas saturated with the creative stoicism of the heroic times that were already dawning, and he took his difficultiesand discomforts stoutly as his appointed material, and turned them to expression. +Indeed, in his book, he thanks fortune for them. 'I might have lived and died,' he says, 'in that neat fool's paradiseof secure lavishness above there. I might never have realised the gathering wrath and sorrow of the ousted andexasperated masses. In the days of my own prosperity things had seemed to me to be very well arranged.' Nowfrom his new point of view he was to find they were not arranged at all; that government was a compromise ofaggressions and powers and lassitudes, and law a convention between interests, and that the poor and the weak,though they had many negligent masters, had few friends. +'I had thought things were looked after,' he wrote. 'It was with a kind of amazement that I tramped the roads andstarved−−and found that no one in particular cared.' +He was turned out of his lodging in a backward part of London. +'It was with difficulty I persuaded my landlady−−she was a needy widow, poor soul, and I was already in herdebt−−to keep an old box for me in which I had locked a few letters, keepsakes, and the like. She lived in greatfear of the Public Health and Morality Inspectors, because she was sometimes too poor to pay the customary tip tothem, but at last she consented to put it in a dark tiled place under the stairs, and then I went forth into theworld−−to seek first the luck of a meal and then shelter.' +He wandered down into the thronging gayer parts of London, in which a year or so ago he had been numberedamong the spenders. +London, under the Visible Smoke Law, by which any production of visible smoke with or without excuse waspunishable by a fine, had already ceased to be the sombre smoke−darkened city of the Victorian time; it had been, +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +20 + + +and indeed was, constantly being rebuilt, and its main streets were already beginning to take on thosecharacteristics that distinguished them throughout the latter half of the twentieth century. The insanitary horse andthe plebeian bicycle had been banished from the roadway, which was now of a resilient, glass−like surface,spotlessly clean; and the foot passenger was restricted to a narrow vestige of the ancient footpath on either side ofthe track and forbidden at the risk of a fine, if he survived, to cross the roadway. People descended from theirautomobiles upon this pavement and went through the lower shops to the lifts and stairs to the new ways forpedestrians, the Rows, that ran along the front of the houses at the level of the first story, and, being joined byfrequent bridges, gave the newer parts of London a curiously Venetian appearance. In some streets there wereupper and even third−story Rows. For most of the day and all night the shop windows were lit by electric light,and many establishments had made, as it were, canals of public footpaths through their premises in order toincrease their window space. +Barnet made his way along this night−scene rather apprehensively since the police had power to challenge anddemand the Labour Card of any indigent−looking person, and if the record failed to show he was in employment,dismiss him to the traffic pavement below. +But there was still enough of his former gentility about Barnet's appearance and bearing to protect him from this;the police, too, had other things to think of that night, and he was permitted to reach the galleries about LeicesterSquare−−that great focus of London life and pleasure. +He gives a vivid description of the scene that evening. In the centre was a garden raised on arches lit by festoonsof lights and connected with the Rows by eight graceful bridges, beneath which hummed the interlacing streamsof motor traffic, pulsating as the current alternated between east and west and north and south. Above rose greatfrontages of intricate rather than beautiful reinforced porcelain, studded with lights, barred by bold illuminatedadvertisements, and glowing with reflections. There were the two historical music halls of this place, theShakespeare Memorial Theatre, in which the municipal players revolved perpetually through the cycle ofShakespeare's plays, and four other great houses of refreshment and entertainment whose pinnacles streamed upinto the blue obscurity of the night. The south side of the square was in dark contrast to the others; it was stillbeing rebuilt, and a lattice of steel bars surmounted by the frozen gestures of monstrous cranes rose over theexcavated sites of vanished Victorian buildings. +This framework attracted Barnet's attention for a time to the exclusion of other interests. It was absolutely still, ithad a dead rigidity, a stricken inaction, no one was at work upon it and all its machinery was quiet; but theconstructor's globes of vacuum light filled its every interstice with a quivering green moonshine and showed alertbut motionless−−soldier sentinels! +He asked a passing stroller, and was told that the men had struck that day against the use of an atomic riveter thatwould have doubled the individual efficiency and halved the number of steel workers. +'Shouldn't wonder if they didn't get chucking bombs,' said Barnet's informant, hovered for a moment, and thenwent on his way to the Alhambra music hall. +Barnet became aware of an excitement in the newspaper kiosks at the corners of the square. Something verysensational had been flashed upon the transparencies. Forgetting for a moment his penniless condition, he madehis way over a bridge to buy a paper, for in those days the papers, which were printed upon thin sheets of metallicfoil, were sold at determinate points by specially licensed purveyors. Half over, he stopped short at a change inthe traffic below; and was astonished to see that the police signals were restricting vehicles to the half roadway.When presently he got within sight of the transparencies that had replaced the placards of Victorian times, he readof the Great March of the Unemployed that was already in progress through the West End, and so withoutexpenditure he was able to understand what was coming. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +21 + + +He watched, and his book describes this procession which the police had considered it unwise to prevent andwhich had been spontaneously organised in imitation of the Unemployed Processions of earlier times. He hadexpected a mob but there was a kind of sullen discipline about the procession when at last it arrived. What seemedfor a time an unending column of men marched wearily, marched with a kind of implacable futility, along theroadway underneath him. He was, he says, moved to join them, but instead he remained watching. They were adingy, shabby, ineffective−looking multitude, for the most part incapable of any but obsolete and supersededtypes of labour. They bore a few banners with the time−honoured inscription: 'Work, not Charity,' but otherwisetheir ranks were unadorned. +They were not singing, they were not even talking, there was nothing truculent nor aggressive in their bearing,they had no definite objective they were just marching and showing themselves in the more prosperous parts ofLondon. They were a sample of that great mass of unskilled cheap labour which the now still cheaper mechanicalpowers had superseded for evermore. They were being 'scrapped'−−as horses had been 'scrapped.' +Barnet leant over the parapet watching them, his mind quickened by his own precarious condition. For a time, hesays, he felt nothing but despair at the sight; what should be done, what could be done for this gathering surplus ofhumanity? They were so manifestly useless−−and incapable−−and pitiful. +What were they asking for? +They had been overtaken by unexpected things. Nobody had foreseen−−−− +It flashed suddenly into his mind just what the multitudinous shambling enigma below meant. It was an appealagainst the unexpected, an appeal to those others who, more fortunate, seemed wiser and more powerful, forsomething−−for INTELLIGENCE. This mute mass, weary footed, rank following rank, protested its persuasionthat some of these others must have foreseen these dislocations−−that anyhow they ought to have foreseen−−andarranged. +That was what this crowd of wreckage was feeling and seeking so dumbly to assert. +'Things came to me like the turning on of a light in a darkened room,' he says. 'These men were praying to theirfellow creatures as once they prayed to God! The last thing that men will realise about anything is that it isinanimate. They had transferred their animation to mankind. They still believed there was intelligencesomewhere, even if it was careless or malignant.... It had only to be aroused to be conscience−stricken, to bemoved to exertion.... And I saw, too, that as yet THERE WAS NO SUCH INTELLIGENCE. The world waits forintelligence. That intelligence has still to be made, that will for good and order has still to be gathered together,out of scraps of impulse and wandering seeds of benevolence and whatever is fine and creative in our souls, into acommon purpose. It's something still to come....' +It is characteristic of the widening thought of the time that this not very heroical young man who, in any previousage, might well have been altogether occupied with the problem of his own individual necessities, should be ableto stand there and generalise about the needs of the race. +But upon all the stresses and conflicts of that chaotic time there was already dawning the light of a new era. Thespirit of humanity was escaping, even then it was escaping, from its extreme imprisonment in individuals.Salvation from the bitter intensities of self, which had been a conscious religious end for thousands of years,which men had sought in mortifications, in the wilderness, in meditation, and by innumerable strange paths, wascoming at last with the effect of naturalness into the talk of men, into the books they read, into their unconsciousgestures, into their newspapers and daily purposes and everyday acts. The broad horizons, the magic possibilitiesthat the spirit of the seeker had revealed to them, were charming them out of those ancient and instinctivepreoccupations from which the very threat of hell and torment had failed to drive them. And this young man, +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +22 + + +homeless and without provision even for the immediate hours, in the presence of social disorganisation, distress,and perplexity, in a blazing wilderness of thoughtless pleasure that blotted out the stars, could think as he tells ushe thought. +'I saw life plain,' he wrote. 'I saw the gigantic task before us, and the very splendour of its intricate andimmeasurable difficulty filled me with exaltation. I saw that we have still to discover government, that we havestill to discover education, which is the necessary reciprocal of government, and that all this−−in which my ownlittle speck of a life was so manifestly overwhelmed−−this and its yesterday in Greece and Rome and Egypt werenothing, the mere first dust swirls of the beginning, the movements and dim murmurings of a sleeper who willpresently be awake....' +### Section 7 + +And then the story tells, with an engaging simplicity, of his descent from this ecstatic vision of reality. +'Presently I found myself again, and I was beginning to feel cold and a little hungry.' +He bethought himself of the John Burns Relief Offices which stood upon the Thames Embankment. He made hisway through the galleries of the booksellers and the National Gallery, which had been open continuously day andnight to all decently dressed people now for more than twelve years, and across the rose−gardens of TrafalgarSquare, and so by the hotel colonnade to the Embankment. He had long known of these admirable offices, whichhad swept the last beggars and matchsellers and all the casual indigent from the London streets, and he believedthat he would, as a matter of course, be able to procure a ticket for food and a night's lodgings and someindication of possible employment. +But he had not reckoned upon the new labour troubles, and when he got to the Embankment he found the officeshopelessly congested and besieged by a large and rather unruly crowd. He hovered for a time on the outskirts ofthe waiting multitude, perplexed and dismayed, and then he became aware of a movement, a purposive tricklingaway of people, up through the arches of the great buildings that had arisen when all the railway stations wereremoved to the south side of the river, and so to the covered ways of the Strand. And here, in the open glare ofmidnight, he found unemployed men begging, and not only begging, but begging with astonishing assurance,from the people who were emerging from the small theatres and other such places of entertainment whichabounded in that thoroughfare. +This was an altogether unexampled thing. There had been no begging in London streets for a quarter of a century.But that night the police were evidently unwilling or unable to cope with the destitute who were invading thosewell−kept quarters of the town. They had become stonily blind to anything but manifest disorder. +Barnet walked through the crowd, unable to bring himself to ask; indeed his bearing must have been more valiantthan his circumstances, for twice he says that he was begged from. Near the Trafalgar Square gardens, a girl withreddened cheeks and blackened eyebrows, who was walking alone, spoke to him with a peculiar friendliness. +'I'm starving,' he said to her abruptly. +'Oh! poor dear!' she said; and with the impulsive generosity of her kind, glanced round and slipped a silver pieceinto his hand.... +It was a gift that, in spite of the precedent of De Quincey, might under the repressive social legislation of thosetimes, have brought Barnet within reach of the prison lash. But he took it, he confesses, and thanked her as well ashe was able, and went off very gladly to get food. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +23 + + +### Section 8 + +A day or so later−−and again his freedom to go as he pleased upon the roads may be taken as a mark of increasingsocial disorganisation and police embarrassment−−he wandered out into the open country. He speaks of the roadsof that plutocratic age as being 'fenced with barbed wire against unpropertied people,' of the high−walled gardensand trespass warnings that kept him to the dusty narrowness of the public ways. In the air, happy rich people wereflying, heedless of the misfortunes about them, as he himself had been flying two years ago, and along the roadswept the new traffic, light and swift and wonderful. One was rarely out of earshot of its whistles and gongs andsiren cries even in the field paths or over the open downs. The officials of the labour exchanges were everywhereoverworked and infuriated, the casual wards were so crowded that the surplus wanderers slept in ranks undersheds or in the open air, and since giving to wayfarers had been made a punishable offence there was no longerfriendship or help for a man from the rare foot passenger or the wayside cottage.... +'I wasn't angry,' said Barnet. 'I saw an immense selfishness, a monstrous disregard for anything but pleasure andpossession in all those people above us, but I saw how inevitable that was, how certainly if the richest hadchanged places with the poorest, that things would have been the same. What else can happen when men usescience and every new thing that science gives, and all their available intelligence and energy to manufacturewealth and appliances, and leave government and education to the rustling traditions of hundreds of years ago?Those traditions come from the dark ages when there was really not enough for every one, when life was a fiercestruggle that might be masked but could not be escaped. Of course this famine grabbing, this fierce dispossessionof others, must follow from such a disharmony between material and training. Of course the rich were vulgar andthe poor grew savage and every added power that came to men made the rich richer and the poor less necessaryand less free. The men I met in the casual wards and the relief offices were all smouldering for revolt, talking ofjustice and injustice and revenge. I saw no hope in that talk, nor in anything but patience....' +But he did not mean a passive patience. He meant that the method of social reconstruction was still a riddle, thatno effectual rearrangement was possible until this riddle in all its tangled aspects was solved. 'I tried to talk tothose discontented men,' he wrote, 'but it was hard for them to see things as I saw them. When I talked of patienceand the larger scheme, they answered, "But then we shall all be dead"−−and I could not make them see, what is sosimple to my own mind, that that did not affect the question. Men who think in lifetimes are of no use tostatesmanship.' +He does not seem to have seen a newspaper during those wanderings, and a chance sight of the transparency of akiosk in the market−place at Bishop's Stortford announcing a 'Grave International Situation' did not excite himvery much. There had been so many grave international situations in recent years. +This time it was talk of the Central European powers suddenly attacking the Slav Confederacy, with France andEngland going to the help of the Slavs. +But the next night he found a tolerable meal awaiting the vagrants in the casual ward, and learnt from theworkhouse master that all serviceable trained men were to be sent back on the morrow to their mobilisationcentres. The country was on the eve of war. He was to go back through London to Surrey. His first feeling, herecords, was one of extreme relief that his days of 'hopeless battering at the underside of civilisation' were at anend. Here was something definite to do, something definitely provided for. But his relief was greatly modifiedwhen he found that the mobilisation arrangements had been made so hastily and carelessly that for nearlythirty−six hours at the improvised depot at Epsom he got nothing either to eat or to drink but a cup of cold water.The depot was absolutely unprovisioned, and no one was free to leave it. diff --git a/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_02_CHAPTER_THE_SECOND_THE_LAST_WAR.md b/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_02_CHAPTER_THE_SECOND_THE_LAST_WAR.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1d898ee --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_02_CHAPTER_THE_SECOND_THE_LAST_WAR.md @@ -0,0 +1,309 @@ +## CHAPTER THE SECOND. THE LAST WAR + +### Section I + +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +24 + + +Viewed from the standpoint of a sane and ambitious social order, it is difficult to understand, and it would betedious to follow, the motives that plunged mankind into the war that fills the histories of the middle decades ofthe twentieth century. +It must always be remembered that the political structure of the world at that time was everywhere extraordinarilybehind the collective intelligence. That is the central fact of that history. For two hundred years there had been nogreat changes in political or legal methods and pretensions, the utmost change had been a certain shifting ofboundaries and slight readjustment of procedure, while in nearly every other aspect of life there had beenfundamental revolutions, gigantic releases, and an enormous enlargement of scope and outlook. The absurdities ofcourts and the indignities of representative parliamentary government, coupled with the opening of vast fields ofopportunity in other directions, had withdrawn the best intelligences more and more from public affairs. Theostensible governments of the world in the twentieth century were following in the wake of the ostensiblereligions. They were ceasing to command the services of any but second−rate men. After the middle of theeighteenth century there are no more great ecclesiastics upon the world's memory, after the opening of thetwentieth no more statesmen. Everywhere one finds an energetic, ambitious, short−sighted, common−place typein the seats of authority, blind to the new possibilities and litigiously reliant upon the traditions of the past. +Perhaps the most dangerous of those outworn traditions were the boundaries of the various 'sovereign states,' andthe conception of a general predominance in human affairs on the part of some one particular state. The memoryof the empires of Rome and Alexander squatted, an unlaid carnivorous ghost, in the human imagination−−it boredinto the human brain like some grisly parasite and filled it with disordered thoughts and violent impulses. Formore than a century the French system exhausted its vitality in belligerent convulsions, and then the infectionpassed to the German−speaking peoples who were the heart and centre of Europe, and from them onward to theSlavs. Later ages were to store and neglect the vast insane literature of this obsession, the intricate treaties, thesecret agreements, the infinite knowingness of the political writer, the cunning refusals to accept plain facts, thestrategic devices, the tactical manoeuvres, the records of mobilisations and counter−mobilisations. It ceased to becredible almost as soon as it ceased to happen, but in the very dawn of the new age their state craftsmen sat withtheir historical candles burning, and, in spite of strange, new reflections and unfamiliar lights and shadows, stillwrangling and planning to rearrange the maps of Europe and the world. +It was to become a matter for subtle inquiry how far the millions of men and women outside the world of thesespecialists sympathised and agreed with their portentous activities. One school of psychologists inclined tominimise this participation, but the balance of evidence goes to show that there were massive responses to thesesuggestions of the belligerent schemer. Primitive man had been a fiercely combative animal; innumerablegenerations had passed their lives in tribal warfare, and the weight of tradition, the example of history, the idealsof loyalty and devotion fell in easily enough with the incitements of the international mischief−maker. Thepolitical ideas of the common man were picked up haphazard, there was practically nothing in such education ashe was given that was ever intended to fit him for citizenship as such (that conception only appeared, indeed, withthe development of Modern State ideas), and it was therefore a comparatively easy matter to fill his vacant mindwith the sounds and fury of exasperated suspicion and national aggression. +For example, Barnet describes the London crowd as noisily patriotic when presently his battalion came up fromthe depot to London, to entrain for the French frontier. He tells of children and women and lads and old mencheering and shouting, of the streets and rows hung with the flags of the Allied Powers, of a real enthusiasm evenamong the destitute and unemployed. The Labour Bureaux were now partially transformed into enrolment offices,and were centres of hotly patriotic excitement. At every convenient place upon the line on either side of theChannel Tunnel there were enthusiastic spectators, and the feeling in the regiment, if a little stiffened anddarkened by grim anticipations, was none the less warlike. +But all this emotion was the fickle emotion of minds without established ideas; it was with most of them, Barnetsays, as it was with himself, a natural response to collective movement, and to martial sounds and colours, and the +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +25 + + +exhilarating challenge of vague dangers. And people had been so long oppressed by the threat of and preparationfor war that its arrival came with an effect of positive relief. +### Section 2 + +The plan of campaign of the Allies assigned the defence of the lower Meuse to the English, and the troop−trainswere run direct from the various British depots to the points in the Ardennes where they were intended to entrenchthemselves. +Most of the documents bearing upon the campaign were destroyed during the war, from the first the scheme of theAllies seems to have been confused, but it is highly probable that the formation of an aerial park in this region,from which attacks could be made upon the vast industrial plant of the lower Rhine, and a flanking raid throughHolland upon the German naval establishments at the mouth of the Elbe, were integral parts of the originalproject. Nothing of this was known to such pawns in the game as Barnet and his company, whose business it wasto do what they were told by the mysterious intelligences at the direction of things in Paris, to which city theWhitehall staff had also been transferred. From first to last these directing intelligences remained mysterious tothe body of the army, veiled under the name of 'Orders.' There was no Napoleon, no Caesar to embodyenthusiasm. Barnet says, 'We talked of Them. THEY are sending us up into Luxembourg. THEY are going to turnthe Central European right.' +Behind the veil of this vagueness the little group of more or less worthy men which constituted Headquarters wasbeginning to realise the enormity of the thing it was supposed to control.... +In the great hall of the War Control, whose windows looked out across the Seine to the Trocadero and the palacesof the western quarter, a series of big−scale relief maps were laid out upon tables to display the whole seat of war,and the staff−officers of the control were continually busy shifting the little blocks which represented thecontending troops, as the reports and intelligence came drifting in to the various telegraphic bureaux in theadjacent rooms. In other smaller apartments there were maps of a less detailed sort, upon which, for example, thereports of the British Admiralty and of the Slav commanders were recorded as they kept coming to hand. Uponthese maps, as upon chessboards, Marshal Dubois, in consultation with General Viard and the Earl of Delhi, wasto play the great game for world supremacy against the Central European powers. Very probably he had a definiteidea of his game; very probably he had a coherent and admirable plan. +But he had reckoned without a proper estimate either of the new strategy of aviation or of the possibilities ofatomic energy that Holsten had opened for mankind. While he planned entrenchments and invasions and a frontierwar, the Central European generalship was striking at the eyes and the brain. And while, with a certain diffidenthesitation, he developed his gambit that night upon the lines laid down by Napoleon and Moltke, his ownscientific corps in a state of mutinous activity was preparing a blow for Berlin. 'These old fools!' was the key inwhich the scientific corps was thinking. +The War Control in Paris, on the night of July the second, was an impressive display of the paraphernalia ofscientific military organisation, as the first half of the twentieth century understood it. To one human being atleast the consulting commanders had the likeness of world−wielding gods. +She was a skilled typist, capable of nearly sixty words a minute, and she had been engaged in relay with othersimilar women to take down orders in duplicate and hand them over to the junior officers in attendance, to beforwarded and filed. There had come a lull, and she had been sent out from the dictating room to take the air uponthe terrace before the great hall and to eat such scanty refreshment as she had brought with her until her serviceswere required again. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +26 + + +From her position upon the terrace this young woman had a view not only of the wide sweep of the river belowher, and all the eastward side of Paris from the Arc de Triomphe to Saint Cloud, great blocks and masses of blackor pale darkness with pink and golden flashes of illumination and endless interlacing bands of dotted lights undera still and starless sky, but also the whole spacious interior of the great hall with its slender pillars and graciousarching and clustering lamps was visible to her. There, over a wilderness of tables, lay the huge maps, done on solarge a scale that one might fancy them small countries; the messengers and attendants went and cameperpetually, altering, moving the little pieces that signified hundreds and thousands of men, and the greatcommander and his two consultants stood amidst all these things and near where the fighting was nearest,scheming, directing. They had but to breathe a word and presently away there, in the world of reality, the punctualmyriads moved. Men rose up and went forward and died. The fate of nations lay behind the eyes of these threemen. Indeed they were like gods. +Most godlike of the three was Dubois. It was for him to decide; the others at most might suggest. Her woman'ssoul went out to this grave, handsome, still, old man, in a passion of instinctive worship. +Once she had taken words of instruction from him direct. She had awaited them in an ecstasy of happiness−−andfear. For her exaltation was made terrible by the dread that some error might dishonour her.... +She watched him now through the glass with all the unpenetrating minuteness of an impassioned woman'sobservation. +He said little, she remarked. He looked but little at the maps. The tall Englishman beside him was manifestlytroubled by a swarm of ideas, conflicting ideas; he craned his neck at every shifting of the little red, blue, black,and yellow pieces on the board, and wanted to draw the commander's attention to this and that. Dubois listened,nodded, emitted a word and became still again, brooding like the national eagle. +His eyes were so deeply sunken under his white eyebrows that she could not see his eyes; his moustache overhungthe mouth from which those words of decision came. Viard, too, said little; he was a dark man with a droopinghead and melancholy, watchful eyes. He was more intent upon the French right, which was feeling its way nowthrough Alsace to the Rhine. He was, she knew, an old colleague of Dubois; he knew him better, she decided, hetrusted him more than this unfamiliar Englishman.... +Not to talk, to remain impassive and as far as possible in profile; these were the lessons that old Dubois hadmastered years ago. To seem to know all, to betray no surprise, to refuse to hurry−−itself a confession ofmiscalculation; by attention to these simple rules, Dubois had built up a steady reputation from the days when hehad been a promising junior officer, a still, almost abstracted young man, deliberate but ready. Even then men hadlooked at him and said: 'He will go far.' Through fifty years of peace he had never once been found wanting, andat manoeuvres his impassive persistence had perplexed and hypnotised and defeated many a more activelyintelligent man. Deep in his soul Dubois had hidden his one profound discovery about the modern art of warfare,the key to his career. And this discovery was that NOBODY KNEW, that to act therefore was to blunder, that totalk was to confess; and that the man who acted slowly and steadfastly and above all silently, had the best chanceof winning through. Meanwhile one fed the men. Now by this same strategy he hoped to shatter those mysteriousunknowns of the Central European command. Delhi might talk of a great flank march through Holland, with allthe British submarines and hydroplanes and torpedo craft pouring up the Rhine in support of it; Viard might cravefor brilliance with the motor bicycles, aeroplanes, and ski−men among the Swiss mountains, and a sudden swoopupon Vienna; the thing was to listen−−and wait for the other side to begin experimenting. It was allexperimenting. And meanwhile he remained in profile, with an air of assurance−−like a man who sits in anautomobile after the chauffeur has had his directions. +And every one about him was the stronger and surer for that quiet face, that air of knowledge and unruffledconfidence. The clustering lights threw a score of shadows of him upon the maps, great bunches of him, versions +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +27 + + +of a commanding presence, lighter or darker, dominated the field, and pointed in every direction. Those shadowssymbolised his control. When a messenger came from the wireless room to shift this or that piece in the game, toreplace under amended reports one Central European regiment by a score, to draw back or thrust out or distributethis or that force of the Allies, the Marshal would turn his head and seem not to see, or look and nod slightly, as amaster nods who approves a pupil's self−correction. 'Yes, that's better.' +How wonderful he was, thought the woman at the window, how wonderful it all was. This was the brain of thewestern world, this was Olympus with the warring earth at its feet. And he was guiding France, France so long aresentful exile from imperialism, back to her old predominance. +It seemed to her beyond the desert of a woman that she should be privileged to participate.... +It is hard to be a woman, full of the stormy impulse to personal devotion, and to have to be impersonal, abstract,exact, punctual. She must control herself.... +She gave herself up to fantastic dreams, dreams of the days when the war would be over and victory enthroned.Then perhaps this harshness, this armour would be put aside and the gods might unbend. Her eyelids drooped.... +She roused herself with a start. She became aware that the night outside was no longer still. That there was anexcitement down below on the bridge and a running in the street and a flickering of searchlights among the cloudsfrom some high place away beyond the Trocadero. And then the excitement came surging up past her and invadedthe hall within. +One of the sentinels from the terrace stood at the upper end of the room, gesticulating and shouting something. +And all the world had changed. A kind of throbbing. She couldn't understand. It was as if all the water−pipes andconcealed machinery and cables of the ways beneath, were beating−−as pulses beat. And about her blewsomething like a wind−−a wind that was dismay. +Her eyes went to the face of the Marshal as a frightened child might look towards its mother. +He was still serene. He was frowning slightly, she thought, but that was natural enough, for the Earl of Delhi, withone hand gauntly gesticulating, had taken him by the arm and was all too manifestly disposed to drag him towardsthe great door that opened on the terrace. And Viard was hurrying towards the huge windows and doing so in thestrangest of attitudes, bent forward and with eyes upturned. +Something up there? +And then it was as if thunder broke overhead. +The sound struck her like a blow. She crouched together against the masonry and looked up. She saw three blackshapes swooping down through the torn clouds, and from a point a little below two of them, there had alreadystarted curling trails of red.... +Everything else in her being was paralysed, she hung through moments that seemed infinities, watching those redmissiles whirl down towards her. +She felt torn out of the world. There was nothing else in the world but a crimson−purple glare and sound,deafening, all−embracing, continuing sound. Every other light had gone out about her and against this glare hungslanting walls, pirouetting pillars, projecting fragments of cornices, and a disorderly flight of huge angular sheetsof glass. She had an impression of a great ball of crimson−purple fire like a maddened living thing that seemed to +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +28 + + +be whirling about very rapidly amidst a chaos of falling masonry, that seemed to be attacking the earth furiously,that seemed to be burrowing into it like a blazing rabbit . . . +She had all the sensations of waking up out of a dream. +She found she was lying face downward on a bank of mould and that a little rivulet of hot water was running overone foot. She tried to raise herself and found her leg was very painful. She was not clear whether it was night orday nor where she was; she made a second effort, wincing and groaning, and turned over and got into a sittingposition and looked about her. +Everything seemed very silent. She was, in fact, in the midst of a vast uproar, but she did not realise this becauseher hearing had been destroyed. +At first she could not join on what she saw to any previous experience. +She seemed to be in a strange world, a soundless, ruinous world, a world of heaped broken things. And it waslit−−and somehow this was more familiar to her mind than any other fact about her−−by a flickering,purplish−crimson light. Then close to her, rising above a confusion of debris, she recognised the Trocadero; it waschanged, something had gone from it, but its outline was unmistakable. It stood out against a streaming, whirlinguprush of red−lit steam. And with that she recalled Paris and the Seine and the warm, overcast evening and thebeautiful, luminous organisation of the War Control.... +She drew herself a little way up the slope of earth on which she lay, and examined her surroundings with anincreasing understanding.... +The earth on which she was lying projected like a cape into the river. Quite close to her was a brimming lake ofdammed−up water, from which these warm rivulets and torrents were trickling. Wisps of vapour came intocircling existence a foot or so from its mirror−surface. Near at hand and reflected exactly in the water was theupper part of a familiar−looking stone pillar. On the side of her away from the water the heaped ruins rose steeplyin a confused slope up to a glaring crest. Above and reflecting this glare towered pillowed masses of steam rollingswiftly upward to the zenith. It was from this crest that the livid glow that lit the world about her proceeded, andslowly her mind connected this mound with the vanished buildings of the War Control. +'Mais!' she whispered, and remained with staring eyes quite motionless for a time, crouching close to the warmearth. +Then presently this dim, broken human thing began to look about it again. She began to feel the need offellowship. She wanted to question, wanted to speak, wanted to relate her experience. And her foot hurt heratrociously. There ought to be an ambulance. A little gust of querulous criticisms blew across her mind. Thissurely was a disaster! Always after a disaster there should be ambulances and helpers moving about.... +She craned her head. There was something there. But everything was so still! +'Monsieur!' she cried. Her ears, she noted, felt queer, and she began to suspect that all was not well with them. +It was terribly lonely in this chaotic strangeness, and perhaps this man−−if it was a man, for it was difficult tosee−−might for all his stillness be merely insensible. He might have been stunned.... +The leaping glare beyond sent a ray into his corner and for a moment every little detail was distinct. It wasMarshal Dubois. He was lying against a huge slab of the war map. To it there stuck and from it there dangled littlewooden objects, the symbols of infantry and cavalry and guns, as they were disposed upon the frontier. He did not +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +29 + + +seem to be aware of this at his back, he had an effect of inattention, not indifferent attention, but as if he werethinking.... +She could not see the eyes beneath his shaggy brows, but it was evident he frowned. He frowned slightly, he hadan air of not wanting to be disturbed. His face still bore that expression of assured confidence, that conviction thatif things were left to him France might obey in security.... +She did not cry out to him again, but she crept a little nearer. A strange surmise made her eyes dilate. With apainful wrench she pulled herself up so that she could see completely over the intervening lumps of smashed−upmasonry. Her hand touched something wet, and after one convulsive movement she became rigid. +It was not a whole man there; it was a piece of a man, the head and shoulders of a man that trailed down into aragged darkness and a pool of shining black.... +And even as she stared the mound above her swayed and crumbled, and a rush of hot water came pouring overher. Then it seemed to her that she was dragged downward.... +### Section 3 + +When the rather brutish young aviator with the bullet head and the black hair close−cropped en brosse, who wasin charge of the French special scientific corps, heard presently of this disaster to the War Control, he was sowanting in imagination in any sphere but his own, that he laughed. Small matter to him that Paris was burning.His mother and father and sister lived at Caudebec; and the only sweetheart he had ever had, and it was poorlove−making then, was a girl in Rouen. He slapped his second−in−command on the shoulder. 'Now,' he said,'there's nothing on earth to stop us going to Berlin and giving them tit−for−tat.... Strategy and reasons ofstate−−they're over.... Come along, my boy, and we'll just show these old women what we can do when they let ushave our heads.' +He spent five minutes telephoning and then he went out into the courtyard of the chateau in which he had beeninstalled and shouted for his automobile. Things would have to move quickly because there was scarcely an hourand a half before dawn. He looked at the sky and noted with satisfaction a heavy bank of clouds athwart the pallideast. +He was a young man of infinite shrewdness, and his material and aeroplanes were scattered all over thecountry−side, stuck away in barns, covered with hay, hidden in woods. A hawk could not have discovered any ofthem without coming within reach of a gun. But that night he only wanted one of the machines, and it was handyand quite prepared under a tarpaulin between two ricks not a couple of miles away; he was going to Berlin withthat and just one other man. Two men would be enough for what he meant to do.... +He had in his hands the black complement to all those other gifts science was urging upon unregenerate mankind,the gift of destruction, and he was an adventurous rather than a sympathetic type.... +He was a dark young man with something negroid about his gleaming face. He smiled like one who is favouredand anticipates great pleasures. There was an exotic richness, a chuckling flavour, about the voice in which hegave his orders, and he pointed his remarks with the long finger of a hand that was hairy and exceptionally big. +'We'll give them tit−for−tat,' he said. 'We'll give them tit−for−tat. No time to lose, boys....' +And presently over the cloud−banks that lay above Westphalia and Saxony the swift aeroplane, with its atomicengine as noiseless as a dancing sunbeam and its phosphorescent gyroscopic compass, flew like an arrow to theheart of the Central European hosts. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +30 + + +It did not soar very high; it skimmed a few hundred feet above the banked darknesses of cumulus that hid theworld, ready to plunge at once into their wet obscurities should some hostile flier range into vision. The tenseyoung steersman divided his attention between the guiding stars above and the level, tumbled surfaces of thevapour strata that hid the world below. Over great spaces those banks lay as even as a frozen lava−flow andalmost as still, and then they were rent by ragged areas of translucency, pierced by clear chasms, so that dimpatches of the land below gleamed remotely through abysses. Once he saw quite distinctly the plan of a bigrailway station outlined in lamps and signals, and once the flames of a burning rick showing livid through aboiling drift of smoke on the side of some great hill. But if the world was masked it was alive with sounds. Upthrough that vapour floor came the deep roar of trains, the whistles of horns of motor−cars, a sound of rifle fireaway to the south, and as he drew near his destination the crowing of cocks.... +The sky above the indistinct horizons of this cloud sea was at first starry and then paler with a light that creptfrom north to east as the dawn came on. The Milky Way was invisible in the blue, and the lesser stars vanished.The face of the adventurer at the steering−wheel, darkly visible ever and again by the oval greenish glow of thecompass face, had something of that firm beauty which all concentrated purpose gives, and something of thehappiness of an idiot child that has at last got hold of the matches. His companion, a less imaginative type, satwith his legs spread wide over the long, coffin−shaped box which contained in its compartments the three atomicbombs, the new bombs that would continue to explode indefinitely and which no one so far had ever seen inaction. Hitherto Carolinum, their essential substance, had been tested only in almost infinitesimal quantitieswithin steel chambers embedded in lead. Beyond the thought of great destruction slumbering in the black spheresbetween his legs, and a keen resolve to follow out very exactly the instructions that had been given him, the man'smind was a blank. His aquiline profile against the starlight expressed nothing but a profound gloom. +The sky below grew clearer as the Central European capital was approached. +So far they had been singularly lucky and had been challenged by no aeroplanes at all. The frontier scouts theymust have passed in the night; probably these were mostly under the clouds; the world was wide and they had hadluck in not coming close to any soaring sentinel. Their machine was painted a pale gray, that lay almost invisiblyover the cloud levels below. But now the east was flushing with the near ascent of the sun, Berlin was but a scoreof miles ahead, and the luck of the Frenchmen held. By imperceptible degrees the clouds below dissolved.... +Away to the north−eastward, in a cloudless pool of gathering light and with all its nocturnal illuminations stillblazing, was Berlin. The left finger of the steersman verified roads and open spaces below upon the mica−coveredsquare of map that was fastened by his wheel. There in a series of lake−like expansions was the Havel away to theright; over by those forests must be Spandau; there the river split about the Potsdam island; and right ahead wasCharlottenburg cleft by a great thoroughfare that fell like an indicating beam of light straight to the imperialheadquarters. There, plain enough, was the Thiergarten; beyond rose the imperial palace, and to the right those tallbuildings, those clustering, beflagged, bemasted roofs, must be the offices in which the Central European staffwas housed. It was all coldly clear and colourless in the dawn. +He looked up suddenly as a humming sound grew out of nothing and became swiftly louder. Nearly overhead aGerman aeroplane was circling down from an immense height to challenge him. He made a gesture with his leftarm to the gloomy man behind and then gripped his little wheel with both hands, crouched over it, and twisted hisneck to look upward. He was attentive, tightly strung, but quite contemptuous of their ability to hurt him. NoGerman alive, he was assured, could outfly him, or indeed any one of the best Frenchmen. He imagined theymight strike at him as a hawk strikes, but they were men coming down out of the bitter cold up there, in a hungry,spiritless, morning mood; they came slanting down like a sword swung by a lazy man, and not so rapidly but thathe was able to slip away from under them and get between them and Berlin. They began challenging him inGerman with a megaphone when they were still perhaps a mile away. The words came to him, rolled up into amere blob of hoarse sound. Then, gathering alarm from his grim silence, they gave chase and swept down, ahundred yards above him perhaps, and a couple of hundred behind. They were beginning to understand what he +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +31 + + +was. He ceased to watch them and concentrated himself on the city ahead, and for a time the two aeroplanesraced.... +A bullet came tearing through the air by him, as though some one was tearing paper. A second followed.Something tapped the machine. +It was time to act. The broad avenues, the park, the palaces below rushed widening out nearer and nearer to them.'Ready!' said the steersman. +The gaunt face hardened to grimness, and with both hands the bomb−thrower lifted the big atomic bomb from thebox and steadied it against the side. It was a black sphere two feet in diameter. Between its handles was a littlecelluloid stud, and to this he bent his head until his lips touched it. Then he had to bite in order to let the air inupon the inducive. Sure of its accessibility, he craned his neck over the side of the aeroplane and judged his paceand distance. Then very quickly he bent forward, bit the stud, and hoisted the bomb over the side. +'Round,' he whispered inaudibly. +The bomb flashed blinding scarlet in mid−air, and fell, a descending column of blaze eddying spirally in the midstof a whirlwind. Both the aeroplanes were tossed like shuttlecocks, hurled high and sideways and the steersman,with gleaming eyes and set teeth, fought in great banking curves for a balance. The gaunt man clung tight withhand and knees; his nostrils dilated, his teeth biting his lips. He was firmly strapped.... +When he could look down again it was like looking down upon the crater of a small volcano. In the open gardenbefore the Imperial castle a shuddering star of evil splendour spurted and poured up smoke and flame towardsthem like an accusation. They were too high to distinguish people clearly, or mark the bomb's effect upon thebuilding until suddenly the facade tottered and crumbled before the flare as sugar dissolves in water. The manstared for a moment, showed all his long teeth, and then staggered into the cramped standing position his strapspermitted, hoisted out and bit another bomb, and sent it down after its fellow. +The explosion came this time more directly underneath the aeroplane and shot it upward edgeways. The bombbox tipped to the point of disgorgement, and the bomb−thrower was pitched forward upon the third bomb with hisface close to its celluloid stud. He clutched its handles, and with a sudden gust of determination that the thingshould not escape him, bit its stud. Before he could hurl it over, the monoplane was slipping sideways. Everythingwas falling sideways. Instinctively he gave himself up to gripping, his body holding the bomb in its place. +Then that bomb had exploded also, and steersman, thrower, and aeroplane were just flying rags and splinters ofmetal and drops of moisture in the air, and a third column of fire rushed eddying down upon the doomed buildingsbelow.... +### Section 4 + +Never before in the history of warfare had there been a continuing explosive; indeed, up to the middle of thetwentieth century the only explosives known were combustibles whose explosiveness was due entirely to theirinstantaneousness; and these atomic bombs which science burst upon the world that night were strange even to themen who used them. Those used by the Allies were lumps of pure Carolinum, painted on the outside withunoxidised cydonator inducive enclosed hermetically in a case of membranium. A little celluloid stud between thehandles by which the bomb was lifted was arranged so as to be easily torn off and admit air to the inducive, whichat once became active and set up radio−activity in the outer layer of the Carolinum sphere. This liberated freshinducive, and so in a few minutes the whole bomb was a blazing continual explosion. The Central Europeanbombs were the same, except that they were larger and had a more complicated arrangement for animating theinducive. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +32 + + +Always before in the development of warfare the shells and rockets fired had been but momentarily explosive,they had gone off in an instant once for all, and if there was nothing living or valuable within reach of theconcussion and the flying fragments then they were spent and over. But Carolinum, which belonged to the betagroup of Hyslop's so−called 'suspended degenerator' elements, once its degenerative process had been induced,continued a furious radiation of energy and nothing could arrest it. Of all Hyslop's artificial elements, Carolinumwas the most heavily stored with energy and the most dangerous to make and handle. To this day it remains themost potent degenerator known. What the earlier twentieth−century chemists called its half period was seventeendays; that is to say, it poured out half of the huge store of energy in its great molecules in the space of seventeendays, the next seventeen days' emission was a half of that first period's outpouring, and so on. As with allradio−active substances this Carolinum, though every seventeen days its power is halved, though constantly itdiminishes towards the imperceptible, is never entirely exhausted, and to this day the battle−fields and bombfields of that frantic time in human history are sprinkled with radiant matter, and so centres of inconvenient rays. +What happened when the celluloid stud was opened was that the inducive oxidised and became active. Then thesurface of the Carolinum began to degenerate. This degeneration passed only slowly into the substance of thebomb. A moment or so after its explosion began it was still mainly an inert sphere exploding superficially, a big,inanimate nucleus wrapped in flame and thunder. Those that were thrown from aeroplanes fell in this state, theyreached the ground still mainly solid, and, melting soil and rock in their progress, bored into the earth. There, asmore and more of the Carolinum became active, the bomb spread itself out into a monstrous cavern of fieryenergy at the base of what became very speedily a miniature active volcano. The Carolinum, unable to disperse,freely drove into and mixed up with a boiling confusion of molten soil and superheated steam, and so remainedspinning furiously and maintaining an eruption that lasted for years or months or weeks according to the size ofthe bomb employed and the chances of its dispersal. Once launched, the bomb was absolutely unapproachable anduncontrollable until its forces were nearly exhausted, and from the crater that burst open above it, puffs of heavyincandescent vapour and fragments of viciously punitive rock and mud, saturated with Carolinum, and each acentre of scorching and blistering energy, were flung high and far. +Such was the crowning triumph of military science, the ultimate explosive that was to give the 'decisive touch' towar.... +### Section 5 + +A recent historical writer has described the world of that time as one that 'believed in established words and wasinvincibly blind to the obvious in things.' Certainly it seems now that nothing could have been more obvious tothe people of the earlier twentieth century than the rapidity with which war was becoming impossible. And ascertainly they did not see it. They did not see it until the atomic bombs burst in their fumbling hands. Yet thebroad facts must have glared upon any intelligent mind. All through the nineteenth and twentieth centuries theamount of energy that men were able to command was continually increasing. Applied to warfare that meant thatthe power to inflict a blow, the power to destroy, was continually increasing. There was no increase whatever inthe ability to escape. Every sort of passive defence, armour, fortifications, and so forth, was being outmastered bythis tremendous increase on the destructive side. Destruction was becoming so facile that any little body ofmalcontents could use it; it was revolutionising the problems of police and internal rule. Before the last war beganit was a matter of common knowledge that a man could carry about in a handbag an amount of latent energysufficient to wreck half a city. These facts were before the minds of everybody; the children in the streets knewthem. And yet the world still, as the Americans used to phrase it, 'fooled around' with the paraphernalia andpretensions of war. +It is only by realising this profound, this fantastic divorce between the scientific and intellectual movement on theone hand, and the world of the lawyer−politician on the other, that the men of a later time can hope to understandthis preposterous state of affairs. Social organisation was still in the barbaric stage. There were already greatnumbers of actively intelligent men and much private and commercial civilisation, but the community, as a whole, +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +33 + + +was aimless, untrained and unorganised to the pitch of imbecility. Collective civilisation, the 'Modern State,' wasstill in the womb of the future.... +### Section 6 + +But let us return to Frederick Barnet's Wander Jahre and its account of the experiences of a common man duringthe war time. While these terrific disclosures of scientific possibility were happening in Paris and Berlin, Barnetand his company were industriously entrenching themselves in Belgian Luxembourg. +He tells of the mobilisation and of his summer day's journey through the north of France and the Ardennes in afew vivid phrases. The country was browned by a warm summer, the trees a little touched with autumnal colour,and the wheat already golden. When they stopped for an hour at Hirson, men and women with tricolour badgesupon the platform distributed cakes and glasses of beer to the thirsty soldiers, and there was much cheerfulness.'Such good, cool beer it was,' he wrote. 'I had had nothing to eat nor drink since Epsom.' +A number of monoplanes, 'like giant swallows,' he notes, were scouting in the pink evening sky. +Barnet's battalion was sent through the Sedan country to a place called Virton, and thence to a point in the woodson the line to Jemelle. Here they detrained, bivouacked uneasily by the railway−−trains and stores were passingalong it all night−−and next morning he: marched eastward through a cold, overcast dawn, and a morning, firstcloudy and then blazing, over a large spacious country−side interspersed by forest towards Arlon. +There the infantry were set to work upon a line of masked entrenchments and hidden rifle pits between St Hubertand Virton that were designed to check and delay any advance from the east upon the fortified line of the Meuse.They had their orders, and for two days they worked without either a sight of the enemy or any suspicion of thedisaster that had abruptly decapitated the armies of Europe, and turned the west of Paris and the centre of Berlininto blazing miniatures of the destruction of Pompeii. +And the news, when it did come, came attenuated. 'We heard there had been mischief with aeroplanes and bombsin Paris,' Barnet relates; 'but it didn't seem to follow that "They" weren't still somewhere elaborating their plansand issuing orders. When the enemy began to emerge from the woods in front of us, we cheered and blazed away,and didn't trouble much more about anything but the battle in hand. If now and then one cocked up an eye into thesky to see what was happening there, the rip of a bullet soon brought one down to the horizontal again.... +That battle went on for three days all over a great stretch of country between Louvain on the north and Longwy tothe south. It was essentially a rifle and infantry struggle. The aeroplanes do not seem to have taken any decisiveshare in the actual fighting for some days, though no doubt they effected the strategy from the first by preventingsurprise movements. They were aeroplanes with atomic engines, but they were not provided with atomic bombs,which were manifestly unsuitable for field use, nor indeed had they any very effective kind of bomb. And thoughthey manoeuvred against each other, and there was rifle shooting at them and between them, there was little actualaerial fighting. Either the airmen were indisposed to fight or the commanders on both sides preferred to reservethese machines for scouting.... +After a day or so of digging and scheming, Barnet found himself in the forefront of a battle. He had made hissection of rifle pits chiefly along a line of deep dry ditch that gave a means of inter−communication, he had hadthe earth scattered over the adjacent field, and he had masked his preparations with tussocks of corn and poppy.The hostile advance came blindly and unsuspiciously across the fields below and would have been very cruellyhandled indeed, if some one away to the right had not opened fire too soon. +'It was a queer thrill when these fellows came into sight,' he confesses; 'and not a bit like manoeuvres. They haltedfor a time on the edge of the wood and then came forward in an open line. They kept walking nearer to us and not +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +34 + + +looking at us, but away to the right of us. Even when they began to be hit, and their officers' whistles woke themup, they didn't seem to see us. One or two halted to fire, and then they all went back towards the wood again.They went slowly at first, looking round at us, then the shelter of the wood seemed to draw them, and they trotted.I fired rather mechanically and missed, then I fired again, and then I became earnest to hit something, made sureof my sighting, and aimed very carefully at a blue back that was dodging about in the corn. At first I couldn'tsatisfy myself and didn't shoot, his movements were so spasmodic and uncertain; then I think he came to a ditchor some such obstacle and halted for a moment. "GOT you," I whispered, and pulled the trigger. +'I had the strangest sensations about that man. In the first instance, when I felt that I had hit him I was irradiatedwith joy and pride.... +'I sent him spinning. He jumped and threw up his arms.... +'Then I saw the corn tops waving and had glimpses of him flapping about. Suddenly I felt sick. I hadn't killedhim.... +'In some way he was disabled and smashed up and yet able to struggle about. I began to think.... +'For nearly two hours that Prussian was agonising in the corn. Either he was calling out or some one was shoutingto him.... +'Then he jumped up−−he seemed to try to get up upon his feet with one last effort; and then he fell like a sack andlay quite still and never moved again. +'He had been unendurable, and I believe some one had shot him dead. I had been wanting to do so for sometime....' +The enemy began sniping the rifle pits from shelters they made for themselves in the woods below. A man was hitin the pit next to Barnet, and began cursing and crying out in a violent rage. Barnet crawled along the ditch to himand found him in great pain, covered with blood, frantic with indignation, and with the half of his right handsmashed to a pulp. 'Look at this,' he kept repeating, hugging it and then extending it. 'Damned foolery! Damnedfoolery! My right hand, sir! My right hand!' +For some time Barnet could do nothing with him. The man was consumed by his tortured realisation of the evilsilliness of war, the realisation which had come upon him in a flash with the bullet that had destroyed his skill anduse as an artificer for ever. He was looking at the vestiges with a horror that made him impenetrable to any otheridea. At last the poor wretch let Barnet tie up his bleeding stump and help him along the ditch that conducted himdeviously out of range.... +When Barnet returned his men were already calling out for water, and all day long the line of pits suffered greatlyfrom thirst. For food they had chocolate and bread. +'At first,' he says, 'I was extraordinarily excited by my baptism of fire. Then as the heat of the day came on Iexperienced an enormous tedium and discomfort. The flies became extremely troublesome, and my little grave ofa rifle pit was invaded by ants. I could not get up or move about, for some one in the trees had got a mark on me. Ikept thinking of the dead Prussian down among the corn, and of the bitter outcries of my own man. Damnedfoolery! It WAS damned foolery. But who was to blame? How had we got to this? . . . +'Early in the afternoon an aeroplane tried to dislodge us with dynamite bombs, but she was hit by bullets once ortwice, and suddenly dived down over beyond the trees. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +35 + + +' "From Holland to the Alps this day," I thought, "there must be crouching and lying between half and a million ofmen, trying to inflict irreparable damage upon one another. The thing is idiotic to the pitch of impossibility. It is adream. Presently I shall wake up." . . . +'Then the phrase changed itself in my mind. "Presently mankind will wake up." +'I lay speculating just how many thousands of men there were among these hundreds of thousands, whose spiritswere in rebellion against all these ancient traditions of flag and empire. Weren't we, perhaps, already in the throesof the last crisis, in that darkest moment of a nightmare's horror before the sleeper will endure no more of it−−andwakes? +'I don't know how my speculations ended. I think they were not so much ended as distracted by the distantthudding of the guns that were opening fire at long range upon Namur.' +### Section 7 + +But as yet Barnet had seen no more than the mildest beginnings of modern warfare. So far he had taken part onlyin a little shooting. The bayonet attack by which the advanced line was broken was made at a place called CroixRouge, more than twenty miles away, and that night under cover of the darkness the rifle pits were abandoned andhe got his company away without further loss. +His regiment fell back unpressed behind the fortified lines between Namur and Sedan, entrained at a station calledMettet, and was sent northward by Antwerp and Rotterdam to Haarlem. Hence they marched into North Holland.It was only after the march into Holland that he began to realise the monstrous and catastrophic nature of thestruggle in which he was playing his undistinguished part. +He describes very pleasantly the journey through the hills and open land of Brabant, the repeated crossing of armsof the Rhine, and the change from the undulating scenery of Belgium to the flat, rich meadows, the sunlit dykeroads, and the countless windmills of the Dutch levels. In those days there was unbroken land from Alkmaar andLeiden to the Dollart. Three great provinces, South Holland, North Holland, and Zuiderzeeland, reclaimed atvarious times between the early tenth century and 1945 and all many feet below the level of the waves outside thedykes, spread out their lush polders to the northern sun and sustained a dense industrious population. An intricateweb of laws and custom and tradition ensured a perpetual vigilance and a perpetual defence against thebeleaguering sea. For more than two hundred and fifty miles from Walcheren to Friesland stretched a line ofembankments and pumping stations that was the admiration of the world. +If some curious god had chosen to watch the course of events in those northern provinces while that flankingmarch of the British was in progress, he would have found a convenient and appropriate seat for his observationupon one of the great cumulus clouds that were drifting slowly across the blue sky during all these eventful daysbefore the great catastrophe. For that was the quality of the weather, hot and clear, with something of a breeze,and underfoot dry and a little inclined to be dusty. This watching god would have looked down upon broadstretches of sunlit green, sunlit save for the creeping patches of shadow cast by the clouds, upon sky−reflectingmeres, fringed and divided up by masses of willow and large areas of silvery weeds, upon white roads lying bareto the sun and upon a tracery of blue canals. The pastures were alive with cattle, the roads had a busy traffic, ofbeasts and bicycles and gaily coloured peasants' automobiles, the hues of the innumerable motor barges in thecanal vied with the eventfulness of the roadways; and everywhere in solitary steadings, amidst ricks and barns, ingroups by the wayside, in straggling villages, each with its fine old church, or in compact towns laced with canalsand abounding in bridges and clipped trees, were human habitations. +The people of this country−side were not belligerents. The interests and sympathies alike of Holland had been sodivided that to the end she remained undecided and passive in the struggle of the world powers. And everywhere +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +36 + + +along the roads taken by the marching armies clustered groups and crowds of impartially observant spectators,women and children in peculiar white caps and old−fashioned sabots, and elderly, clean−shaven men quietlythoughtful over their long pipes. They had no fear of their invaders; the days when 'soldiering' meant bands oflicentious looters had long since passed away.... +That watcher among the clouds would have seen a great distribution of khaki−uniformed men and khaki−paintedmaterial over the whole of the sunken area of Holland. He would have marked the long trains, packed with men orpiled with great guns and war material, creeping slowly, alert for train−wreckers, along the north−going lines; hewould have seen the Scheldt and Rhine choked with shipping, and pouring out still more men and still morematerial; he would have noticed halts and provisionings and detrainments, and the long, bustling caterpillars ofcavalry and infantry, the maggot−like wagons, the huge beetles of great guns, crawling under the poplars alongthe dykes and roads northward, along ways lined by the neutral, unmolested, ambiguously observant Dutch. Allthe barges and shipping upon the canals had been requisitioned for transport. In that clear, bright, warm weather,it would all have looked from above like some extravagant festival of animated toys. +As the sun sank westward the spectacle must have become a little indistinct because of a golden haze; everythingmust have become warmer and more glowing, and because of the lengthening of the shadows more manifestly inrelief. The shadows of the tall churches grew longer and longer, until they touched the horizon and mingled in theuniversal shadow; and then, slow, and soft, and wrapping the world in fold after fold of deepening blue, came thenight−−the night at first obscurely simple, and then with faint points here and there, and then jewelled in darklingsplendour with a hundred thousand lights. Out of that mingling of darkness and ambiguous glares the noise of anunceasing activity would have arisen, the louder and plainer now because there was no longer any distraction ofsight. +It may be that watcher drifting in the pellucid gulf beneath the stars watched all through the night; it may be thathe dozed. But if he gave way to so natural a proclivity, assuredly on the fourth night of the great flank march hewas aroused, for that was the night of the battle in the air that decided the fate of Holland. The aeroplanes werefighting at last, and suddenly about him, above and below, with cries and uproar rushing out of the four quartersof heaven, striking, plunging, oversetting, soaring to the zenith and dropping to the ground, they came to assail ordefend the myriads below. +Secretly the Central European power had gathered his flying machines together, and now he threw them as a giantmight fling a handful of ten thousand knives over the low country. And amidst that swarming flight were five thatdrove headlong for the sea walls of Holland, carrying atomic bombs. From north and west and south, the alliedaeroplanes rose in response and swept down upon this sudden attack. So it was that war in the air began. Menrode upon the whirlwind that night and slew and fell like archangels. The sky rained heroes upon the astonishedearth. Surely the last fights of mankind were the best. What was the heavy pounding of your Homeric swordsmen,what was the creaking charge of chariots, beside this swift rush, this crash, this giddy triumph, this headlongswoop to death? +And then athwart this whirling rush of aerial duels that swooped and locked and dropped in the void between thelamp−lights and the stars, came a great wind and a crash louder than thunder, and first one and then a score oflengthening fiery serpents plunged hungrily down upon the Dutchmen's dykes and struck between land and seaand flared up again in enormous columns of glare and crimsoned smoke and steam. +And out of the darkness leapt the little land, with its spires and trees, aghast with terror, still and distinct, and thesea, tumbled with anger, red−foaming like a sea of blood.... +Over the populous country below went a strange multitudinous crying and a flurry of alarm bells... . +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +37 + + +The surviving aeroplanes turned about and fled out of the sky, like things that suddenly know themselves to bewicked.... +Through a dozen thunderously flaming gaps that no water might quench, the waves came roaring in upon theland.... +### Section 8 + +'We had cursed our luck,' says Barnet, 'that we could not get to our quarters at Alkmaar that night. There, we weretold, were provisions, tobacco, and everything for which we craved. But the main canal from Zaandam andAmsterdam was hopelessly jammed with craft, and we were glad of a chance opening that enabled us to get out ofthe main column and lie up in a kind of little harbour very much neglected and weedgrown before a desertedhouse. We broke into this and found some herrings in a barrel, a heap of cheeses, and stone bottles of gin in thecellar; and with this I cheered my starving men. We made fires and toasted the cheese and grilled our herrings.None of us had slept for nearly forty hours, and I determined to stay in this refuge until dawn and then if thetraffic was still choked leave the barge and march the rest of the way into Alkmaar. +'This place we had got into was perhaps a hundred yards from the canal and underneath a little brick bridge wecould see the flotilla still, and hear the voices of the soldiers. Presently five or six other barges came through andlay up in the meer near by us, and with two of these, full of men of the Antrim regiment, I shared my find ofprovisions. In return we got tobacco. A large expanse of water spread to the westward of us and beyond were acluster of roofs and one or two church towers. The barge was rather cramped for so many men, and I let severalsquads, thirty or forty perhaps altogether, bivouac on the bank. I did not let them go into the house on account ofthe furniture, and I left a note of indebtedness for the food we had taken. We were particularly glad of our tobaccoand fires, because of the numerous mosquitoes that rose about us. +'The gate of the house from which we had provisioned ourselves was adorned with the legend, Vreugde bij Vrede,"Joy with Peace," and it bore every mark of the busy retirement of a comfort−loving proprietor. I went along hisgarden, which was gay and delightful with big bushes of rose and sweet brier, to a quaint little summer−house,and there I sat and watched the men in groups cooking and squatting along the bank. The sun was setting in anearly cloudless sky. +'For the last two weeks I had been a wholly occupied man, intent only upon obeying the orders that came down tome. All through this time I had been working to the very limit of my mental and physical faculties, and my onlymoments of rest had been devoted to snatches of sleep. Now came this rare, unexpected interlude, and I couldlook detachedly upon what I was doing and feel something of its infinite wonderfulness. I was irradiated withaffection for the men of my company and with admiration at their cheerful acquiescence in the subordination andneeds of our positions. I watched their proceedings and heard their pleasant voices. How willing those men were!How ready to accept leadership and forget themselves in collective ends! I thought how manfully they had gonethrough all the strains and toil of the last two weeks, how they had toughened and shaken down to comradeshiptogether, and how much sweetness there is after all in our foolish human blood. For they were just one casualsample of the species−−their patience and readiness lay, as the energy of the atom had lain, still waiting to beproperly utilised. Again it came to me with overpowering force that the supreme need of our race is leading, thatthe supreme task is to discover leading, to forget oneself in realising the collective purpose of the race. Once moreI saw life plain....' +Very characteristic is that of the 'rather too corpulent' young officer, who was afterwards to set it all down in theWander Jahre. Very characteristic, too, it is of the change in men's hearts that was even then preparing a newphase of human history. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +38 + + +He goes on to write of the escape from individuality in science and service, and of his discovery of this 'salvation.'All that was then, no doubt, very moving and original; now it seems only the most obvious commonplace ofhuman life. +The glow of the sunset faded, the twilight deepened into night. The fires burnt the brighter, and some Irishmenaway across the meer started singing. But Barnet's men were too weary for that sort of thing, and soon the bankand the barge were heaped with sleeping forms. +'I alone seemed unable to sleep. I suppose I was over−weary, and after a little feverish slumber by the tiller of thebarge I sat up, awake and uneasy.... +'That night Holland seemed all sky. There was just a little black lower rim to things, a steeple, perhaps, or a line ofpoplars, and then the great hemisphere swept over us. As at first the sky was empty. Yet my uneasiness referreditself in some vague way to the sky. +'And now I was melancholy. I found something strangely sorrowful and submissive in the sleepers all about me,those men who had marched so far, who had left all the established texture of their lives behind them to comeupon this mad campaign, this campaign that signified nothing and consumed everything, this mere fever offighting. I saw how little and feeble is the life of man, a thing of chances, preposterously unable to find the will torealise even the most timid of its dreams. And I wondered if always it would be so, if man was a doomed animalwho would never to the last days of his time take hold of fate and change it to his will. Always, it may be, he willremain kindly but jealous, desirous but discursive, able and unwisely impulsive, until Saturn who begot him shalldevour him in his turn.... +'I was roused from these thoughts by the sudden realisation of the presence of a squadron of aeroplanes far awayto the north−east and very high. They looked like little black dashes against the midnight blue. I remember that Ilooked up at them at first rather idly−−as one might notice a flight of birds. Then I perceived that they were onlythe extreme wing of a great fleet that was advancing in a long line very swiftly from the direction of the frontierand my attention tightened. +'Directly I saw that fleet I was astonished not to have seen it before. +'I stood up softly, undesirous of disturbing my companions, but with my heart beating now rather more rapidlywith surprise and excitement. I strained my ears for any sound of guns along our front. Almost instinctively Iturned about for protection to the south and west, and peered; and then I saw coming as fast and much nearer tome, as if they had sprung out of the darkness, three banks of aeroplanes; a group of squadrons very high, a mainbody at a height perhaps of one or two thousand feet, and a doubtful number flying low and very indistinct. Themiddle ones were so thick they kept putting out groups of stars. And I realised that after all there was to befighting in the air. +'There was something extraordinarily strange in this swift, noiseless convergence of nearly invisible combatantsabove the sleeping hosts. Every one about me was still unconscious; there was no sign as yet of any agitationamong the shipping on the main canal, whose whole course, dotted with unsuspicious lights and fringed withfires, must have been clearly perceptible from above. Then a long way off towards Alkmaar I heard bugles, andafter that shots, and then a wild clamour of bells. I determined to let my men sleep on for as long as they could.... +'The battle was joined with the swiftness of dreaming. I do not think it can have been five minutes from themoment when I first became aware of the Central European air fleet to the contact of the two forces. I saw it quiteplainly in silhouette against the luminous blue of the northern sky. The allied aeroplanes−−they were mostlyFrench−−came pouring down like a fierce shower upon the middle of the Central European fleet. They lookedexactly like a coarser sort of rain. There was a crackling sound−−the first sound I heard−−it reminded one of the +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +39 + + +Aurora Borealis, and I supposed it was an interchange of rifle shots. There were flashes like summer lightning;and then all the sky became a whirling confusion of battle that was still largely noiseless. Some of the CentralEuropean aeroplanes were certainly charged and overset; others seemed to collapse and fall and then flare outwith so bright a light that it took the edge off one's vision and made the rest of the battle disappear as though ithad been snatched back out of sight. +'And then, while I still peered and tried to shade these flames from my eyes with my hand, and while the menabout me were beginning to stir, the atomic bombs were thrown at the dykes. They made a mighty thunder in theair, and fell like Lucifer in the picture, leaving a flaring trail in the sky. The night, which had been pellucid anddetailed and eventful, seemed to vanish, to be replaced abruptly by a black background to these tremendous pillarsof fire.... +'Hard upon the sound of them came a roaring wind, and the sky was filled with flickering lightnings and rushingclouds.... +'There was something discontinuous in this impact. At one moment I was a lonely watcher in a sleeping world;the next saw every one about me afoot, the whole world awake and amazed.... +'And then the wind had struck me a buffet, taken my helmet and swept aside the summerhouse of Vreugde bijVrede, as a scythe sweeps away grass. I saw the bombs fall, and then watched a great crimson flare leapresponsive to each impact, and mountainous masses of red−lit steam and flying fragments clamber up towards thezenith. Against the glare I saw the country−side for miles standing black and clear, churches, trees, chimneys.And suddenly I understood. The Central Europeans had burst the dykes. Those flares meant the bursting of thedykes, and in a little while the sea−water would be upon us....' +He goes on to tell with a certain prolixity of the steps he took−−and all things considered they were veryintelligent steps−−to meet this amazing crisis. He got his men aboard and hailed the adjacent barges; he got theman who acted as barge engineer at his post and the engines working, he cast loose from his moorings. Then hebethought himself of food, and contrived to land five men, get in a few dozen cheeses, and ship his men againbefore the inundation reached them. +He is reasonably proud of this piece of coolness. His idea was to take the wave head−on and with his engines fullspeed ahead. And all the while he was thanking heaven he was not in the jam of traffic in the main canal. Herather, I think, overestimated the probable rush of waters; he dreaded being swept away, he explains, and smashedagainst houses and trees. +He does not give any estimate of the time it took between the bursting of the dykes and the arrival of the waters,but it was probably an interval of about twenty minutes or half an hour. He was working now in darkness−−savefor the light of his lantern−−and in a great wind. He hung out head and stern lights.... +Whirling torrents of steam were pouring up from the advancing waters, which had rushed, it must be remembered,through nearly incandescent gaps in the sea defences, and this vast uprush of vapour soon veiled the flaringcentres of explosion altogether. +'The waters came at last, an advancing cascade. It was like a broad roller sweeping across the country. They camewith a deep, roaring sound. I had expected a Niagara, but the total fall of the front could not have been much morethan twelve feet. Our barge hesitated for a moment, took a dose over her bows, and then lifted. I signalled for fullspeed ahead and brought her head upstream, and held on like grim death to keep her there. +'There was a wind about as strong as the flood, and I found we were pounding against every conceivable buoyantobject that had been between us and the sea. The only light in the world now came from our lamps, the steam +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +40 + + +became impenetrable at a score of yards from the boat, and the roar of the wind and water cut us off from allremoter sounds. The black, shining waters swirled by, coming into the light of our lamps out of an ebonyblackness and vanishing again into impenetrable black. And on the waters came shapes, came things that flashedupon us for a moment, now a half−submerged boat, now a cow, now a huge fragment of a house's timberings,now a muddle of packing−cases and scaffolding. The things clapped into sight like something shown by theopening of a shutter, and then bumped shatteringly against us or rushed by us. Once I saw very clearly a man'swhite face.... +'All the while a group of labouring, half−submerged trees remained ahead of us, drawing very slowly nearer. Isteered a course to avoid them. They seemed to gesticulate a frantic despair against the black steam cloudsbehind. Once a great branch detached itself and tore shuddering by me. We did, on the whole, make headway.The last I saw of Vreugde bij Vrede before the night swallowed it, was almost dead astern of us....' +### Section 9 + +Morning found Barnet still afloat. The bows of his barge had been badly strained, and his men were pumping orbaling in relays. He had got about a dozen half−drowned people aboard whose boat had capsized near him, and hehad three other boats in tow. He was afloat, and somewhere between Amsterdam and Alkmaar, but he could nottell where. It was a day that was still half night. Gray waters stretched in every direction under a dark gray sky,and out of the waves rose the upper parts of houses, in many cases ruined, the tops of trees, windmills, in fact theupper third of all the familiar Dutch scenery; and on it there drifted a dimly seen flotilla of barges, small boats,many overturned, furniture, rafts, timbering, and miscellaneous objects. +The drowned were under water that morning. Only here and there did a dead cow or a stiff figure still clingingstoutly to a box or chair or such−like buoy hint at the hidden massacre. It was not till the Thursday that the deadcame to the surface in any quantity. The view was bounded on every side by a gray mist that closed overhead in agray canopy. The air cleared in the afternoon, and then, far away to the west under great banks of steam and dust,the flaming red eruption of the atomic bombs came visible across the waste of water. +They showed flat and sullen through the mist, like London sunsets. 'They sat upon the sea,' says Barnet, 'likefrayed−out waterlilies of flame.' +Barnet seems to have spent the morning in rescue work along the track of the canal, in helping people who wereadrift, in picking up derelict boats, and in taking people out of imperilled houses. He found other military bargessimilarly employed, and it was only as the day wore on and the immediate appeals for aid were satisfied that hethought of food and drink for his men, and what course he had better pursue. They had a little cheese, but nowater. 'Orders,' that mysterious direction, had at last altogether disappeared. He perceived he had now to act uponhis own responsibility. +'One's sense was of a destruction so far−reaching and of a world so altered that it seemed foolish to go in anydirection and expect to find things as they had been before the war began. I sat on the quarter−deck with Myliusmy engineer and Kemp and two others of the non−commissioned officers, and we consulted upon our line ofaction. We were foodless and aimless. We agreed that our fighting value was extremely small, and that our firstduty was to get ourselves in touch with food and instructions again. Whatever plan of campaign had directed ourmovements was manifestly smashed to bits. Mylius was of opinion that we could take a line westward and getback to England across the North Sea. He calculated that with such a motor barge as ours it would be possible toreach the Yorkshire coast within four−and−twenty hours. But this idea I overruled because of the shortness of ourprovisions, and more particularly because of our urgent need of water. +'Every boat we drew near now hailed us for water, and their demands did much to exasperate our thirst. I decidedthat if we went away to the south we should reach hilly country, or at least country that was not submerged, and +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +41 + + +then we should be able to land, find some stream, drink, and get supplies and news. Many of the barges adrift inthe haze about us were filled with British soldiers and had floated up from the Nord See Canal, but none of themwere any better informed than ourselves of the course of events. "Orders" had, in fact, vanished out of the sky. +' "Orders" made a temporary reappearance late that evening in the form of a megaphone hail from a Britishtorpedo boat, announcing a truce, and giving the welcome information that food and water were being hurrieddown the Rhine and were to be found on the barge flotilla lying over the old Rhine above Leiden.' . . . +We will not follow Barnet, however, in the description of his strange overland voyage among trees and housesand churches by Zaandam and between Haarlem and Amsterdam, to Leiden. It was a voyage in a red−lit mist, in aworld of steamy silhouette, full of strange voices and perplexity, and with every other sensation dominated by afeverish thirst. 'We sat,' he says, 'in a little huddled group, saying very little, and the men forward were mere knotsof silent endurance. Our only continuing sound was the persistent mewing of a cat one of the men had rescuedfrom a floating hayrick near Zaandam. We kept a southward course by a watch−chain compass Mylius hadproduced.... +'I do not think any of us felt we belonged to a defeated army, nor had we any strong sense of the war as thedominating fact about us. Our mental setting had far more of the effect of a huge natural catastrophe. The atomicbombs had dwarfed the international issues to complete insignificance. When our minds wandered from thepreoccupations of our immediate needs, we speculated upon the possibility of stopping the use of these frightfulexplosives before the world was utterly destroyed. For to us it seemed quite plain that these bombs and the stillgreater power of destruction of which they were the precursors might quite easily shatter every relationship andinstitution of mankind. +' "What will they be doing," asked Mylius, "what will they be doing? It's plain we've got to put an end to war. It'splain things have to be run some way. THIS−−all this−−is impossible." +'I made no immediate answer. Something−−I cannot think what−−had brought back to me the figure of that man Ihad seen wounded on the very first day of actual fighting. I saw again his angry, tearful eyes, and that poor,dripping, bloody mess that had been a skilful human hand five minutes before, thrust out in indignant protest."Damned foolery," he had stormed and sobbed, "damned foolery. My right hand, sir! My RIGHT hand. . . ." +'My faith had for a time gone altogether out of me. "I think we are too−−too silly," I said to Mylius, "ever to stopwar. If we'd had the sense to do it, we should have done it before this. I think this−−−−" I pointed to the gauntblack outline of a smashed windmill that stuck up, ridiculous and ugly, above the blood−lit waters−−"this is theend." ' +### Section 10 + +But now our history must part company with Frederick Barnet and his barge−load of hungry and starving men. +For a time in western Europe at least it was indeed as if civilisation had come to a final collapse. These crowningbuds upon the tradition that Napoleon planted and Bismarck watered, opened and flared 'like waterlilies of flame'over nations destroyed, over churches smashed or submerged, towns ruined, fields lost to mankind for ever, and amillion weltering bodies. Was this lesson enough for mankind, or would the flames of war still burn amidst theruins? +Neither Barnet nor his companions, it is clear, had any assurance in their answers to that question. Already oncein the history of mankind, in America, before its discovery by the whites, an organised civilisation had given wayto a mere cult of warfare, specialised and cruel, and it seemed for a time to many a thoughtful man as if the wholeworld was but to repeat on a larger scale this ascendancy of the warrior, this triumph of the destructive instincts of +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +42 + + +the race. +The subsequent chapters of Barnet's narrative do but supply body to this tragic possibility. He gives a series ofvignettes of civilisation, shattered, it seemed, almost irreparably. He found the Belgian hills swarming withrefugees and desolated by cholera; the vestiges of the contending armies keeping order under a truce, withoutactual battles, but with the cautious hostility of habit, and a great absence of plan everywhere. +Overhead aeroplanes went on mysterious errands, and there were rumours of cannibalism and hystericalfanaticisms in the valleys of the Semoy and the forest region of the eastern Ardennes. There was the report of anattack upon Russia by the Chinese and Japanese, and of some huge revolutionary outbreak in America. Theweather was stormier than men had ever known it in those regions, with much thunder and lightning and wildcloud−bursts of rain.... diff --git a/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_03_CHAPTER_THE_THIRD_THE_ENDING_OF_WAR.md b/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_03_CHAPTER_THE_THIRD_THE_ENDING_OF_WAR.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6aae8ac --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_03_CHAPTER_THE_THIRD_THE_ENDING_OF_WAR.md @@ -0,0 +1,415 @@ +## CHAPTER THE THIRD. THE ENDING OF WAR + +### Section 1 + +On the mountain−side above the town of Brissago and commanding two long stretches of Lake Maggiore, lookingeastward to Bellinzona, and southward to Luino, there is a shelf of grass meadows which is very beautiful inspringtime with a great multitude of wild flowers. More particularly is this so in early June, when the slenderasphodel Saint Bruno's lily, with its spike of white blossom, is in flower. To the westward of this delightful shelfthere is a deep and densely wooded trench, a great gulf of blue some mile or so in width out of which arise greatprecipices very high and wild. Above the asphodel fields the mountains climb in rocky slopes to solitudes of stoneand sunlight that curve round and join that wall of cliffs in one common skyline. This desolate and austerebackground contrasts very vividly with the glowing serenity of the great lake below, with the spacious view offertile hills and roads and villages and islands to south and east, and with the hotly golden rice flats of the ValMaggia to the north. And because it was a remote and insignificant place, far away out of the crowding tragediesof that year of disaster, away from burning cities and starving multitudes, bracing and tranquillising and hidden, itwas here that there gathered the conference of rulers that was to arrest, if possible, before it was too late, thedebacle of civilisation. Here, brought together by the indefatigable energy of that impassioned humanitarian,Leblanc, the French ambassador at Washington, the chief Powers of the world were to meet in a last desperateconference to 'save humanity.' +Leblanc was one of those ingenuous men whose lot would have been insignificant in any period of security, butwho have been caught up to an immortal role in history by the sudden simplification of human affairs throughsome tragical crisis, to the measure of their simplicity. Such a man was Abraham Lincoln, and such wasGaribaldi. And Leblanc, with his transparent childish innocence, his entire self−forgetfulness, came into thisconfusion of distrust and intricate disaster with an invincible appeal for the manifest sanities of the situation. Hisvoice, when he spoke, was 'full of remonstrance.' He was a little bald, spectacled man, inspired by that intellectualidealism which has been one of the peculiar gifts of France to humanity. He was possessed of one clearpersuasion, that war must end, and that the only way to end war was to have but one government for mankind. Hebrushed aside all other considerations. At the very outbreak of the war, so soon as the two capitals of thebelligerents had been wrecked, he went to the president in the White House with this proposal. He made it as if itwas a matter of course. He was fortunate to be in Washington and in touch with that gigantic childishness whichwas the characteristic of the American imagination. For the Americans also were among the simple peoples bywhom the world was saved. He won over the American president and the American government to his generalideas; at any rate they supported him sufficiently to give him a standing with the more sceptical Europeangovernments, and with this backing he set to work−−it seemed the most fantastic of enterprises−−to bringtogether all the rulers of the world and unify them. He wrote innumerable letters, he sent messages, he wentdesperate journeys, he enlisted whatever support he could find; no one was too humble for an ally or too obstinatefor his advances; through the terrible autumn of the last wars this persistent little visionary in spectacles must +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +43 + + +have seemed rather like a hopeful canary twittering during a thunderstorm. And no accumulation of disastersdaunted his conviction that they could be ended. +For the whole world was flaring then into a monstrous phase of destruction. Power after Power about the armedglobe sought to anticipate attack by aggression. They went to war in a delirium of panic, in order to use theirbombs first. China and Japan had assailed Russia and destroyed Moscow, the United States had attacked Japan,India was in anarchistic revolt with Delhi a pit of fire spouting death and flame; the redoubtable King of theBalkans was mobilising. It must have seemed plain at last to every one in those days that the world was slippingheadlong to anarchy. By the spring of 1959 from nearly two hundred centres, and every week added to theirnumber, roared the unquenchable crimson conflagrations of the atomic bombs, the flimsy fabric of the world'scredit had vanished, industry was completely disorganised and every city, every thickly populated area wasstarving or trembled on the verge of starvation. Most of the capital cities of the world were burning; millions ofpeople had already perished, and over great areas government was at an end. Humanity has been compared by onecontemporary writer to a sleeper who handles matches in his sleep and wakes to find himself in flames. +For many months it was an open question whether there was to be found throughout all the race the will andintelligence to face these new conditions and make even an attempt to arrest the downfall of the social order. For atime the war spirit defeated every effort to rally the forces of preservation and construction. Leblanc seemed to beprotesting against earthquakes, and as likely to find a spirit of reason in the crater of Etna. Even though theshattered official governments now clamoured for peace, bands of irreconcilables and invincible patriots,usurpers, adventurers, and political desperadoes, were everywhere in possession of the simple apparatus for thedisengagement of atomic energy and the initiation of new centres of destruction. The stuff exercised an irresistiblefascination upon a certain type of mind. Why should any one give in while he can still destroy his enemies?Surrender? While there is still a chance of blowing them to dust? The power of destruction which had once beenthe ultimate privilege of government was now the only power left in the world−−and it was everywhere. Therewere few thoughtful men during that phase of blazing waste who did not pass through such moods of despair asBarnet describes, and declare with him: 'This is the end....' +And all the while Leblanc was going to and fro with glittering glasses and an inexhaustible persuasiveness, urgingthe manifest reasonableness of his view upon ears that ceased presently to be inattentive. Never at any time did hebetray a doubt that all this chaotic conflict would end. No nurse during a nursery uproar was ever so certain of theinevitable ultimate peace. From being treated as an amiable dreamer he came by insensible degrees to be regardedas an extravagant possibility. Then he began to seem even practicable. The people who listened to him in 1958with a smiling impatience, were eager before 1959 was four months old to know just exactly what he thoughtmight be done. He answered with the patience of a philosopher and the lucidity of a Frenchman. He began toreceive responses of a more and more hopeful type. He came across the Atlantic to Italy, and there he gathered inthe promises for this congress. He chose those high meadows above Brissago for the reasons we have stated. 'Wemust get away,' he said, 'from old associations.' He set to work requisitioning material for his conference with anassurance that was justified by the replies. With a slight incredulity the conference which was to begin a neworder in the world, gathered itself together. Leblanc summoned it without arrogance, he controlled it by virtue ofan infinite humility. Men appeared upon those upland slopes with the apparatus for wireless telegraphy; othersfollowed with tents and provisions; a little cable was flung down to a convenient point upon the Locarno roadbelow. Leblanc arrived, sedulously directing every detail that would affect the tone of the assembly. He mighthave been a courier in advance rather than the originator of the gathering. And then there arrived, some by thecable, most by aeroplane, a few in other fashions, the men who had been called together to confer upon the stateof the world. It was to be a conference without a name. Nine monarchs, the presidents of four republics, a numberof ministers and ambassadors, powerful journalists, and such−like prominent and influential men, took part in it.There were even scientific men; and that world−famous old man, Holsten, came with the others to contribute hisamateur statecraft to the desperate problem of the age. Only Leblanc would have dared so to summon figure headsand powers and intelligence, or have had the courage to hope for their agreement.... +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +44 + + +### Section 2 + +And one at least of those who were called to this conference of governments came to it on foot. This was KingEgbert, the young king of the most venerable kingdom in Europe. He was a rebel, and had always been ofdeliberate choice a rebel against the magnificence of his position. He affected long pedestrian tours and adisposition to sleep in the open air. He came now over the Pass of Sta Maria Maggiore and by boat up the lake toBrissago; thence he walked up the mountain, a pleasant path set with oaks and sweet chestnut. For provision onthe walk, for he did not want to hurry, he carried with him a pocketful of bread and cheese. A certain small retinuethat was necessary to his comfort and dignity upon occasions of state he sent on by the cable car, and with himwalked his private secretary, Firmin, a man who had thrown up the Professorship of World Politics in the LondonSchool of Sociology, Economics, and Political Science, to take up these duties. Firmin was a man of strong ratherthan rapid thought, he had anticipated great influence in this new position, and after some years he was still onlybeginning to apprehend how largely his function was to listen. Originally he had been something of a thinkerupon international politics, an authority upon tariffs and strategy, and a valued contributor to various of the higherorgans of public opinion, but the atomic bombs had taken him by surprise, and he had still to recover completelyfrom his pre−atomic opinions and the silencing effect of those sustained explosives. +The king's freedom from the trammels of etiquette was very complete. In theory−−and he abounded intheory−−his manners were purely democratic. It was by sheer habit and inadvertency that he permitted Firmin,who had discovered a rucksack in a small shop in the town below, to carry both bottles of beer. The king hadnever, as a matter of fact, carried anything for himself in his life, and he had never noted that he did not do so. +'We will have nobody with us,' he said, 'at all. We will be perfectly simple.' +So Firmin carried the beer. +As they walked up−−it was the king made the pace rather than Firmin−−they talked of the conference beforethem, and Firmin, with a certain want of assurance that would have surprised him in himself in the days of hisProfessorship, sought to define the policy of his companion. 'In its broader form, sir,' said Firmin; 'I admit acertain plausibility in this project of Leblanc's, but I feel that although it may be advisable to set up some sort ofgeneral control for International affairs−−a sort of Hague Court with extended powers−−that is no reasonwhatever for losing sight of the principles of national and imperial autonomy.' +'Firmin,' said the king, 'I am going to set my brother kings a good example.' +Firmin intimated a curiosity that veiled a dread. +'By chucking all that nonsense,' said the king. +He quickened his pace as Firmin, who was already a little out of breath, betrayed a disposition to reply. +'I am going to chuck all that nonsense,' said the king, as Firmin prepared to speak. 'I am going to fling my royaltyand empire on the table−−and declare at once I don't mean to haggle. It's haggling−−about rights−−has been thedevil in human affairs, for−−always. I am going to stop this nonsense.' +Firmin halted abruptly. 'But, sir!' he cried. +The king stopped six yards ahead of him and looked back at his adviser's perspiring visage. +'Do you really think, Firmin, that I am here as−−as an infernal politician to put my crown and my flag and myclaims and so forth in the way of peace? That little Frenchman is right. You know he is right as well as I do. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +45 + + +Those things are over. We−−we kings and rulers and representatives have been at the very heart of the mischief.Of course we imply separation, and of course separation means the threat of war, and of course the threat of warmeans the accumulation of more and more atomic bombs. The old game's up. But, I say, we mustn't stand here,you know. The world waits. Don't you think the old game's up, Firmin?' +Firmin adjusted a strap, passed a hand over his wet forehead, and followed earnestly. 'I admit, sir,' he said to areceding back, 'that there has to be some sort of hegemony, some sort of Amphictyonic council−−−−' +'There's got to be one simple government for all the world,' said the king over his shoulder. +'But as for a reckless, unqualified abandonment, sir−−−−' +'BANG!' cried the king. +Firmin made no answer to this interruption. But a faint shadow of annoyance passed across his heated features. +'Yesterday,' said the king, by way of explanation, 'the Japanese very nearly got San Francisco.' +'I hadn't heard, sir.' +'The Americans ran the Japanese aeroplane down into the sea and there the bomb got busted.' +'Under the sea, sir?' +'Yes. Submarine volcano. The steam is in sight of the Californian coast. It was as near as that. And with thingslike this happening, you want me to go up this hill and haggle. Consider the effect of that upon my imperialcousin−−and all the others!' +'HE will haggle, sir.' +'Not a bit of it,' said the king. +'But, sir.' +'Leblanc won't let him.' +Firmin halted abruptly and gave a vicious pull at the offending strap. 'Sir, he will listen to his advisers,' he said, ina tone that in some subtle way seemed to implicate his master with the trouble of the knapsack. +The king considered him. +'We will go just a little higher,' he said. 'I want to find this unoccupied village they spoke of, and then we willdrink that beer. It can't be far. We will drink the beer and throw away the bottles. And then, Firmin, I shall askyou to look at things in a more generous light.... Because, you know, you must....' +He turned about and for some time the only sound they made was the noise of their boots upon the loose stones ofthe way and the irregular breathing of Firmin. +At length, as it seemed to Firmin, or quite soon, as it seemed to the king, the gradient of the path diminished, theway widened out, and they found themselves in a very beautiful place indeed. It was one of those upland clustersof sheds and houses that are still to be found in the mountains of North Italy, buildings that were used only in the +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +46 + + +high summer, and which it was the custom to leave locked up and deserted through all the winter and spring, andup to the middle of June. The buildings were of a soft−toned gray stone, buried in rich green grass, shadowed bychestnut trees and lit by an extraordinary blaze of yellow broom. Never had the king seen broom so glorious; heshouted at the light of it, for it seemed to give out more sunlight even than it received; he sat down impulsively ona lichenous stone, tugged out his bread and cheese, and bade Firmin thrust the beer into the shaded weeds to cool. +'The things people miss, Firmin,' he said, 'who go up into the air in ships!' +Firmin looked around him with an ungenial eye. 'You see it at its best, sir,' he said, 'before the peasants come hereagain and make it filthy.' +'It would be beautiful anyhow,' said the king. +'Superficially, sir,' said Firmin. 'But it stands for a social order that is fast vanishing away. Indeed, judging by thegrass between the stones and in the huts, I am inclined to doubt if it is in use even now.' +'I suppose,' said the king, 'they would come up immediately the hay on this flower meadow is cut. It would bethose slow, creamy−coloured beasts, I expect, one sees on the roads below, and swarthy girls with redhandkerchiefs over their black hair.... It is wonderful to think how long that beautiful old life lasted. In the Romantimes and long ages before ever the rumour of the Romans had come into these parts, men drove their cattle upinto these places as the summer came on.... How haunted is this place! There have been quarrels here, hopes,children have played here and lived to be old crones and old gaffers, and died, and so it has gone on for thousandsof lives. Lovers, innumerable lovers, have caressed amidst this golden broom....' +He meditated over a busy mouthful of bread and cheese. +'We ought to have brought a tankard for that beer,' he said. +Firmin produced a folding aluminium cup, and the king was pleased to drink. +'I wish, sir,' said Firmin suddenly, 'I could induce you at least to delay your decision−−−−' +'It's no good talking, Firmin,' said the king. 'My mind's as clear as daylight.' +'Sire,' protested Firmin, with his voice full of bread and cheese and genuine emotion, 'have you no respect for yourkingship?' +The king paused before he answered with unwonted gravity. 'It's just because I have, Firmin, that I won't be apuppet in this game of international politics.' He regarded his companion for a moment and then remarked:'Kingship!−−what do YOU know of kingship, Firmin? +'Yes,' cried the king to his astonished counsellor. 'For the first time in my life I am going to be a king. I am goingto lead, and lead by my own authority. For a dozen generations my family has been a set of dummies in the handsof their advisers. Advisers! Now I am going to be a real king−−and I am going to−−to abolish, dispose of, finish,the crown to which I have been a slave. But what a world of paralysing shams this roaring stuff has ended! Therigid old world is in the melting−pot again, and I, who seemed to be no more than the stuffing inside a regal robe,I am a king among kings. I have to play my part at the head of things and put an end to blood and fire and idiotdisorder.' +'But, sir,' protested Firmin. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +47 + + +'This man Leblanc is right. The whole world has got to be a Republic, one and indivisible. You know that, and myduty is to make that easy. A king should lead his people; you want me to stick on their backs like some Old Manof the Sea. To−day must be a sacrament of kings. Our trust for mankind is done with and ended. We must part ourrobes among them, we must part our kingship among them, and say to them all, now the king in every one mustrule the world.... Have you no sense of the magnificence of this occasion? You want me, Firmin, you want me togo up there and haggle like a damned little solicitor for some price, some compensation, some qualification....' +Firmin shrugged his shoulders and assumed an expression of despair. Meanwhile, he conveyed, one must eat. +For a time neither spoke, and the king ate and turned over in his mind the phrases of the speech he intended tomake to the conference. By virtue of the antiquity of his crown he was to preside, and he intended to make hispresidency memorable. Reassured of his eloquence, he considered the despondent and sulky Firmin for a space. +'Firmin,' he said, 'you have idealised kingship.' 'It has been my dream, sir,' said Firmin sorrowfully, 'to serve.' +'At the levers, Firmin,' said the king. +'You are pleased to be unjust,' said Firmin, deeply hurt. +'I am pleased to be getting out of it,' said the king. +'Oh, Firmin,' he went on, 'have you no thought for me? Will you never realise that I am not only flesh and bloodbut an imagination−−with its rights. I am a king in revolt against that fetter they put upon my head. I am a kingawake. My reverend grandparents never in all their august lives had a waking moment. They loved the job thatyou, you advisers, gave them; they never had a doubt of it. It was like giving a doll to a woman who ought to havea child. They delighted in processions and opening things and being read addresses to, and visiting triplets andnonagenarians and all that sort of thing. Incredibly. They used to keep albums of cuttings from all the illustratedpapers showing them at it, and if the press−cutting parcels grew thin they were worried. It was all that everworried them. But there is something atavistic in me; I hark back to unconstitutional monarchs. They christenedme too retrogressively, I think. I wanted to get things done. I was bored. I might have fallen into vice, mostintelligent and energetic princes do, but the palace precautions were unusually thorough. I was brought up in thepurest court the world has ever seen. . . . Alertly pure.... So I read books, Firmin, and went about asking questions.The thing was bound to happen to one of us sooner or later. Perhaps, too, very likely I'm not vicious. I don't thinkI am.' +He reflected. 'No,' he said. +Firmin cleared his throat. 'I don't think you are, sir,' he said. 'You prefer−−−−' +He stopped short. He had been going to say 'talking.' He substituted 'ideas.' +'That world of royalty!' the king went on. 'In a little while no one will understand it any more. It will become ariddle.... +'Among other things, it was a world of perpetual best clothes. Everything was in its best clothes for us, andusually wearing bunting. With a cinema watching to see we took it properly. If you are a king, Firmin, and you goand look at a regiment, it instantly stops whatever it is doing, changes into full uniform and presents arms. Whenmy august parents went in a train the coal in the tender used to be whitened. It did, Firmin, and if coal had beenwhite instead of black I have no doubt the authorities would have blackened it. That was the spirit of ourtreatment. People were always walking about with their faces to us. One never saw anything in profile. One got animpression of a world that was insanely focused on ourselves. And when I began to poke my little questions into +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +48 + + +the Lord Chancellor and the archbishop and all the rest of them, about what I should see if people turned round,the general effect I produced was that I wasn't by any means displaying the Royal Tact they had expected ofme....' +He meditated for a time. +'And yet, you know, there is something in the kingship, Firmin. It stiffened up my august little grandfather. It gavemy grandmother a kind of awkward dignity even when she was cross−−and she was very often cross. They bothhad a profound sense of responsibility. My poor father's health was wretched during his brief career; nobodyoutside the circle knows just how he screwed himself up to things. "My people expect it," he used to say of thistiresome duty or that. Most of the things they made him do were silly−−it was part of a bad tradition, but therewas nothing silly in the way he set about them.... The spirit of kingship is a fine thing, Firmin; I feel it in mybones; I do not know what I might not be if I were not a king. I could die for my people, Firmin, and you couldn't.No, don't say you could die for me, because I know better. Don't think I forget my kingship, Firmin, don't imaginethat. I am a king, a kingly king, by right divine. The fact that I am also a chattering young man makes not theslightest difference to that. But the proper text−book for kings, Firmin, is none of the court memoirs andWelt−Politik books you would have me read; it is old Fraser's Golden Bough. Have you read that, Firmin?' +Firmin had. 'Those were the authentic kings. In the end they were cut up and a bit given to everybody. Theysprinkled the nations−−with Kingship.' +Firmin turned himself round and faced his royal master. +'What do you intend to do, sir?' he asked. 'If you will not listen to me, what do you propose to do this afternoon?' +The king flicked crumbs from his coat. +'Manifestly war has to stop for ever, Firmin. Manifestly this can only be done by putting all the world under onegovernment. Our crowns and flags are in the way. Manifestly they must go.' +'Yes, sir,' interrupted Firmin, 'but WHAT government? I don't see what government you get by a universalabdication!' +'Well,' said the king, with his hands about his knees, 'WE shall be the government.' +'The conference?' exclaimed Firmin. +'Who else?' asked the king simply. +'It's perfectly simple,' he added to Firmin's tremendous silence. +'But,' cried Firmin, 'you must have sanctions! Will there be no form of election, for example?' +'Why should there be?' asked the king, with intelligent curiosity. +'The consent of the governed.' +'Firmin, we are just going to lay down our differences and take over government. Without any election at all.Without any sanction. The governed will show their consent by silence. If any effective opposition arises we shallask it to come in and help. The true sanction of kingship is the grip upon the sceptre. We aren't going to worrypeople to vote for us. I'm certain the mass of men does not want to be bothered with such things.... We'll contrive +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +49 + + +a way for any one interested to join in. That's quite enough in the way of democracy. Perhaps later−−when thingsdon't matter.... We shall govern all right, Firmin. Government only becomes difficult when the lawyers get hold ofit, and since these troubles began the lawyers are shy. Indeed, come to think of it, I wonder where all the lawyersare.... Where are they? A lot, of course, were bagged, some of the worst ones, when they blew up my legislature.You never knew the late Lord Chancellor. . . . +'Necessities bury rights. And create them. Lawyers live on dead rights disinterred.... We've done with that way ofliving. We won't have more law than a code can cover and beyond that government will be free.... +'Before the sun sets to−day, Firmin, trust me, we shall have made our abdications, all of us, and declared theWorld Republic, supreme and indivisible. I wonder what my august grandmother would have made of it! All myrights! . . . And then we shall go on governing. What else is there to do? All over the world we shall declare thatthere is no longer mine or thine, but ours. China, the United States, two−thirds of Europe, will certainly fall in andobey. They will have to do so. What else can they do? Their official rulers are here with us. They won't be able toget together any sort of idea of not obeying us.... Then we shall declare that every sort of property is held in trustfor the Republic....' +'But, sir!' cried Firmin, suddenly enlightened. 'Has this been arranged already?' +'My dear Firmin, do you think we have come here, all of us, to talk at large? The talking has been done for half acentury. Talking and writing. We are here to set the new thing, the simple, obvious, necessary thing, going.' +He stood up. +Firmin, forgetting the habits of a score of years, remained seated. +'WELL,' he said at last. 'And I have known nothing!' +The king smiled very cheerfully. He liked these talks with Firmin. +### Section 3 + +That conference upon the Brissago meadows was one of the most heterogeneous collections of prominent peoplethat has ever met together. Principalities and powers, stripped and shattered until all their pride and mystery weregone, met in a marvellous new humility. Here were kings and emperors whose capitals were lakes of flamingdestruction, statesmen whose countries had become chaos, scared politicians and financial potentates. Here wereleaders of thought and learned investigators dragged reluctantly to the control of affairs. Altogether there wereninety−three of them, Leblanc's conception of the head men of the world. They had all come to the realisation ofthe simple truths that the indefatigable Leblanc had hammered into them; and, drawing his resources from theKing of Italy, he had provisioned his conference with a generous simplicity quite in accordance with the rest ofhis character, and so at last was able to make his astonishing and entirely rational appeal. He had appointed KingEgbert the president, he believed in this young man so firmly that he completely dominated him, and he spokehimself as a secretary might speak from the president's left hand, and evidently did not realise himself that he wastelling them all exactly what they had to do. He imagined he was merely recapitulating the obvious features of thesituation for their convenience. He was dressed in ill−fitting white silk clothes, and he consulted a dingy littlepacket of notes as he spoke. They put him out. He explained that he had never spoken from notes before, but thatthis occasion was exceptional. +And then King Egbert spoke as he was expected to speak, and Leblanc's spectacles moistened at that flow ofgenerous sentiment, most amiably and lightly expressed. 'We haven't to stand on ceremony,' said the king, 'wehave to govern the world. We have always pretended to govern the world and here is our opportunity.' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +50 + + +'Of course,' whispered Leblanc, nodding his head rapidly, 'of course.' +'The world has been smashed up, and we have to put it on its wheels again,' said King Egbert. 'And it is the simplecommon sense of this crisis for all to help and none to seek advantage. Is that our tone or not?' +The gathering was too old and seasoned and miscellaneous for any great displays of enthusiasm, but that was itstone, and with an astonishment that somehow became exhilarating it began to resign, repudiate, and declare itsintentions. Firmin, taking notes behind his master, heard everything that had been foretold among the yellowbroom, come true. With a queer feeling that he was dreaming, he assisted at the proclamation of the World State,and saw the message taken out to the wireless operators to be throbbed all round the habitable globe. 'And next,'said King Egbert, with a cheerful excitement in his voice, 'we have to get every atom of Carolinum and all theplant for making it, into our control....' +Firman was not alone in his incredulity. Not a man there who was not a very amiable, reasonable, benevolentcreature at bottom; some had been born to power and some had happened upon it, some had struggled to get it,not clearly knowing what it was and what it implied, but none was irreconcilably set upon its retention at the priceof cosmic disaster. Their minds had been prepared by circumstances and sedulously cultivated by Leblanc; andnow they took the broad obvious road along which King Egbert was leading them, with a mingled conviction ofstrangeness and necessity. Things went very smoothly; the King of Italy explained the arrangements that had beenmade for the protection of the camp from any fantastic attack; a couple of thousand of aeroplanes, each carrying asharpshooter, guarded them, and there was an excellent system of relays, and at night all the sky would besearched by scores of lights, and the admirable Leblanc gave luminous reasons for their camping just where theywere and going on with their administrative duties forthwith. He knew of this place, because he had happenedupon it when holiday−making with Madame Leblanc twenty years and more ago. 'There is very simple fare atpresent,' he explained, 'on account of the disturbed state of the countries about us. But we have excellent freshmilk, good red wine, beef, bread, salad, and lemons. . . . In a few days I hope to place things in the hands of amore efficient caterer....' +The members of the new world government dined at three long tables on trestles, and down the middle of thesetables Leblanc, in spite of the barrenness of his menu, had contrived to have a great multitude of beautiful roses.There was similar accommodation for the secretaries and attendants at a lower level down the mountain. Theassembly dined as it had debated, in the open air, and over the dark crags to the west the glowing June sunsetshone upon the banquet. There was no precedency now among the ninety−three, and King Egbert found himselfbetween a pleasant little Japanese stranger in spectacles and his cousin of Central Europe, and opposite a greatBengali leader and the President of the United States of America. Beyond the Japanese was Holsten, the oldchemist, and Leblanc was a little way down the other side. +The king was still cheerfully talkative and abounded in ideas. He fell presently into an amiable controversy withthe American, who seemed to feel a lack of impressiveness in the occasion. +It was ever the Transatlantic tendency, due, no doubt, to the necessity of handling public questions in a bulky andstriking manner, to over−emphasise and over−accentuate, and the president was touched by his national failing.He suggested now that there should be a new era, starting from that day as the first day of the first year. +The king demurred. +'From this day forth, sir, man enters upon his heritage,' said the American. +'Man,' said the king, 'is always entering upon his heritage. You Americans have a peculiar weakness foranniversaries−−if you will forgive me saying so. Yes−−I accuse you of a lust for dramatic effect. Everything ishappening always, but you want to say this or this is the real instant in time and subordinate all the others to it.' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +51 + + +The American said something about an epoch−making day. +'But surely,' said the king, 'you don't want us to condemn all humanity to a world−wide annual Fourth of July forever and ever more. On account of this harmless necessary day of declarations. No conceivable day could everdeserve that. Ah! you do not know, as I do, the devastations of the memorable. My poor grandparentswere−−RUBRICATED. The worst of these huge celebrations is that they break up the dignified succession ofone's contemporary emotions. They interrupt. They set back. Suddenly out come the flags and fireworks, and theold enthusiasms are furbished up−−and it's sheer destruction of the proper thing that ought to be going on.Sufficient unto the day is the celebration thereof. Let the dead past bury its dead. You see, in regard to thecalendar, I am for democracy and you are for aristocracy. All things I hold, are august, and have a right to be livedthrough on their merits. No day should be sacrificed on the grave of departed events. What do you think of it,### Wilhelm?' + +'For the noble, yes, all days should be noble.' +'Exactly my position,' said the king, and felt pleased at what he had been saying. +And then, since the American pressed his idea, the king contrived to shift the talk from the question of celebratingthe epoch they were making to the question of the probabilities that lay ahead. Here every one became diffident.They could see the world unified and at peace, but what detail was to follow from that unification they seemedindisposed to discuss. This diffidence struck the king as remarkable. He plunged upon the possibilities of science.All the huge expenditure that had hitherto gone into unproductive naval and military preparations, must now, hedeclared, place research upon a new footing. 'Where one man worked we will have a thousand.' He appealed toHolsten. 'We have only begun to peep into these possibilities,' he said. 'You at any rate have sounded the vaults ofthe treasure house.' +'They are unfathomable,' smiled Holsten. +'Man,' said the American, with a manifest resolve to justify and reinstate himself after the flickering contradictionsof the king, 'Man, I say, is only beginning to enter upon his heritage.' +'Tell us some of the things you believe we shall presently learn, give us an idea of the things we may presentlydo,' said the king to Holsten. +Holsten opened out the vistas.... +'Science,' the king cried presently, 'is the new king of the world.' +'OUR view,' said the president, 'is that sovereignty resides with the people.' +'No!' said the king, 'the sovereign is a being more subtle than that. And less arithmetical. Neither my family noryour emancipated people. It is something that floats about us, and above us, and through us. It is that commonimpersonal will and sense of necessity of which Science is the best understood and most typical aspect. It is themind of the race. It is that which has brought us here, which has bowed us all to its demands....' +He paused and glanced down the table at Leblanc, and then re−opened at his former antagonist. +'There is a disposition,' said the king, 'to regard this gathering as if it were actually doing what it appears to bedoing, as if we ninety−odd men of our own free will and wisdom were unifying the world. There is a temptationto consider ourselves exceptionally fine fellows, and masterful men, and all the rest of it. We are not. I doubt if weshould average out as anything abler than any other casually selected body of ninety−odd men. We are no +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +52 + + +creators, we are consequences, we are salvagers−−or salvagees. The thing to−day is not ourselves but the wind ofconviction that has blown us hither....' +The American had to confess he could hardly agree with the king's estimate of their average. +'Holster, perhaps, and one or two others, might lift us a little,' the king conceded. 'But the rest of us?' +His eyes flitted once more towards Leblanc. +'Look at Leblanc,' he said. 'He's just a simple soul. There are hundreds and thousands like him. I admit, a certaindexterity, a certain lucidity, but there is not a country town in France where there is not a Leblanc or so to befound about two o'clock in its principal cafe. It's just that he isn't complicated or Super−Mannish, or any of thosethings that has made all he has done possible. But in happier times, don't you think, Wilhelm, he would haveremained just what his father was, a successful epicier, very clean, very accurate, very honest. And on holidays hewould have gone out with Madame Leblanc and her knitting in a punt with a jar of something gentle and have satunder a large reasonable green−lined umbrella and fished very neatly and successfully for gudgeon....' +The president and the Japanese prince in spectacles protested together. +'If I do him an injustice,' said the king, 'it is only because I want to elucidate my argument. I want to make it clearhow small are men and days, and how great is man in comparison....' +### Section 4 + +So it was King Egbert talked at Brissago after they had proclaimed the unity of the world. Every evening after thatthe assembly dined together and talked at their ease and grew accustomed to each other and sharpened eachother's ideas, and every day they worked together, and really for a time believed that they were inventing a newgovernment for the world. They discussed a constitution. But there were matters needing attention too urgently towait for any constitution. They attended to these incidentally. The constitution it was that waited. It was presentlyfound convenient to keep the constitution waiting indefinitely as King Egbert had foreseen, and meanwhile, withan increasing self−confidence, that council went on governing.... +On this first evening of all the council's gatherings, after King Egbert had talked for a long time and drunken andpraised very abundantly the simple red wine of the country that Leblanc had procured for them, he fathered abouthim a group of congenial spirits and fell into a discourse upon simplicity, praising it above all things anddeclaring that the ultimate aim of art, religion, philosophy, and science alike was to simplify. He instancedhimself as a devotee to simplicity. And Leblanc he instanced as a crowning instance of the splendour of thisquality. Upon that they all agreed. +When at last the company about the tables broke up, the king found himself brimming over with a peculiaraffection and admiration for Leblanc, he made his way to him and drew him aside and broached what he declaredwas a small matter. There was, he said, a certain order in his gift that, unlike all other orders and decorations inthe world, had never been corrupted. It was reserved for elderly men of supreme distinction, the acuteness ofwhose gifts was already touched to mellowness, and it had included the greatest names of every age so far as theadvisers of his family had been able to ascertain them. At present, the king admitted, these matters of stars andbadges were rather obscured by more urgent affairs, for his own part he had never set any value upon them at all,but a time might come when they would be at least interesting, and in short he wished to confer the Order of Meritupon Leblanc. His sole motive in doing so, he added, was his strong desire to signalise his personal esteem. Helaid his hand upon the Frenchman's shoulder as he said these things, with an almost brotherly affection. Leblancreceived this proposal with a modest confusion that greatly enhanced the king's opinion of his admirablesimplicity. He pointed out that eager as he was to snatch at the proffered distinction, it might at the present stage +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +53 + + +appear invidious, and he therefore suggested that the conferring of it should be postponed until it could be madethe crown and conclusion of his services. The king was unable to shake this resolution, and the two men partedwith expressions of mutual esteem. +The king then summoned Firmin in order to make a short note of a number of things that he had said during theday. But after about twenty minutes' work the sweet sleepiness of the mountain air overcame him, and hedismissed Firmin and went to bed and fell asleep at once, and slept with extreme satisfaction. He had had anactive, agreeable day. +### Section 5 + +The establishment of the new order that was thus so humanly begun, was, if one measures it by the standard ofany preceding age, a rapid progress. The fighting spirit of the world was exhausted. Only here or there didfierceness linger. For long decades the combative side in human affairs had been monstrously exaggerated by theaccidents of political separation. This now became luminously plain. An enormous proportion of the force thatsustained armaments had been nothing more aggressive than the fear of war and warlike neighbours. It is doubtfulif any large section of the men actually enlisted for fighting ever at any time really hungered and thirsted forbloodshed and danger. That kind of appetite was probably never very strong in the species after the savage stagewas past. The army was a profession, in which killing had become a disagreeable possibility rather than aneventful certainty. If one reads the old newspapers and periodicals of that time, which did so much to keepmilitarism alive, one finds very little about glory and adventure and a constant harping on the disagreeableness ofinvasion and subjugation. In one word, militarism was funk. The belligerent resolution of the armed Europe of thetwentieth century was the resolution of a fiercely frightened sheep to plunge. And now that its weapons wereexploding in its hands, Europe was only too eager to drop them, and abandon this fancied refuge of violence. +For a time the whole world had been shocked into frankness; nearly all the clever people who had hithertosustained the ancient belligerent separations had now been brought to realise the need for simplicity of attitudeand openness of mind; and in this atmosphere of moral renascence, there was little attempt to get negotiableadvantages out of resistance to the new order. Human beings are foolish enough no doubt, but few have stoppedto haggle in a fire−escape. The council had its way with them. The band of 'patriots' who seized the laboratoriesand arsenal just outside Osaka and tried to rouse Japan to revolt against inclusion in the Republic of Mankind,found they had miscalculated the national pride and met the swift vengeance of their own countrymen. That fightin the arsenal was a vivid incident in this closing chapter of the history of war. To the last the 'patriots' wereundecided whether, in the event of a defeat, they would explode their supply of atomic bombs or not. They werefighting with swords outside the iridium doors, and the moderates of their number were at bay and on the verge ofdestruction, only ten, indeed, remained unwounded, when the republicans burst in to the rescue.... +### Section 6 + +One single monarch held out against the general acquiescence in the new rule, and that was that strange survivalof mediaevalism, the 'Slavic Fox,' the King of the Balkans. He debated and delayed his submissions. He showedan extraordinary combination of cunning and temerity in his evasion of the repeated summonses from Brissago.He affected ill−health and a great preoccupation with his new official mistress, for his semi−barbaric court wasarranged on the best romantic models. His tactics were ably seconded by Doctor Pestovitch, his chief minister.Failing to establish his claims to complete independence, King Ferdinand Charles annoyed the conference by aproposal to be treated as a protected state. Finally he professed an unconvincing submission, and put a mass ofobstacles in the way of the transfer of his national officials to the new government. In these things he wasenthusiastically supported by his subjects, still for the most part an illiterate peasantry, passionately if confusedlypatriotic, and so far with no practical knowledge of the effect of atomic bombs. More particularly he retainedcontrol of all the Balkan aeroplanes. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +54 + + +For once the extreme naivete of Leblanc seems to have been mitigated by duplicity. He went on with the generalpacification of the world as if the Balkan submission was made in absolute good faith, and he announced thedisbandment of the force of aeroplanes that hitherto guarded the council at Brissago upon the approachingfifteenth of July. But instead he doubled the number upon duty on that eventful day, and made variousarrangements for their disposition. He consulted certain experts, and when he took King Egbert into hisconfidence there was something in his neat and explicit foresight that brought back to that ex−monarch's mind hishalf−forgotten fantasy of Leblanc as a fisherman under a green umbrella. +About five o'clock in the morning of the seventeenth of July one of the outer sentinels of the Brissago fleet, whichwas soaring unobtrusively over the lower end of the lake of Garda, sighted and hailed a strange aeroplane that wasflying westward, and, failing to get a satisfactory reply, set its wireless apparatus talking and gave chase. A swarmof consorts appeared very promptly over the westward mountains, and before the unknown aeroplane had sightedComo, it had a dozen eager attendants closing in upon it. Its driver seems to have hesitated, dropped down amongthe mountains, and then turned southward in flight, only to find an intercepting biplane sweeping across his bows.He then went round into the eye of the rising sun, and passed within a hundred yards of his original pursuer. +The sharpshooter therein opened fire at once, and showed an intelligent grasp of the situation by disabling thepassenger first. The man at the wheel must have heard his companion cry out behind him, but he was too intent ongetting away to waste even a glance behind. Twice after that he must have heard shots. He let his engine go, hecrouched down, and for twenty minutes he must have steered in the continual expectation of a bullet. It nevercame, and when at last he glanced round, three great planes were close upon him, and his companion, thrice hit,lay dead across his bombs. His followers manifestly did not mean either to upset or shoot him, but inexorably theydrove him down, down. At last he was curving and flying a hundred yards or less over the level fields of rice andmaize. Ahead of him and dark against the morning sunrise was a village with a very tall and slender campanileand a line of cable bearing metal standards that he could not clear. He stopped his engine abruptly and droppedflat. He may have hoped to get at the bombs when he came down, but his pitiless pursuers drove right over himand shot him as he fell. +Three other aeroplanes curved down and came to rest amidst grass close by the smashed machine. Theirpassengers descended, and ran, holding their light rifles in their hands towards the debris and the two dead men.The coffin−shaped box that had occupied the centre of the machine had broken, and three black objects, each withtwo handles like the ears of a pitcher, lay peacefully amidst the litter. +These objects were so tremendously important in the eyes of their captors that they disregarded the two dead menwho lay bloody and broken amidst the wreckage as they might have disregarded dead frogs by a country pathway. +'By God,' cried the first. 'Here they are!' +'And unbroken!' said the second. +'I've never seen the things before,' said the first. +'Bigger than I thought,' said the second. +The third comer arrived. He stared for a moment at the bombs and then turned his eyes to the dead man with acrushed chest who lay in a muddy place among the green stems under the centre of the machine. +'One can take no risks,' he said, with a faint suggestion of apology. +The other two now also turned to the victims. 'We must signal,' said the first man. A shadow passed between themand the sun, and they looked up to see the aeroplane that had fired the last shot. 'Shall we signal?' came a +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +55 + + +megaphone hail. +'Three bombs,' they answered together. +'Where do they come from?' asked the megaphone. +The three sharpshooters looked at each other and then moved towards the dead men. One of them had an idea.'Signal that first,' he said, 'while we look.' They were joined by their aviators for the search, and all six men begana hunt that was necessarily brutal in its haste, for some indication of identity. They examined the men's pockets,their bloodstained clothes, the machine, the framework. They turned the bodies over and flung them aside. Therewas not a tattoo mark. . . . Everything was elaborately free of any indication of its origin. +'We can't find out!' they called at last. +'Not a sign?' +'Not a sign.' +'I'm coming down,' said the man overhead.... +### Section 7 + +The Slavic fox stood upon a metal balcony in his picturesque Art Nouveau palace that gave upon the precipicethat overhung his bright little capital, and beside him stood Pestovitch, grizzled and cunning, and now full of anill−suppressed excitement. Behind them the window opened into a large room, richly decorated in aluminium andcrimson enamel, across which the king, as he glanced ever and again over his shoulder with a gesture of inquiry,could see through the two open doors of a little azure walled antechamber the wireless operator in the turretworking at his incessant transcription. Two pompously uniformed messengers waited listlessly in this apartment.The room was furnished with a stately dignity, and had in the middle of it a big green baize−covered table withthe massive white metal inkpots and antiquated sandboxes natural to a new but romantic monarchy. It was theking's council chamber and about it now, in attitudes of suspended intrigue, stood the half−dozen ministers whoconstituted his cabinet. They had been summoned for twelve o'clock, but still at half−past twelve the king loiteredin the balcony and seemed to be waiting for some news that did not come. +The king and his minister had talked at first in whispers; they had fallen silent, for they found little now to expressexcept a vague anxiety. Away there on the mountain side were the white metal roofs of the long farm buildingsbeneath which the bomb factory and the bombs were hidden. (The chemist who had made all these for the kinghad died suddenly after the declaration of Brissago.) Nobody knew of that store of mischief now but the king andhis adviser and three heavily faithful attendants; the aviators who waited now in the midday blaze with theirbomb−carrying machines and their passenger bomb−throwers in the exercising grounds of the motor−cyclistbarracks below were still in ignorance of the position of the ammunition they were presently to take up. It wastime they started if the scheme was to work as Pestovitch had planned it. It was a magnificent plan. It aimed at noless than the Empire of the World. The government of idealists and professors away there at Brissago was to beblown to fragments, and then east, west, north, and south those aeroplanes would go swarming over a world thathad disarmed itself, to proclaim Ferdinand Charles, the new Caesar, the Master, Lord of the Earth. It was amagnificent plan. But the tension of this waiting for news of the success of the first blow was−−considerable. +The Slavic fox was of a pallid fairness, he had a remarkably long nose, a thick, short moustache, and small blueeyes that were a little too near together to be pleasant. It was his habit to worry his moustache with short, nervoustugs whenever his restless mind troubled him, and now this motion was becoming so incessant that it irkedPestovitch beyond the limits of endurance. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +56 + + +'I will go,' said the minister, 'and see what the trouble is with the wireless. They give us nothing, good or bad.' +Left to himself, the king could worry his moustache without stint; he leant his elbows forward on the balcony andgave both of his long white hands to the work, so that he looked like a pale dog gnawing a bone. Suppose theycaught his men, what should he do? Suppose they caught his men? +The clocks in the light gold−capped belfries of the town below presently intimated the half−hour after midday. +Of course, he and Pestovitch had thought it out. Even if they had caught those men, they were pledged tosecrecy.... Probably they would be killed in the catching.... One could deny anyhow, deny and deny. +And then he became aware of half a dozen little shining specks very high in the blue.... Pestovitch came out tohim presently. 'The government messages, sire, have all dropped into cipher,' he said. 'I have set a man−−−−' +'LOOK!' interrupted the king, and pointed upward with a long, lean finger. +Pestovitch followed that indication and then glanced for one questioning moment at the white face before him. +'We have to face it out, sire,' he said. +For some moments they watched the steep spirals of the descending messengers, and then they began a hastyconsultation.... +They decided that to be holding a council upon the details of an ultimate surrender to Brissago was asinnocent−looking a thing as the king could well be doing, and so, when at last the ex−king Egbert, whom thecouncil had sent as its envoy, arrived upon the scene, he discovered the king almost theatrically posed at the headof his councillors in the midst of his court. The door upon the wireless operators was shut. +The ex−king from Brissago came like a draught through the curtains and attendants that gave a wide margin toKing Ferdinand's state, and the familiar confidence of his manner belied a certain hardness in his eye. Firmintrotted behind him, and no one else was with him. And as Ferdinand Charles rose to greet him, there came into theheart of the Balkan king again that same chilly feeling that he had felt upon the balcony−−and it passed at thecareless gestures of his guest. For surely any one might outwit this foolish talker who, for a mere idea and at thecommand of a little French rationalist in spectacles, had thrown away the most ancient crown in all the world. +One must deny, deny.... +And then slowly and quite tiresomely he realised that there was nothing to deny. His visitor, with an amiable ease,went on talking about everything in debate between himself and Brissago except−−−−. +Could it be that they had been delayed? Could it be that they had had to drop for repairs and were stilluncaptured? Could it be that even now while this fool babbled, they were over there among the mountainsheaving their deadly charge over the side of the aeroplane? +Strange hopes began to lift the tail of the Slavic fox again. +What was the man saying? One must talk to him anyhow until one knew. At any moment the little brass doorbehind him might open with the news of Brissago blown to atoms. Then it would be a delightful relief to thepresent tension to arrest this chatterer forthwith. He might be killed perhaps. What? +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +57 + + +The king was repeating his observation. 'They have a ridiculous fancy that your confidence is based on thepossession of atomic bombs.' +King Ferdinand Charles pulled himself together. He protested. +'Oh, quite so,' said the ex−king, 'quite so.' +'What grounds?' The ex−king permitted himself a gesture and the ghost of a chuckle−−why the devil should hechuckle? 'Practically none,' he said. 'But of course with these things one has to be so careful.' +And then again for an instant something−−like the faintest shadow of derision−−gleamed out of the envoy's eyesand recalled that chilly feeling to King Ferdinand's spine. +Some kindred depression had come to Pestovitch, who had been watching the drawn intensity of Firmin's face. Hecame to the help of his master, who, he feared, might protest too much. +'A search!' cried the king. 'An embargo on our aeroplanes.' +'Only a temporary expedient,' said the ex−king Egbert, 'while the search is going on.' +The king appealed to his council. +'The people will never permit it, sire,' said a bustling little man in a gorgeous uniform. +'You'll have to make 'em,' said the ex−king, genially addressing all the councillors. +King Ferdinand glanced at the closed brass door through which no news would come. +'When would you want to have this search?' +The ex−king was radiant. 'We couldn't possibly do it until the day after to−morrow,' he said. +'Just the capital?' +'Where else?' asked the ex−king, still more cheerfully. +'For my own part,' said the ex−king confidentially, 'I think the whole business ridiculous. Who would be such afool as to hide atomic bombs? Nobody. Certain hanging if he's caught−−certain, and almost certain blowing up ifhe isn't. But nowadays I have to take orders like the rest of the world. And here I am.' +The king thought he had never met such detestable geniality. He glanced at Pestovitch, who nodded almostimperceptibly. It was well, anyhow, to have a fool to deal with. They might have sent a diplomatist. 'Of course,'said the king, 'I recognise the overpowering force−−and a kind of logic−−in these orders from Brissago.' +'I knew you would,' said the ex−king, with an air of relief, 'and so let us arrange−−−−' +They arranged with a certain informality. No Balkan aeroplane was to adventure into the air until the search wasconcluded, and meanwhile the fleets of the world government would soar and circle in the sky. The towns were tobe placarded with offers of reward to any one who would help in the discovery of atomic bombs.... +'You will sign that,' said the ex−king. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +58 + + +### 'Why?' + +'To show that we aren't in any way hostile to you.' +Pestovitch nodded 'yes' to his master. +'And then, you see,' said the ex−king in that easy way of his, 'we'll have a lot of men here, borrow help from yourpolice, and run through all your things. And then everything will be over. Meanwhile, if I may be your guest....'When presently Pestovitch was alone with the king again, he found him in a state of jangling emotions. His spiritwas tossing like a wind−whipped sea. One moment he was exalted and full of contempt for 'that ass' and hissearch; the next he was down in a pit of dread. 'They will find them, Pestovitch, and then he'll hang us.' +'Hang us?' +The king put his long nose into his councillor's face. 'That grinning brute WANTS to hang us,' he said. 'And hangus he will, if we give him a shadow of a chance.' +'But all their Modern State Civilisation!' +'Do you think there's any pity in that crew of Godless, Vivisecting Prigs?' cried this last king of romance. 'Do youthink, Pestovitch, they understand anything of a high ambition or a splendid dream? Do you think that our gallantand sublime adventure has any appeal to them? Here am I, the last and greatest and most romantic of the Caesars,and do you think they will miss the chance of hanging me like a dog if they can, killing me like a rat in a hole?And that renegade! He who was once an anointed king! . . . +'I hate that sort of eye that laughs and keeps hard,' said the king. +'I won't sit still here and be caught like a fascinated rabbit,' said the king in conclusion. 'We must shift thosebombs.' +'Risk it,' said Pestovitch. 'Leave them alone.' +'No,' said the king. 'Shift them near the frontier. Then while they watch us here−−they will always watch us herenow−−we can buy an aeroplane abroad, and pick them up....' +The king was in a feverish, irritable mood all that evening, but he made his plans nevertheless with infinitecunning. They must get the bombs away; there must be a couple of atomic hay lorries, the bombs could be hiddenunder the hay.... Pestovitch went and came, instructing trusty servants, planning and replanning.... The king andthe ex−king talked very pleasantly of a number of subjects. All the while at the back of King Ferdinand Charles'smind fretted the mystery of his vanished aeroplane. There came no news of its capture, and no news of its success.At any moment all that power at the back of his visitor might crumble away and vanish.... +It was past midnight, when the king, in a cloak and slouch hat that might equally have served a small farmer, orany respectable middle−class man, slipped out from an inconspicuous service gate on the eastward side of hispalace into the thickly wooded gardens that sloped in a series of terraces down to the town. Pestovitch and hisguard−valet Peter, both wrapped about in a similar disguise, came out among the laurels that bordered thepathway and joined him. It was a clear, warm night, but the stars seemed unusually little and remote because ofthe aeroplanes, each trailing a searchlight, that drove hither and thither across the blue. One great beam seemed torest on the king for a moment as he came out of the palace; then instantly and reassuringly it had swept away. Butwhile they were still in the palace gardens another found them and looked at them. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +59 + + +'They see us,' cried the king. +'They make nothing of us,' said Pestovitch. +The king glanced up and met a calm, round eye of light, that seemed to wink at him and vanish, leaving himblinded.... +The three men went on their way. Near the little gate in the garden railings that Pestovitch had caused to beunlocked, the king paused under the shadow of an flex and looked back at the place. It was very high and narrow,a twentieth−century rendering of mediaevalism, mediaevalism in steel and bronze and sham stone and opaqueglass. Against the sky it splashed a confusion of pinnacles. High up in the eastward wing were the windows of theapartments of the ex−king Egbert. One of them was brightly lit now, and against the light a little black figurestood very still and looked out upon the night. +The king snarled. +'He little knows how we slip through his fingers,' said Pestovitch. +And as he spoke they saw the ex−king stretch out his arms slowly, like one who yawns, knuckle his eyes and turninward−−no doubt to his bed. +Down through the ancient winding back streets of his capital hurried the king, and at an appointed corner ashabby atomic−automobile waited for the three. It was a hackney carriage of the lowest grade, with dinted metalpanels and deflated cushions. The driver was one of the ordinary drivers of the capital, but beside him sat theyoung secretary of Pestovitch, who knew the way to the farm where the bombs were hidden. +The automobile made its way through the narrow streets of the old town, which were still lit and uneasy−−for thefleet of airships overhead had kept the cafes open and people abroad−−over the great new bridge, and so bystraggling outskirts to the country. And all through his capital the king who hoped to outdo Caesar, sat back andwas very still, and no one spoke. And as they got out into the dark country they became aware of the searchlightswandering over the country−side like the uneasy ghosts of giants. The king sat forward and looked at these flittingwhitenesses, and every now and then peered up to see the flying ships overhead. +'I don't like them,' said the king. +Presently one of these patches of moonlight came to rest about them and seemed to be following their automobile.The king drew back. +'The things are confoundedly noiseless,' said the king. 'It's like being stalked by lean white cats.' +He peered again. 'That fellow is watching us,' he said. +And then suddenly he gave way to panic. 'Pestovitch,' he said, clutching his minister's arm, 'they are watching us.I'm not going through with this. They are watching us. I'm going back.' +Pestovitch remonstrated. 'Tell him to go back,' said the king, and tried to open the window. For a few momentsthere was a grim struggle in the automobile; a gripping of wrists and a blow. 'I can't go through with it,' repeatedthe king, 'I can't go through with it.' +'But they'll hang us,' said Pestovitch. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +60 + + +'Not if we were to give up now. Not if we were to surrender the bombs. It is you who brought me into this....' +At last Pestovitch compromised. There was an inn perhaps half a mile from the farm. They could alight there andthe king could get brandy, and rest his nerves for a time. And if he still thought fit to go back he could go back. +'See,' said Pestovitch, 'the light has gone again.' +The king peered up. 'I believe he's following us without a light,' said the king. +In the little old dirty inn the king hung doubtful for a time, and was for going back and throwing himself on themercy of the council. 'If there is a council,' said Pestovitch. 'By this time your bombs may have settled it. +'But if so, these infernal aeroplanes would go.' +'They may not know yet.' +'But, Pestovitch, why couldn't you do all this without me?' +Pestovitch made no answer for a moment. 'I was for leaving the bombs in their place,' he said at last, and went tothe window. About their conveyance shone a circle of bright light. Pestovitch had a brilliant idea. 'I will send mysecretary out to make a kind of dispute with the driver. Something that will make them watch up above there.Meanwhile you and I and Peter will go out by the back way and up by the hedges to the farm....' +It was worthy of his subtle reputation and it answered passing well. +In ten minutes they were tumbling over the wall of the farm−yard, wet, muddy, and breathless, but unobserved.But as they ran towards the barns the king gave vent to something between a groan and a curse, and all aboutthem shone the light−−and passed. +But had it passed at once or lingered for just a second? +'They didn't see us,' said Peter. +'I don't think they saw us,' said the king, and stared as the light went swooping up the mountain side, hung for asecond about a hayrick, and then came pouring back. +'In the barn!' cried the king. +He bruised his shin against something, and then all three men were inside the huge steel−girdered barn in whichstood the two motor hay lorries that were to take the bombs away. Kurt and Abel, the two brothers of Peter, hadbrought the lorries thither in daylight. They had the upper half of the loads of hay thrown off, ready to cover thebombs, so soon as the king should show the hiding−place. 'There's a sort of pit here,' said the king. 'Don't lightanother lantern. This key of mine releases a ring....' +For a time scarcely a word was spoken in the darkness of the barn. There was the sound of a slab being lifted andthen of feet descending a ladder into a pit. Then whispering and then heavy breathing as Kurt came struggling upwith the first of the hidden bombs. +'We shall do it yet,' said the king. And then he gasped. 'Curse that light. Why in the name of Heaven didn't weshut the barn door?' For the great door stood wide open and all the empty, lifeless yard outside and the door andsix feet of the floor of the barn were in the blue glare of an inquiring searchlight. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +61 + + +'Shut the door, Peter,' said Pestovitch. +'No,' cried the king, too late, as Peter went forward into the light. 'Don't show yourself!' cried the king. Kurt madea step forward and plucked his brother back. For a time all five men stood still. It seemed that light would nevergo and then abruptly it was turned off, leaving them blinded. 'Now,' said the king uneasily, 'now shut the door.' +'Not completely,' cried Pestovitch. 'Leave a chink for us to go out by....' +It was hot work shifting those bombs, and the king worked for a time like a common man. Kurt and Abel carriedthe great things up and Peter brought them to the carts, and the king and Pestovitch helped him to place themamong the hay. They made as little noise as they could.... +'Ssh!' cried the king. 'What's that?' +But Kurt and Abel did not hear, and came blundering up the ladder with the last of the load. +'Ssh!' Peter ran forward to them with a whispered remonstrance. Now they were still. +The barn door opened a little wider, and against the dim blue light outside they saw the black shape of a man. +'Any one here?' he asked, speaking with an Italian accent. +The king broke into a cold perspiration. Then Pestovitch answered: 'Only a poor farmer loading hay,' he said, andpicked up a huge hay fork and went forward softly. +'You load your hay at a very bad time and in a very bad light,' said the man at the door, peering in. 'Have you noelectric light here?' +Then suddenly he turned on an electric torch, and as he did so Pestovitch sprang forward. 'Get out of my barn!' hecried, and drove the fork full at the intruder's chest. He had a vague idea that so he might stab the man to silence.But the man shouted loudly as the prongs pierced him and drove him backward, and instantly there was a soundof feet running across the yard. +'Bombs,' cried the man upon the ground, struggling with the prongs in his hand, and as Pestovitch staggeredforward into view with the force of his own thrust, he was shot through the body by one of the two new−comers. +The man on the ground was badly hurt but plucky. 'Bombs,' he repeated, and struggled up into a kneeling positionand held his electric torch full upon the face of the king. 'Shoot them,' he cried, coughing and spitting blood, sothat the halo of light round the king's head danced about. +For a moment in that shivering circle of light the two men saw the king kneeling up in the cart and Peter on thebarn floor beside him. The old fox looked at them sideways−−snared, a white−faced evil thing. And then, as witha faltering suicidal heroism, he leant forward over the bomb before him, they fired together and shot him throughthe head. +The upper part of his face seemed to vanish. +'Shoot them,' cried the man who had been stabbed. 'Shoot them all!' +And then his light went out, and he rolled over with a groan at the feet of his comrades. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +62 + + +But each carried a light of his own, and in another moment everything in the barn was visible again. They shotPeter even as he held up his hands in sign of surrender. +Kurt and Abel at the head of the ladder hesitated for a moment, and then plunged backward into the pit. 'If wedon't kill them,' said one of the sharpshooters, 'they'll blow us to rags. They've gone down that hatchway. Come! .. . +'Here they are. Hands up! I say. Hold your light while I shoot....' +### Section 8 + +It was still quite dark when his valet and Firmin came together and told the ex−king Egbert that the business wassettled. +He started up into a sitting position on the side of his bed. +'Did he go out?' asked the ex−king. +'He is dead,' said Firmin. 'He was shot.' +The ex−king reflected. 'That's about the best thing that could have happened,' he said. 'Where are the bombs? Inthat farm−house on the opposite hill−side! Why! the place is in sight! Let us go. I'll dress. Is there any one in theplace, Firmin, to get us a cup of coffee?' +Through the hungry twilight of the dawn the ex−king's automobile carried him to the farm−house where the lastrebel king was lying among his bombs. The rim of the sky flashed, the east grew bright, and the sun was justrising over the hills when King Egbert reached the farm−yard. There he found the hay lorries drawn out from thebarn with the dreadful bombs still packed upon them. A couple of score of aviators held the yard, and outside afew peasants stood in a little group and stared, ignorant as yet of what had happened. Against the stone wall of thefarm−yard five bodies were lying neatly side by side, and Pestovitch had an expression of surprise on his face andthe king was chiefly identifiable by his long white hands and his blonde moustache. The wounded aeronaut hadbeen carried down to the inn. And after the ex−king had given directions in what manner the bombs were to betaken to the new special laboratories above Zurich, where they could be unpacked in an atmosphere of chlorine,he turned to these five still shapes. +Their five pairs of feet stuck out with a curious stiff unanimity.... +'What else was there to do?' he said in answer to some internal protest. +'I wonder, Firmin, if there are any more of them?' +'Bombs, sir?' asked Firmin. +'No, such kings.... +'The pitiful folly of it!' said the ex−king, following his thoughts. 'Firmin,' as an ex−professor of InternationalPolitics, I think it falls to you to bury them. There? . . . No, don't put them near the well. People will have to drinkfrom that well. Bury them over there, some way off in the field.' diff --git a/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_04_CHAPTER_THE_FOURTH_THE_NEW_PHASE.md b/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_04_CHAPTER_THE_FOURTH_THE_NEW_PHASE.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e603878 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_04_CHAPTER_THE_FOURTH_THE_NEW_PHASE.md @@ -0,0 +1,236 @@ +## CHAPTER THE FOURTH. THE NEW PHASE + +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +63 + + +### Section 1 + +The task that lay before the Assembly of Brissago, viewed as we may view it now from the clarifying standpointof things accomplished, was in its broad issues a simple one. Essentially it was to place social organisation uponthe new footing that the swift, accelerated advance of human knowledge had rendered necessary. The council wasgathered together with the haste of a salvage expedition, and it was confronted with wreckage; but the wreckagewas irreparable wreckage, and the only possibilities of the case were either the relapse of mankind to theagricultural barbarism from which it had emerged so painfully or the acceptance of achieved science as the basisof a new social order. The old tendencies of human nature, suspicion, jealousy, particularism, and belligerency,were incompatible with the monstrous destructive power of the new appliances the inhuman logic of science hadproduced. The equilibrium could be restored only by civilisation destroying itself down to a level at whichmodern apparatus could no longer be produced, or by human nature adapting itself in its institutions to the newconditions. It was for the latter alternative that the assembly existed. +Sooner or later this choice would have confronted mankind. The sudden development of atomic science did butprecipitate and render rapid and dramatic a clash between the new and the customary that had been gatheringsince ever the first flint was chipped or the first fire built together. From the day when man contrived himself atool and suffered another male to draw near him, he ceased to be altogether a thing of instinct and untroubledconvictions. From that day forth a widening breach can be traced between his egotistical passions and the socialneed. Slowly he adapted himself to the life of the homestead, and his passionate impulses widened out to thedemands of the clan and the tribe. But widen though his impulses might, the latent hunter and wanderer andwonderer in his imagination outstripped their development. He was never quite subdued to the soil nor quitetamed to the home. Everywhere it needed teaching and the priest to keep him within the bounds of the plough−lifeand the beast−tending. Slowly a vast system of traditional imperatives superposed itself upon his instincts,imperatives that were admirably fitted to make him that cultivator, that cattle−mincer, who was for twice tenthousand years the normal man. +And, unpremeditated, undesired, out of the accumulations of his tilling came civilisation. Civilisation was theagricultural surplus. It appeared as trade and tracks and roads, it pushed boats out upon the rivers and presentlyinvaded the seas, and within its primitive courts, within temples grown rich and leisurely and amidst the gatheringmedley of the seaport towns rose speculation and philosophy and science, and the beginning of the new order thathas at last established itself as human life. Slowly at first, as we traced it, and then with an accumulating velocity,the new powers were fabricated. Man as a whole did not seek them nor desire them; they were thrust into hishand. For a time men took up and used these new things and the new powers inadvertently as they came to him,recking nothing of the consequences. For endless generations change led him very gently. But when he had beenled far enough, change quickened the pace. It was with a series of shocks that he realised at last that he was livingthe old life less and less and a new life more and more. +Already before the release of atomic energy the tensions between the old way of living and the new were intense.They were far intenser than they had been even at the collapse of the Roman imperial system. On the one handwas the ancient life of the family and the small community and the petty industry, on the other was a new life on alarger scale, with remoter horizons and a strange sense of purpose. Already it was growing clear that men mustlive on one side or the other. One could not have little tradespeople and syndicated businesses in the same market,sleeping carters and motor trolleys on the same road, bows and arrows and aeroplane sharpshooters in the samearmy, or illiterate peasant industries and power−driven factories in the same world. And still less it was possiblethat one could have the ideas and ambitions and greed and jealousy of peasants equipped with the vast appliancesof the new age. If there had been no atomic bombs to bring together most of the directing intelligence of the worldto that hasty conference at Brissago, there would still have been, extended over great areas and a considerablespace of time perhaps, a less formal conference of responsible and understanding people upon the perplexities ofthis world−wide opposition. If the work of Holsten had been spread over centuries and imparted to the world byimperceptible degrees, it would nevertheless have made it necessary for men to take counsel upon and set a plan +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +64 + + +for the future. Indeed already there had been accumulating for a hundred years before the crisis a literature offoresight; there was a whole mass of 'Modern State' scheming available for the conference to go upon. Thesebombs did but accentuate and dramatise an already developing problem. +### Section 2 + +This assembly was no leap of exceptional minds and super−intelligences into the control of affairs. It wasteachable, its members trailed ideas with them to the gathering, but these were the consequences of the 'moralshock' the bombs had given humanity, and there is no reason for supposing its individual personalities weregreatly above the average. It would be possible to cite a thousand instances of error and inefficiency in itsproceedings due to the forgetfulness, irritability, or fatigue of its members. It experimented considerably andblundered often. Excepting Holsten, whose gift was highly specialised, it is questionable whether there was asingle man of the first order of human quality in the gathering. But it had a modest fear of itself, and a consequentdirectness that gave it a general distinction. There was, of course, a noble simplicity about Leblanc, but even ofhim it may be asked whether he was not rather good and honest−minded than in the fuller sense great. +The ex−king had wisdom and a certain romantic dash, he was a man among thousands, even if he was not a manamong millions, but his memoirs, and indeed his decision to write memoirs, give the quality of himself and hisassociates. The book makes admirable but astonishing reading. Therein he takes the great work the council wasdoing for granted as a little child takes God. It is as if he had no sense of it at all. He tells amusing trivialitiesabout his cousin Wilhelm and his secretary Firmin, he pokes fun at the American president, who was, indeed,rather a little accident of the political machine than a representative American, and he gives a long description ofhow he was lost for three days in the mountains in the company of the only Japanese member, a loss that seems tohave caused no serious interruption of the work of the council.... +The Brissago conference has been written about time after time, as though it were a gathering of the very flowerof humanity. Perched up there by the freak or wisdom of Leblanc, it had a certain Olympian quality, and thenatural tendency of the human mind to elaborate such a resemblance would have us give its members thelikenesses of gods. It would be equally reasonable to compare it to one of those enforced meetings upon themountain−tops that must have occurred in the opening phases of the Deluge. The strength of the council lay not initself but in the circumstances that had quickened its intelligence, dispelled its vanities, and emancipated it fromtraditional ambitions and antagonisms. It was stripped of the accumulation of centuries, a naked government withall that freedom of action that nakedness affords. And its problems were set before it with a plainness that was outof all comparison with the complicated and perplexing intimations of the former time. +### Section 3 + +The world on which the council looked did indeed present a task quite sufficiently immense and altogether toourgent for any wanton indulgence in internal dissension. It may be interesting to sketch in a few phrases thecondition of mankind at the close of the period of warring states, in the year of crisis that followed the release ofatomic power. It was a world extraordinarily limited when one measures it by later standards, and it was now in astate of the direst confusion and distress. +It must be remembered that at this time men had still to spread into enormous areas of the land surface of theglobe. There were vast mountain wildernesses, forest wildernesses, sandy deserts, and frozen lands. Men stillclung closely to water and arable soil in temperate or sub−tropical climates, they lived abundantly only in rivervalleys, and all their great cities had grown upon large navigable rivers or close to ports upon the sea. Over greatareas even of this suitable land flies and mosquitoes, armed with infection, had so far defeated human invasion,and under their protection the virgin forests remained untouched. Indeed, the whole world even in its mostcrowded districts was filthy with flies and swarming with needless insect life to an extent which is now almostincredible. A population map of the world in 1950 would have followed seashore and river course so closely in its +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +65 + + +darker shading as to give an impression that homo sapiens was an amphibious animal. His roads and railways layalso along the lower contours, only here and there to pierce some mountain barrier or reach some holiday resortdid they clamber above 3000 feet. And across the ocean his traffic passed in definite lines; there were hundreds ofthousands of square miles of ocean no ship ever traversed except by mischance. +Into the mysteries of the solid globe under his feet he had not yet pierced for five miles, and it was still not fortyyears since, with a tragic pertinacity, he had clambered to the poles of the earth. The limitless mineral wealth ofthe Arctic and Antarctic circles was still buried beneath vast accumulations of immemorial ice, and the secretriches of the inner zones of the crust were untapped and indeed unsuspected. The higher mountain regions wereknown only to a sprinkling of guide−led climbers and the frequenters of a few gaunt hotels, and the vast rainlessbelts of land that lay across the continental masses, from Gobi to Sahara and along the backbone of America, withtheir perfect air, their daily baths of blazing sunshine, their nights of cool serenity and glowing stars, and theirreservoirs of deep−lying water, were as yet only desolations of fear and death to the common imagination. +And now under the shock of the atomic bombs, the great masses of population which had gathered into theenormous dingy town centres of that period were dispossessed and scattered disastrously over the surroundingrural areas. It was as if some brutal force, grown impatient at last at man's blindness, had with the deliberateintention of a rearrangement of population upon more wholesome lines, shaken the world. The great industrialregions and the large cities that had escaped the bombs were, because of their complete economic collapse, inalmost as tragic plight as those that blazed, and the country−side was disordered by a multitude of wandering andlawless strangers. In some parts of the world famine raged, and in many regions there was plague.... The plains ofnorth India, which had become more and more dependent for the general welfare on the railways and that greatsystem of irrigation canals which the malignant section of the patriots had destroyed, were in a state of peculiardistress, whole villages lay dead together, no man heeding, and the very tigers and panthers that preyed upon theemaciated survivors crawled back infected into the jungle to perish. Large areas of China were a prey to brigandbands.... +It is a remarkable thing that no complete contemporary account of the explosion of the atomic bombs survives.There are, of course, innumerable allusions and partial records, and it is from these that subsequent ages mustpiece together the image of these devastations. +The phenomena, it must be remembered, changed greatly from day to day, and even from hour to hour, as theexploding bomb shifted its position, threw off fragments or came into contact with water or a fresh texture of soil.Barnet, who came within forty miles of Paris early in October, is concerned chiefly with his account of the socialconfusion of the country−side and the problems of his command, but he speaks of heaped cloud masses of steam.'All along the sky to the south−west' and of a red glare beneath these at night. Parts of Paris were still burning, andnumbers of people were camped in the fields even at this distance watching over treasured heaps of salvaged loot.He speaks too of the distant rumbling of the explosion−−'like trains going over iron bridges.' +Other descriptions agree with this; they all speak of the 'continuous reverberations,' or of the 'thudding andhammering,' or some such phrase; and they all testify to a huge pall of steam, from which rain would fall suddenlyin torrents and amidst which lightning played. Drawing nearer to Paris an observer would have found the salvagecamps increasing in number and blocking up the villages, and large numbers of people, often starving and ailing,camping under improvised tents because there was no place for them to go. The sky became more and moredensely overcast until at last it blotted out the light of day and left nothing but a dull red glare 'extraordinarilydepressing to the spirit.' In this dull glare, great numbers of people were still living, clinging to their houses and inmany cases subsisting in a state of partial famine upon the produce in their gardens and the stores in the shops ofthe provision dealers. +Coming in still closer, the investigator would have reached the police cordon, which was trying to check thedesperate enterprise of those who would return to their homes or rescue their more valuable possessions within +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +66 + + +the 'zone of imminent danger.' +That zone was rather arbitrarily defined. If our spectator could have got permission to enter it, he would haveentered also a zone of uproar, a zone of perpetual thunderings, lit by a strange purplish−red light, and quiveringand swaying with the incessant explosion of the radio−active substance. Whole blocks of buildings were alightand burning fiercely, the trembling, ragged flames looking pale and ghastly and attenuated in comparison with thefull−bodied crimson glare beyond. The shells of other edifices already burnt rose, pierced by rows of windowsockets against the red−lit mist. +Every step farther would have been as dangerous as a descent within the crater of an active volcano. Thesespinning, boiling bomb centres would shift or break unexpectedly into new regions, great fragments of earth ordrain or masonry suddenly caught by a jet of disruptive force might come flying by the explorer's head, or theground yawn a fiery grave beneath his feet. Few who adventured into these areas of destruction and survivedattempted any repetition of their experiences. There are stories of puffs of luminous, radio−active vapour driftingsometimes scores of miles from the bomb centre and killing and scorching all they overtook. And the firstconflagrations from the Paris centre spread westward half−way to the sea. +Moreover, the air in this infernal inner circle of red−lit ruins had a peculiar dryness and a blistering quality, sothat it set up a soreness of the skin and lungs that was very difficult to heal.... +Such was the last state of Paris, and such on a larger scale was the condition of affairs in Chicago, and the samefate had overtaken Berlin, Moscow, Tokio, the eastern half of London, Toulon, Kiel, and two hundred andeighteen other centres of population or armament. Each was a flaming centre of radiant destruction that only timecould quench, that indeed in many instances time has still to quench. To this day, though indeed with a constantlydiminishing uproar and vigour, these explosions continue. In the map of nearly every country of the world threeor four or more red circles, a score of miles in diameter, mark the position of the dying atomic bombs and thedeath areas that men have been forced to abandon around them. Within these areas perished museums, cathedrals,palaces, libraries, galleries of masterpieces, and a vast accumulation of human achievement, whose charredremains lie buried, a legacy of curious material that only future generations may hope to examine.... +### Section 4 + +The state of mind of the dispossessed urban population which swarmed and perished so abundantly over thecountry−side during the dark days of the autumnal months that followed the Last War, was one of blank despair.Barnet gives sketch after sketch of groups of these people, camped among the vineyards of Champagne, as he sawthem during his period of service with the army of pacification. +There was, for example, that 'man−milliner' who came out from a field beside the road that rises up eastward outof Epernay, and asked how things were going in Paris. He was, says Barnet, a round−faced man, dressed veryneatly in black−−so neatly that it was amazing to discover he was living close at hand in a tent made ofcarpets−−and he had 'an urbane but insistent manner,' a carefully trimmed moustache and beard, expressiveeyebrows, and hair very neatly brushed. +'No one goes into Paris,' said Barnet. +'But, Monsieur, that is very unenterprising,' the man by the wayside submitted. +'The danger is too great. The radiations eat into people's skins.' +The eyebrows protested. 'But is nothing to be done?' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +67 + + +'Nothing can be done.' +'But, Monsieur, it is extraordinarily inconvenient, this living in exile and waiting. My wife and my little boy sufferextremely. There is a lack of amenity. And the season advances. I say nothing of the expense and difficulty inobtaining provisions. . . . When does Monsieur think that something will be done to render Paris−−possible?' +Barnet considered his interlocutor. +'I'm told,' said Barnet, 'that Paris is not likely to be possible again for several generations.' +'Oh! but this is preposterous! Consider, Monsieur! What are people like ourselves to do in the meanwhile? I am acostumier. All my connections and interests, above all my style, demand Paris. . . .' +Barnet considered the sky, from which a light rain was beginning to fall, the wide fields about them from whichthe harvest had been taken, the trimmed poplars by the wayside. +'Naturally,' he agreed, 'you want to go to Paris. But Paris is over.' +### 'Over!' + +### 'Finished.' + +'But then, Monsieur−−what is to become−−of ME?' +Barnet turned his face westward, whither the white road led. +'Where else, for example, may I hope to find−−opportunity?' +Barnet made no reply. +'Perhaps on the Riviera. Or at some such place as Homburg. Or some plague perhaps.' +'All that,' said Barnet, accepting for the first time facts that had lain evident in his mind for weeks; 'all that must beover, too.' +There was a pause. Then the voice beside him broke out. 'But, Monsieur, it is impossible! It leaves−−nothing.' +'No. Not very much.' +'One cannot suddenly begin to grow potatoes!' +'It would be good if Monsieur could bring himself−−−−' +'To the life of a peasant! And my wife−−−−You do not know the distinguished delicacy of my wife, a refinedhelplessness, a peculiar dependent charm. Like some slender tropical creeper−−with great white flowers.... But allthis is foolish talk. It is impossible that Paris, which has survived so many misfortunes, should not presentlyrevive.' +'I do not think it will ever revive. Paris is finished. London, too, I am told−−Berlin. All the great capitals werestricken....' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +68 + + +'But−−−−! Monsieur must permit me to differ.' +'It is so.' +'It is impossible. Civilisations do not end in this manner. Mankind will insist.' +### 'On Paris?' + +### 'On Paris.' + +'Monsieur, you might as well hope to go down the Maelstrom and resume business there.' +'I am content, Monsieur, with my own faith.' +'The winter comes on. Would not Monsieur be wiser to seek a house?' +'Farther from Paris? No, Monsieur. But it is not possible, Monsieur, what you say, and you are under atremendous mistake.... Indeed you are in error.... I asked merely for information....' +'When last I saw him,' said Barnet, 'he was standing under the signpost at the crest of the hill, gazing wistfully, yetit seemed to me a little doubtfully, now towards Paris, and altogether heedless of a drizzling rain that was wettinghim through and through....' +### Section 5 + +This effect of chill dismay, of a doom as yet imperfectly apprehended deepens as Barnet's record passes on to tellof the approach of winter. It was too much for the great mass of those unwilling and incompetent nomads torealise that an age had ended, that the old help and guidance existed no longer, that times would not mend again,however patiently they held out. They were still in many cases looking to Paris when the first snowflakes of thatpitiless January came swirling about them. The story grows grimmer.... +If it is less monstrously tragic after Barnet's return to England, it is, if anything, harder. England was a spectacleof fear−embittered householders, hiding food, crushing out robbery, driving the starving wanderers from everyfaltering place upon the roads lest they should die inconveniently and reproachfully on the doorsteps of those whohad failed to urge them onward.... +The remnants of the British troops left France finally in March, after urgent representations from the provisionalgovernment at Orleans that they could be supported no longer. They seem to have been a fairly well−behaved, buthighly parasitic force throughout, though Barnet is clearly of opinion that they did much to suppress sporadicbrigandage and maintain social order. He came home to a famine−stricken country, and his picture of the Englandof that spring is one of miserable patience and desperate expedients. The country was suffering much more thanFrance, because of the cessation of the overseas supplies on which it had hitherto relied. His troops were givenbread, dried fish, and boiled nettles at Dover, and marched inland to Ashford and paid off. On the way thither theysaw four men hanging from the telegraph posts by the roadside, who had been hung for stealing swedes. Thelabour refuges of Kent, he discovered, were feeding their crowds of casual wanderers on bread into which clayand sawdust had been mixed. In Surrey there was a shortage of even such fare as that. He himself struck acrosscountry to Winchester, fearing to approach the bomb−poisoned district round London, and at Winchester he hadthe luck to be taken on as one of the wireless assistants at the central station and given regular rations. The stationstood in a commanding position on the chalk hill that overlooks the town from the east.... +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +69 + + +Thence he must have assisted in the transmission of the endless cipher messages that preceded the gathering atBrissago, and there it was that the Brissago proclamation of the end of the war and the establishment of a worldgovernment came under his hands. +He was feeling ill and apathetic that day, and he did not realise what it was he was transcribing. He did itmechanically, as a part of his tedious duty. +Afterwards there came a rush of messages arising out of the declaration that strained him very much, and in theevening when he was relieved, he ate his scanty supper and then went out upon the little balcony before thestation, to smoke and rest his brains after this sudden and as yet inexplicable press of duty. It was a very beautiful,still evening. He fell talking to a fellow operator, and for the first time, he declares, 'I began to understand what itwas all about. I began to see just what enormous issues had been under my hands for the past four hours. But Ibecame incredulous after my first stimulation. "This is some sort of Bunkum," I said very sagely. +'My colleague was more hopeful. "It means an end to bomb−throwing and destruction," he said. "It means thatpresently corn will come from America." +' "Who is going to send corn when there is no more value in money?" I asked. +'Suddenly we were startled by a clashing from the town below. The cathedral bells, which had been silent eversince I had come into the district, were beginning, with a sort of rheumatic difficulty, to ring. Presently theywarmed a little to the work, and we realised what was going on. They were ringing a peal. We listened with anunbelieving astonishment and looking into each other's yellow faces. +' "They mean it," said my colleague. +' "But what can they do now?" I asked. "Everything is broken down...." ' +And on that sentence, with an unexpected artistry, Barnet abruptly ends his story. +### Section 6 + +From the first the new government handled affairs with a certain greatness of spirit. Indeed, it was inevitable thatthey should act greatly. From the first they had to see the round globe as one problem; it was impossible anylonger to deal with it piece by piece. They had to secure it universally from any fresh outbreak of atomicdestruction, and they had to ensure a permanent and universal pacification. On this capacity to grasp and wield thewhole round globe their existence depended. There was no scope for any further performance. +So soon as the seizure of the existing supplies of atomic ammunition and the apparatus for synthesisingCarolinum was assured, the disbanding or social utilisation of the various masses of troops still under arms had tobe arranged, the salvation of the year's harvests, and the feeding, housing, and employment of the drifting millionsof homeless people. In Canada, in South America, and Asiatic Russia there were vast accumulations of provisionthat was immovable only because of the breakdown of the monetary and credit systems. These had to be broughtinto the famine districts very speedily if entire depopulation was to be avoided, and their transportation and therevival of communications generally absorbed a certain proportion of the soldiery and more able unemployed.The task of housing assumed gigantic dimensions, and from building camps the housing committee of the councilspeedily passed to constructions of a more permanent type. They found far less friction than might have beenexpected in turning the loose population on their hands to these things. People were extraordinarily tamed by thatyear of suffering and death; they were disillusioned of their traditions, bereft of once obstinate prejudices; theyfelt foreign in a strange world, and ready to follow any confident leadership. The orders of the new governmentcame with the best of all credentials, rations. The people everywhere were as easy to control, one of the old labour +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +70 + + +experts who had survived until the new time witnesses, 'as gangs of emigrant workers in a new land.' And now itwas that the social possibilities of the atomic energy began to appear. The new machinery that had come intoexistence before the last wars increased and multiplied, and the council found itself not only with millions ofhands at its disposal but with power and apparatus that made its first conceptions of the work it had to do seempitifully timid. The camps that were planned in iron and deal were built in stone and brass; the roads that were tohave been mere iron tracks became spacious ways that insisted upon architecture; the cultivations of foodstuffsthat were to have supplied emergency rations, were presently, with synthesisers, fertilisers, actinic light, andscientific direction, in excess of every human need. +The government had begun with the idea of temporarily reconstituting the social and economic system that hadprevailed before the first coming of the atomic engine, because it was to this system that the ideas and habits ofthe great mass of the world's dispossessed population was adapted. Subsequent rearrangement it had hoped toleave to its successors−−whoever they might be. But this, it became more and more manifest, was absolutelyimpossible. As well might the council have proposed a revival of slavery. The capitalist system had already beensmashed beyond repair by the onset of limitless gold and energy; it fell to pieces at the first endeavour to stand itup again. Already before the war half of the industrial class had been out of work, the attempt to put them backinto wages employment on the old lines was futile from the outset−−the absolute shattering of the currencysystem alone would have been sufficient to prevent that, and it was necessary therefore to take over the housing,feeding, and clothing of this worldwide multitude without exacting any return in labour whatever. In a little whilethe mere absence of occupation for so great a multitude of people everywhere became an evident social danger,and the government was obliged to resort to such devices as simple decorative work in wood and stone, themanufacture of hand−woven textiles, fruit−growing, flower−growing, and landscape gardening on a grand scaleto keep the less adaptable out of mischief, and of paying wages to the younger adults for attendance at schoolsthat would equip them to use the new atomic machinery.... So quite insensibly the council drifted into a completereorganisation of urban and industrial life, and indeed of the entire social system. +Ideas that are unhampered by political intrigue or financial considerations have a sweeping way with them, andbefore a year was out the records of the council show clearly that it was rising to its enormous opportunity, andpartly through its own direct control and partly through a series of specific committees, it was planning a newcommon social order for the entire population of the earth. 'There can be no real social stability or any generalhuman happiness while large areas of the world and large classes of people are in a phase of civilisation differentfrom the prevailing mass. It is impossible now to have great blocks of population misunderstanding the generallyaccepted social purpose or at an economic disadvantage to the rest.' So the council expressed its conception of theproblem it had to solve. The peasant, the field−worker, and all barbaric cultivators were at an 'economicdisadvantage' to the more mobile and educated classes, and the logic of the situation compelled the council to takeup systematically the supersession of this stratum by a more efficient organisation of production. It developed ascheme for the progressive establishment throughout the world of the 'modern system' in agriculture, a system thatshould give the full advantages of a civilised life to every agricultural worker, and this replacement has beengoing on right up to the present day. The central idea of the modern system is the substitution of cultivating guildsfor the individual cultivator, and for cottage and village life altogether. These guilds are associations of men andwomen who take over areas of arable or pasture land, and make themselves responsible for a certain averageproduce. They are bodies small enough as a rule to be run on a strictly democratic basis, and large enough tosupply all the labour, except for a certain assistance from townspeople during the harvest, needed upon the landfarmed. They have watchers' bungalows or chalets on the ground cultivated, but the ease and the costlessness ofmodern locomotion enables them to maintain a group of residences in the nearest town with a commondining−room and club house, and usually also a guild house in the national or provincial capital. Already thissystem has abolished a distinctively 'rustic' population throughout vast areas of the old world, where it hasprevailed immemorially. That shy, unstimulated life of the lonely hovel, the narrow scandals and petty spites andpersecutions of the small village, that hoarding, half inanimate existence away from books, thought, or socialparticipation and in constant contact with cattle, pigs, poultry, and their excrement, is passing away out of humanexperience. In a little while it will be gone altogether. In the nineteenth century it had already ceased to be a +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +71 + + +necessary human state, and only the absence of any collective intelligence and an imagined need for tough andunintelligent soldiers and for a prolific class at a low level, prevented its systematic replacement at that time.... +And while this settlement of the country was in progress, the urban camps of the first phase of the council'sactivities were rapidly developing, partly through the inherent forces of the situation and partly through thecouncil's direction, into a modern type of town.... +### Section 7 + +It is characteristic of the manner in which large enterprises forced themselves upon the Brissago council, that itwas not until the end of the first year of their administration and then only with extreme reluctance that theywould take up the manifest need for a lingua franca for the world. They seem to have given little attention to thevarious theoretical universal languages which were proposed to them. They wished to give as little trouble tohasty and simple people as possible, and the world−wide alstribution of English gave them a bias for it from thebeginning. The extreme simplicity of its grammar was also in its favour. +It was not without some sacrifices that the English−speaking peoples were permitted the satisfaction of hearingtheir speech used universally. The language was shorn of a number of grammatical peculiarities, the distinctiveforms for the subjunctive mood for example and most of its irregular plurals were abolished; its spelling wassystematised and adapted to the vowel sounds in use upon the continent of Europe, and a process of incorporatingforeign nouns and verbs commenced that speedily reached enormous proportions. Within ten years from theestablishment of the World Republic the New English Dictionary had swelled to include a vocabulary of 250,000words, and a man of 1900 would have found considerable difficulty in reading an ordinary newspaper. On theother hand, the men of the new time could still appreciate the older English literature.... Certain minor acts ofuniformity accompanied this larger one. The idea of a common understanding and a general simplification ofintercourse once it was accepted led very naturally to the universal establishment of the metric system of weightsand measures, and to the disappearance of the various makeshift calendars that had hitherto confused chronology.The year was divided into thirteen months of four weeks each, and New Year's Day and Leap Year's Day weremade holidays, and did not count at all in the ordinary week. So the weeks and the months were brought intocorrespondence. And moreover, as the king put it to Firmin, it was decided to 'nail down Easter.' . . . In thesematters, as in so many matters, the new civilisation came as a simplification of ancient complications; the historyof the calendar throughout the world is a history of inadequate adjustments, of attempts to fix seed−time andmidwinter that go back into the very beginning of human society; and this final rectification had a symbolic valuequite beyond its practical convenience. But the council would have no rash nor harsh innovations, no strangenames for the months, and no alteration in the numbering of the years. +The world had already been put upon one universal monetary basis. For some months after the accession of thecouncil, the world's affairs had been carried on without any sound currency at all. Over great regions money wasstill in use, but with the most extravagant variations in price and the most disconcerting fluctuations of publicconfidence. The ancient rarity of gold upon which the entire system rested was gone. Gold was now a wasteproduct in the release of atomic energy, and it was plain that no metal could be the basis of the monetary systemagain. Henceforth all coins must be token coins. Yet the whole world was accustomed to metallic money, and avast proportion of existing human relationships had grown up upon a cash basis, and were almost inconceivablewithout that convenient liquidating factor. It seemed absolutely necessary to the life of the social organisation tohave some sort of currency, and the council had therefore to discover some real value upon which to rest it.Various such apparently stable values as land and hours of work were considered. Ultimately the government,which was now in possession of most of the supplies of energy−releasing material, fixed a certain number of unitsof energy as the value of a gold sovereign, declared a sovereign to be worth exactly twenty marks, twenty−fivefrancs, five dollars, and so forth, with the other current units of the world, and undertook, under variousqualifications and conditions, to deliver energy upon demand as payment for every sovereign presented. On thewhole, this worked satisfactorily. They saved the face of the pound sterling. Coin was rehabilitated, and after a +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +72 + + +phase of price fluctuations, began to settle down to definite equivalents and uses again, with names and everydayvalues familiar to the common run of people.... +### Section 8 + +As the Brissago council came to realise that what it had supposed to be temporary camps of refugees were rapidlydeveloping into great towns of a new type, and that it was remoulding the world in spite of itself, it decided toplace this work of redistributing the non−agricultural population in the hands of a compactor and better qualifiedspecial committee. That committee is now, far more than the council of any other of its delegated committees, theactive government of the world. Developed from an almost invisible germ of 'town−planning' that came obscurelyinto existence in Europe or America (the question is still in dispute) somewhere in the closing decades of thenineteenth century, its work, the continual active planning and replanning of the world as a place of humanhabitation, is now so to speak the collective material activity of the race. The spontaneous, disorderly spreadingsand recessions of populations, as aimless and mechanical as the trickling of spilt water, which was the substanceof history for endless years, giving rise here to congestions, here to chronic devastating wars, and everywhere to adiscomfort and disorderliness that was at its best only picturesque, is at an end. Men spread now, with the wholepower of the race to aid them, into every available region of the earth. Their cities are no longer tethered torunning water and the proximity of cultivation, their plans are no longer affected by strategic considerations orthoughts of social insecurity. The aeroplane and the nearly costless mobile car have abolished trade routes; acommon language and a universal law have abolished a thousand restraining inconveniences, and so anastonishing dispersal of habitations has begun. One may live anywhere. And so it is that our cities now are truesocial gatherings, each with a character of its own and distinctive interests of its own, and most of them with acommon occupation. They lie out in the former deserts, these long wasted sun−baths of the race, they toweramidst eternal snows, they hide in remote islands, and bask on broad lagoons. For a time the whole tendency ofmankind was to desert the river valleys in which the race had been cradled for half a million years, but now thatthe War against Flies has been waged so successfully that this pestilential branch of life is nearly extinct, they arereturning thither with a renewed appetite for gardens laced by watercourses, for pleasant living amidst islands andhouseboats and bridges, and for nocturnal lanterns reflected by the sea. +Man who is ceasing to be an agricultural animal becomes more and more a builder, a traveller, and a maker. Howmuch he ceases to be a cultivator of the soil the returns of the Redistribution Committee showed. Every year thework of our scientific laboratories increases the productivity and simplifies the labour of those who work upon thesoil, and the food now of the whole world is produced by less than one per cent. of its population, a percentagewhich still tends to decrease. Far fewer people are needed upon the land than training and proclivity disposetowards it, and as a consequence of this excess of human attention, the garden side of life, the creation of grovesand lawns and vast regions of beautiful flowers, has expanded enormously and continues to expand. For, asagricultural method intensifies and the quota is raised, one farm association after another, availing itself of the1975 regulations, elects to produce a public garden and pleasaunce in the place of its former fields, and the area offreedom and beauty is increased. And the chemists' triumphs of synthesis, which could now give us an entirelyartificial food, remain largely in abeyance because it is so much more pleasant and interesting to eat naturalproduce and to grow such things upon the soil. Each year adds to the variety of our fruits and the delightfulness ofour flowers. +### Section 9 + +The early years of the World Republic witnessed a certain recrudescence of political adventure. There was, it israther curious to note, no revival of separatism after the face of King Ferdinand Charles had vanished from thesight of men, but in a number of countries, as the first urgent physical needs were met, there appeared a variety ofpersonalities having this in common, that they sought to revive political trouble and clamber by its aid to positionsof importance and satisfaction. In no case did they speak in the name of kings, and it is clear that monarchy musthave been far gone in obsolescence before the twentieth century began, but they made appeals to the large +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +73 + + +survivals of nationalist and racial feeling that were everywhere to be found, they alleged with considerable justicethat the council was overriding racial and national customs and disregarding religious rules. The great plain ofIndia was particularly prolific in such agitators. The revival of newspapers, which had largely ceased during theterrible year because of the dislocation of the coinage, gave a vehicle and a method of organisation to thesecomplaints. At first the council disregarded this developing opposition, and then it recognised it with an entirelydevastating frankness. +Never, of course, had there been so provisional a government. It was of an extravagant illegality. It was, indeed,hardly more than a club, a club of about a hundred persons. At the outset there were ninety−three, and these wereincreased afterwards by the issue of invitations which more than balanced its deaths, to as many at one time asone hundred and nineteen. Always its constitution has been miscellaneous. At no time were these invitationsissued with an admission that they recognised a right. The old institution or monarchy had come out unexpectedlywell in the light of the new regime. Nine of the original members of the first government were crowned headswho had resigned their separate sovereignty, and at no time afterwards did the number of its royal members sinkbelow six. In their case there was perhaps a kind of attenuated claim to rule, but except for them and the still moreinfinitesimal pretensions of one or two ax−presidents of republics, no member of the council had even the shadeof a right to his participation in its power. It was natural, therefore, that its opponents should find a commonground in a clamour for representative government, and build high hopes upon a return, to parliamentaryinstitutions. +The council decided to give them everything they wanted, but in a form that suited ill with their aspirations. Itbecame at one stroke a representative body. It became, indeed, magnificently representative. It became sorepresentative that the politicians were drowned in a deluge of votes. Every adult of either sex from pole to polewas given a vote, and the world was divided into ten constituencies, which voted on the same day by means of asimple modification of the world post. Membership of the government, it was decided, must be for life, save inthe exceptional case of a recall; but the elections, which were held quinquenially, were arranged to add fiftymembers on each occasion. The method of proportional representation with one transferable vote was adopted,and the voter might also write upon his voting paper in a specially marked space, the name of any of hisrepresentatives that he wished to recall. A ruler was recallable by as many votes as the quota by which he hadbeen elected, and the original members by as many votes in any constituency as the returning quotas in the firstelection. +Upon these conditions the council submitted itself very cheerfully to the suffrages of the world. None of itsmembers were recalled, and its fifty new associates, which included twenty−seven which it had seen fit torecommend, were of an altogether too miscellaneous quality to disturb the broad trend of its policy. Its freedomfrom rules or formalities prevented any obstructive proceedings, and when one of the two newly arrived HomeRule members for India sought for information how to bring in a bill, they learnt simply that bills were notbrought in. They asked for the speaker, and were privileged to hear much ripe wisdom from the ex−king Egbert,who was now consciously among the seniors of the gathering. Thereafter they were baffled men.... +But already by that time the work of the council was drawing to an end. It was concerned not so much for thecontinuation of its construction as for the preservation of its accomplished work from the dramatic instincts of thepolitician. +The life of the race becomes indeed more and more independent of the formal government. The council, in itsopening phase, was heroic in spirit; a dragon−slaying body, it slashed out of existence a vast, knotted tangle ofobsolete ideas and clumsy and jealous proprietorships; it secured by a noble system of institutional precautions,freedom of inquiry, freedom of criticism, free communications, a common basis of education and understanding,and freedom from economic oppression. With that its creative task was accomplished. It became more and morean established security and less and less an active intervention. There is nothing in our time to correspond with thecontinual petty making and entangling of laws in an atmosphere of contention that is perhaps the most perplexing +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +74 + + +aspect of constitutional history in the nineteenth century. In that age they seem to have been perpetually makinglaws when we should alter regulations. The work of change which we delegate to these scientific committees ofspecific general direction which have the special knowledge needed, and which are themselves dominated by thebroad intellectual process of the community, was in those days inextricably mixed up with legislation. Theyfought over the details; we should as soon think of fighting over the arrangement of the parts of a machine. Weknow nowadays that such things go on best within laws, as life goes on between earth and sky. And so it is thatgovernment gathers now for a day or so in each year under the sunshine of Brissago when Saint Bruno's lilies arein flower, and does little more than bless the work of its committees. And even these committees are lessoriginative and more expressive of the general thought than they were at first. It becomes difficult to mark out theparticular directive personalities of the world. Continually we are less personal. Every good thought contributesnow, and every able brain falls within that informal and dispersed kingship which gathers together into onepurpose the energies of the race. +### Section 10 + +It is doubtful if we shall ever see again a phase of human existence in which 'politics,' that is to say a partisaninterference with the ruling sanities of the world, will be the dominant interest among serious men. We seem tohave entered upon an entirely new phase in history in which contention as distinguished from rivalry, has almostabruptly ceased to be the usual occupation, and has become at most a subdued and hidden and discredited thing.Contentious professions cease to be an honourable employment for men. The peace between nations is also apeace between individuals. We live in a world that comes of age. Man the warrior, man the lawyer, and all thebickering aspects of life, pass into obscurity; the grave dreamers, man the curious learner, and man the creativeartist, come forward to replace these barbaric aspects of existence by a less ignoble adventure. +There is no natural life of man. He is, and always has been, a sheath of varied and even incompatible possibilities,a palimpsest of inherited dispositions. It was the habit of many writers in the early twentieth century to speak ofcompetition and the narrow, private life of trade and saving and suspicious isolation as though such things were insome exceptional way proper to the human constitution, and as though openness of mind and a preference forachievement over possession were abnormal and rather unsubstantial qualities. How wrong that was the history ofthe decades immediately following the establishment of the world republic witnesses. Once the world wasreleased from the hardening insecurities of a needless struggle for life that was collectively planless andindividually absorbing, it became apparent that there was in the vast mass of people a long, smothered passion tomake things. The world broke out into making, and at first mainly into aesthetic making. This phase of history,which has been not inaptly termed the 'Efflorescence,' is still, to a large extent, with us. The majority of ourpopulation consists of artists, and the bulk of activity in the world lies no longer with necessities but with theirelaboration, decoration, and refinement. There has been an evident change in the quality of this making duringrecent years. It becomes more purposeful than it was, losing something of its first elegance and prettiness andgaining in intensity; but that is a change rather of hue than of nature. That comes with a deepening philosophy anda sounder education. For the first joyous exercises of fancy we perceive now the deliberation of a moreconstructive imagination. There is a natural order in these things, and art comes before science as the satisfactionof more elemental needs must come before art, and as play and pleasure come in a human life before thedevelopment of a settled purpose.... +For thousands of years this gathering impulse to creative work must have struggled in man against the limitationsimposed upon him by his social ineptitude. It was a long smouldering fire that flamed out at last in all thesethings. The evidence of a pathetic, perpetually thwarted urgency to make something, is one of the most touchingaspects of the relics and records of our immediate ancestors. There exists still in the death area about the Londonbombs, a region of deserted small homes that furnish the most illuminating comment on the old state of affairs.These homes are entirely horrible, uniform, square, squat, hideously proportioned, uncomfortable, dingy, and insome respects quite filthy, only people in complete despair of anything better could have lived in them, but toeach is attached a ridiculous little rectangle of land called 'the garden,' containing usually a prop for drying clothes +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +75 + + +and a loathsome box of offal, the dustbin, full of egg−shells, cinders, and such−like refuse. Now that one may goabout this region in comparitive security−−for the London radiations have dwindled to inconsiderableproportions−−it is possible to trace in nearly every one of these gardens some effort to make. Here it is a poorlittle plank summer−house, here it is a 'fountain' of bricks and oyster−shells, here a 'rockery,' here a 'workshop.'And in the houses everywhere there are pitiful little decorations, clumsy models, feeble drawings. These effortsare almost incredibly inept, like the drawings of blindfolded men, they are only one shade less harrowing to asympathetic observer than the scratchings one finds upon the walls of the old prisons, but there they are,witnessing to the poor buried instincts that struggled up towards the light. That god of joyous expression our poorfathers ignorantly sought, our freedom has declared to us.... +In the old days the common ambition of every simple soul was to possess a little property, a patch of land, a houseuncontrolled by others, an 'independence' as the English used to put it. And what made this desire for freedom andprosperity so strong, was very evidently the dream of self−expression, of doing something with it, of playing withit, of making a personal delightfulness, a distinctiveness. Property was never more than a means to an end, noravarice more than a perversion. Men owned in order to do freely. Now that every one has his own apartments andhis own privacy secure, this disposition to own has found its release in a new direction. Men study and save andstrive that they may leave behind them a series of panels in some public arcade, a row of carven figures along aterrace, a grove, a pavilion. Or they give themselves to the penetration of some still opaque riddle in phenomenaas once men gave themselves to the accumulation of riches. The work that was once the whole substance of socialexistence−−for most men spent all their lives in earning a living−−is now no more than was the burden upon oneof those old climbers who carried knapsacks of provisions on their backs in order that they might ascendmountains. It matters little to the easy charities of our emancipated time that most people who have made theirlabour contribution produce neither new beauty nor new wisdom, but are simply busy about those pleasantactivities and enjoyments that reassure them that they are alive. They help, it may be, by reception andreverberation, and they hinder nothing. ... +### Section 11 + +Now all this phase of gigantic change in the contours and appearances of human life which is going on about us, achange as rapid and as wonderful as the swift ripening of adolescence to manhood after the barbaric boyish years,is correlated with moral and mental changes at least as unprecedented. It is not as if old things were going out oflife and new things coming in, it is rather that the altered circumstances of men are making an appeal to elementsin his nature that have hitherto been suppressed, and checking tendencies that have hitherto been over−stimulatedand over−developed. He has not so much grown and altered his essential being as turned new aspects to the light.Such turnings round into a new attitude the world has seen on a less extensive scale before. The Highlanders ofthe seventeenth century, for example, were cruel and bloodthirsty robbers, in the nineteenth their descendantswere conspicuously trusty and honourable men. There was not a people in Western Europe in the early twentiethcentury that seemed capable of hideous massacres, and none that had not been guilty of them within the previoustwo centuries. The free, frank, kindly, gentle life of the prosperous classes in any European country before theyears of the last wars was in a different world of thought and feeling from that of the dingy, suspicious, secretive,and uncharitable existence of the respectable poor, or the constant personal violence, the squalor and naivepassions of the lowest stratum. Yet there were no real differences of blood and inherent quality between theseworlds; their differences were all in circumstances, suggestion, and habits of mind. And turning to moreindividual instances the constantly observed difference between one portion of a life and another consequent upona religious conversion, were a standing example of the versatile possibilities of human nature. +The catastrophe of the atomic bombs which shook men out of cities and businesses and economic relations shookthem also out of their old established habits of thought, and out of the lightly held beliefs and prejudices that camedown to them from the past. To borrow a word from the old−fashioned chemists, men were made nascent; theywere released from old ties; for good or evil they were ready for new associations. The council carried themforward for good; perhaps if his bombs had reached their destination King Ferdinand Charles might have carried +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +76 + + +them back to an endless chain of evils. But his task would have been a harder one than the council's. The moralshock of the atomic bombs had been a profound one, and for a while the cunning side of the human animal wasoverpowered by its sincere realisation of the vital necessity for reconstruction. The litigious and trading spiritscowered together, scared at their own consequences; men thought twice before they sought mean advantages inthe face of the unusual eagerness to realise new aspirations, and when at last the weeds revived again and 'claims'began to sprout, they sprouted upon the stony soil of law−courts reformed, of laws that pointed to the futureinstead of the past, and under the blazing sunshine of a transforming world. A new literature, a new interpretationof history were springing into existence, a new teaching was already in the schools, a new faith in the young. Theworthy man who forestalled the building of a research city for the English upon the Sussex downs by buying up aseries of estates, was dispossessed and laughed out of court when he made his demand for some preposterouscompensation; the owner of the discredited Dass patents makes his last appearance upon the scroll of history asthe insolvent proprietor of a paper called The Cry for Justice, in which he duns the world for a hundred millionpounds. That was the ingenuous Dass's idea of justice, that he ought to be paid about five million pounds annuallybecause he had annexed the selvage of one of Holsten's discoveries. Dass came at last to believe quite firmly inhis right, and he died a victim of conspiracy mania in a private hospital at Nice. Both of these men wouldprobably have ended their days enormously wealthy, and of course ennobled in the England of the openingtwentieth century, and it is just this novelty of their fates that marks the quality of the new age. +The new government early discovered the need of a universal education to fit men to the great conceptions of itsuniversal rule. It made no wrangling attacks on the local, racial, and sectarian forms of religious profession that atthat time divided the earth into a patchwork of hatreds and distrusts; it left these organisations to make their peacewith God in their own time; but it proclaimed as if it were a mere secular truth that sacrifice was expected fromall, that respect had to be shown to all; it revived schools or set them up afresh all around the world, andeverywhere these schools taught the history of war and the consequences and moral of the Last War; everywhereit was taught not as a sentiment but as a matter of fact that the salvation of the world from waste and contentionwas the common duty and occupation of all men and women. These things which are now the elementarycommonplaces of human intercourse seemed to the councillors of Brissago, when first they dared to proclaimthem, marvellously daring discoveries, not untouched by doubt, that flushed the cheek and fired the eye. +The council placed all this educational reconstruction in the hands of a committee of men and women, which didits work during the next few decades with remarkable breadth and effectiveness. This educational committee was,and is, the correlative upon the mental and spiritual side of the redistribution committee. And prominent upon it,and indeed for a time quite dominating it, was a Russian named Karenin, who was singular in being a congenitalcripple. His body was bent so that he walked with difficulty, suffered much pain as he grew older, and had at lastto undergo two operations. The second killed him. Already malformation, which was to be seen in every crowdduring the middle ages so that the crippled beggar was, as it were, an essential feature of the human spectacle, wasbecoming a strange thing in the world. It had a curious effect upon Karenin's colleagues; their feeling towards himwas mingled with pity and a sense of inhumanity that it needed usage rather than reason to overcome. He had astrong face, with little bright brown eyes rather deeply sunken and a large resolute thin−lipped mouth. His skinwas very yellow and wrinkled, and his hair iron gray. He was at all times an impatient and sometimes an angryman, but this was forgiven him because of the hot wire of suffering that was manifestly thrust through his being.At the end of his life his personal prestige was very great. To him far more than to any contemporary is it due thatself−abnegation, self−identification with the world spirit, was made the basis of universal education. That generalmemorandum to the teachers which is the key−note of the modern educational system, was probably entirely hiswork. +'Whosoever would save his soul shall lose it,' he wrote. 'That is the device upon the seal of this document, and thestarting point of all we have to do. It is a mistake to regard it as anything but a plain statement of fact. It is thebasis for your work. You have to teach self−forgetfulness, and everything else that you have to teach iscontributory and subordinate to that end. Education is the release of man from self. You have to widen thehorizons of your children, encourage and intensify their curiosity and their creative impulses, and cultivate and +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +77 + + +enlarge their sympathies. That is what you are for. Under your guidance and the suggestions you will bring to bearon them, they have to shed the old Adam of instinctive suspicions, hostilities, and passions, and to findthemselves again in the great being of the universe. The little circles of their egotisms have to be opened out untilthey become arcs in the sweep of the racial purpose. And this that you teach to others you must learn alsosedulously yourselves. Philosophy, discovery, art, every sort of skill, every sort of service, love: these are themeans of salvation from that narrow loneliness of desire, that brooding preoccupation with self and egotisticalrelationships, which is hell for the individual, treason to the race, and exile from God....' +### Section 12 + +As things round themselves off and accomplish themselves, one begins for the first time to see them clearly. Fromthe perspectives of a new age one can look back upon the great and widening stream of literature with a completeunderstanding. Things link up that seemed disconnected, and things that were once condemned as harsh andaimless are seen to be but factors in the statement of a gigantic problem. An enormous bulk of the sincerer writingof the eighteenth, nineteenth, and twentieth centuries falls together now into an unanticipated unanimity; one seesit as a huge tissue of variations upon one theme, the conflict of human egotism and personal passion and narrowimaginations on the one hand, against the growing sense of wider necessities and a possible, more spacious life. +That conflict is in evidence in so early a work as Voltaire's Candide, for example, in which the desire for justice aswell as happiness beats against human contrariety and takes refuge at last in a forced and inconclusivecontentment with little things. Candide was but one of the pioneers of a literature of uneasy complaint that waspresently an innumerable multitude of books. The novels more particularly of the nineteenth century, if oneexcludes the mere story−tellers from our consideration, witness to this uneasy realisation of changes that call foreffort and of the lack of that effort. In a thousand aspects, now tragically, now comically, now with a funnyaffectation of divine detachment, a countless host of witnesses tell their story of lives fretting between dreams andlimitations. Now one laughs, now one weeps, now one reads with a blank astonishment at this huge and almostunpremeditated record of how the growing human spirit, now warily, now eagerly, now furiously, and always, asit seems, unsuccessfully, tried to adapt itself to the maddening misfit of its patched and ancient garments. Andalways in these books as one draws nearer to the heart of the matter there comes a disconcerting evasion. It wasthe fantastic convention of the time that a writer should not touch upon religion. To do so was to rouse the jealousfury of the great multitude of professional religious teachers. It was permitted to state the discord, but it wasforbidden to glance at any possible reconciliation. Religion was the privilege of the pulpit.... +It was not only from the novels that religion was omitted. It was ignored by the newspapers; it was pedanticallydisregarded in the discussion of business questions, it played a trivial and apologetic part in public affairs. Andthis was done not out of contempt but respect. The hold of the old religious organisations upon men's respect wasstill enormous, so enormous that there seemed to be a quality of irreverence in applying religion to thedevelopments of every day. This strange suspension of religion lasted over into the beginnings of the new age. Itwas the clear vision of Marcus Karenin much more than any other contemporary influence which brought it backinto the texture of human life. He saw religion without hallucinations, without superstitious reverence, as acommon thing as necessary as food and air, as land and energy to the life of man and the well−being of theRepublic. He saw that indeed it had already percolated away from the temples and hierarchies and symbols inwhich men had sought to imprison it, that it was already at work anonymously and obscurely in the universalacceptance of the greater state. He gave it clearer expression, rephrased it to the lights and perspectives of the newdawn.... +But if we return to our novels for our evidence of the spirit of the times it becomes evident as one reads them intheir chronological order, so far as that is now ascertainable, that as one comes to the latter nineteenth and theearlier twentieth century the writers are much more acutely aware of secular change than their predecessors were.The earlier novelists tried to show 'life as it is,' the latter showed life as it changes. More and more of theircharacters are engaged in adaptation to change or suffering from the effects of world changes. And as we come up +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +78 + + +to the time of the Last Wars, this newer conception of the everyday life as a reaction to an accelerateddevelopment is continually more manifest. Barnet's book, which has served us so well, is frankly a picture of theworld coming about like a ship that sails into the wind. Our later novelists give a vast gallery of individualconflicts in which old habits and customs, limited ideas, ungenerous temperaments, and innate obsessions arepitted against this great opening out of life that has happened to us. They tell us of the feelings of old people whohave been wrenched away from familiar surroundings, and how they have had to make peace with uncomfortablecomforts and conveniences that are still strange to them. They give us the discord between the opening egotismsof youths and the ill−defined limitations of a changing social life. They tell of the universal struggle of jealousy tocapture and cripple our souls, of romantic failures and tragical misconceptions of the trend of the world, of thespirit of adventure, and the urgency of curiosity, and how these serve the universal drift. And all their stories leadin the end either to happiness missed or happiness won, to disaster or salvation. The clearer their vision and thesubtler their art, the more certainly do these novels tell of the possibility of salvation for all the world. For anyroad in life leads to religion for those upon it who will follow it far enough.... +It would have seemed a strange thing to the men of the former time that it should be an open question as it isto−day whether the world is wholly Christian or not Christian at all. But assuredly we have the spirit, and assurely have we left many temporary forms behind. Christianity was the first expression of world religion, the firstcomplete repudiation of tribalism and war and disputation. That it fell presently into the ways of more ancientrituals cannot alter that. The common sense of mankind has toiled through two thousand years of chasteningexperience to find at last how sound a meaning attaches to the familiar phrases of the Christian faith. Thescientific thinker as he widens out to the moral problems of the collective life, comes inevitably upon the words ofChrist, and as inevitably does the Christian, as his thought grows clearer, arrive at the world republic. As for theclaims of the sects, as for the use of a name and successions, we live in a time that has shaken itself free fromsuch claims and consistencies. diff --git a/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_05_CHAPTER_THE_FIFTH_THE_LAST_DAYS_OF_MARCUS_KARENIN.md b/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_05_CHAPTER_THE_FIFTH_THE_LAST_DAYS_OF_MARCUS_KARENIN.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..af4d039 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_chapters/chapter_05_CHAPTER_THE_FIFTH_THE_LAST_DAYS_OF_MARCUS_KARENIN.md @@ -0,0 +1,283 @@ +## CHAPTER THE FIFTH. THE LAST DAYS OF MARCUS KARENIN + +### Section 1 + +The second operation upon Marcus Karenin was performed at the new station for surgical work at Paran, high inthe Himalayas above the Sutlej Gorge, where it comes down out of Thibet. +It is a place of such wildness and beauty as no other scenery in the world affords. The granite terrace which runsround the four sides of the low block of laboratories looks out in every direction upon mountains. Far below in thehidden depths of a shadowy blue cleft, the river pours down in its tumultuous passage to the swarming plains ofIndia. No sound of its roaring haste comes up to those serenities. Beyond that blue gulf, in which whole forests ofgiant deodars seem no more than small patches of moss, rise vast precipices of many−coloured rock, frettedabove, lined by snowfalls, and jagged into pinnacles. These are the northward wall of a towering wilderness of iceand snow which clambers southward higher and wilder and vaster to the culminating summits of our globe, toDhaulagiri and Everest. Here are cliffs of which no other land can show the like, and deep chasms in which Mt.Blanc might be plunged and hidden. Here are icefields as big as inland seas on which the tumbled boulders lie sothickly that strange little flowers can bloom among them under the untempered sunshine. To the northward, andblocking out any vision of the uplands of Thibet, rises that citadel of porcelain, that gothic pile, the Lio Porgyul,walls, towers, and peaks, a clear twelve thousand feet of veined and splintered rock above the river. And beyond itand eastward and westward rise peaks behind peaks, against the dark blue Himalayan sky. Far away below to thesouth the clouds of the Indian rains pile up abruptly and are stayed by an invisible hand. +Hither it was that with a dreamlike swiftness Karenin flew high over the irrigations of Rajputana and the towersand cupolas of the ultimate Delhi; and the little group of buildings, albeit the southward wall dropped nearly fivehundred feet, seemed to him as he soared down to it like a toy lost among these mountain wildernesses. No roadcame up to this place; it was reached only by flight. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +79 + + +His pilot descended to the great courtyard, and Karenin assisted by his secretary clambered down through thewing fabric and made his way to the officials who came out to receive him. +In this place, beyond infections and noise and any distractions, surgery had made for itself a house of research anda healing fastness. The building itself would have seemed very wonderful to eyes accustomed to the flimsyarchitecture of an age when power was precious. It was made of granite, already a little roughened on the outsideby frost, but polished within and of a tremendous solidity. And in a honeycomb of subtly lit apartments, were thespotless research benches, the operating tables, the instruments of brass, and fine glass and platinum and gold.Men and women came from all parts of the world for study or experimental research. They wore a commonuniform of white and ate at long tables together, but the patients lived in an upper part of the buildings, and werecared for by nurses and skilled attendants.... +The first man to greet Karenin was Ciana, the scientific director of the institution. Beside him was Rachel Borken,the chief organiser. 'You are tired?' she asked, and old Karenin shook his head. +'Cramped,' he said. 'I have wanted to visit such a place as this.' +He spoke as if he had no other business with them. +There was a little pause. +'How many scientific people have you got here now?' he asked. +'Just three hundred and ninety−two,' said Rachel Borken. +'And the patients and attendants and so on?' +'Two thousand and thirty.' +'I shall be a patient,' said Karenin. 'I shall have to be a patient. But I should like to see things first. Presently I willbe a patient.' +'You will come to my rooms?' suggested Ciana. +'And then I must talk to this doctor of yours,' said Karenin. 'But I would like to see a bit of this place and talk tosome of your people before it comes to that.' +He winced and moved forward. +'I have left most of my work in order,' he said. +'You have been working hard up to now?' asked Rachel Borken. +'Yes. And now I have nothing more to do−−and it seems strange.... And it's a bother, this illness and having tocome down to oneself. This doorway and the row of windows is well done; the gray granite and just the line ofgold, and then those mountains beyond through that arch. It's very well done....' +### Section 2 + +Karenin lay on the bed with a soft white rug about him, and Fowler, who was to be his surgeon sat on the edge ofthe bed and talked to him. An assistant was seated quietly in the shadow behind the bed. The examination had +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +80 + + +been made, and Karenin knew what was before him. He was tired but serene. +'So I shall die,' he said, 'unless you operate?' +Fowler assented. 'And then,' said Karenin, smiling, 'probably I shall die.' +'Not certainly.' +'Even if I do not die; shall I be able to work?' +'There is just a chance....' +'So firstly I shall probably die, and if I do not, then perhaps I shall be a useless invalid?' +'I think if you live, you may be able to go on−−as you do now.' +'Well, then, I suppose I must take the risk of it. Yet couldn't you, Fowler, couldn't you drug me and patch meinstead of all this−−vivisection? A few days of drugged and active life−−and then the end?' +Fowler thought. 'We are not sure enough yet to do things like that,' he said. +'But a day is coming when you will be certain.' +Fowler nodded. +'You make me feel as though I was the last of deformity−−Deformity is uncertainty−−inaccuracy. My body worksdoubtfully, it is not even sure that it will die or live. I suppose the time is not far off when such bodies as minewill no longer be born into the world.' +'You see,' said Fowler, after a little pause, 'it is necessary that spirits such as yours should be born into the world.' +'I suppose,' said Karenin, 'that my spirit has had its use. But if you think that is because my body is as it is I thinkyou are mistaken. There is no peculiar virtue in defect. I have always chafed against−−all this. If I could havemoved more freely and lived a larger life in health I could have done more. But some day perhaps you will beable to put a body that is wrong altogether right again. Your science is only beginning. It's a subtler thing thanphysics and chemistry, and it takes longer to produce its miracles. And meanwhile a few more of us must die inpatience.' +'Fine work is being done and much of it,' said Fowler. 'I can say as much because I have nothing to do with it. Ican understand a lesson, appreciate the discoveries of abler men and use my hands, but those others, Pigou,Masterton, Lie, and the others, they are clearing the ground fast for the knowledge to come. Have you had time tofollow their work?' +Karenin shook his head. 'But I can imagine the scope of it,' he said. +'We have so many men working now,' said Fowler. 'I suppose at present there must be at least a thousand thinkinghard, observing, experimenting, for one who did so in nineteen hundred.' +'Not counting those who keep the records?' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +81 + + +'Not counting those. Of course, the present indexing of research is in itself a very big work, and it is only now thatwe are getting it properly done. But already we are feeling the benefit of that. Since it ceased to be a paidemployment and became a devotion we have had only those people who obeyed the call of an aptitude at workupon these things. Here−−I must show you it to−day, because it will interest you−−we have our copy of theencyclopaedic index−−every week sheets are taken out and replaced by fresh sheets with new results that arebrought to us by the aeroplanes of the Research Department. It is an index of knowledge that grows continually,an index that becomes continually truer. There was never anything like it before.' +'When I came into the education committee,' said Karenin, 'that index of human knowledge seemed an impossiblething. Research had produced a chaotic mountain of results, in a hundred languages and a thousand different typesof publication. . . .' He smiled at his memories. 'How we groaned at the job!' +'Already the ordering of that chaos is nearly done. You shall see.' +'I have been so busy with my own work−−−−Yes, I shall be glad to see.' +The patient regarded the surgeon for a time with interested eyes. +'You work here always?' he asked abruptly. +'No,' said Fowler. +'But mostly you work here?' +'I have worked about seven years out of the past ten. At times I go away−−down there. One has to. At least I haveto. There is a sort of grayness comes over all this, one feels hungry for life, real, personal passionate life,love−making, eating and drinking for the fun of the thing, jostling crowds, having adventures, laughter−−aboveall laughter−−−−' +'Yes,' said Karenin understandingly. +'And then one day, suddenly one thinks of these high mountains again....' +'That is how I would have lived, if it had not been for my−−defects,' said Karenin. 'Nobody knows but those whohave borne it the exasperation of abnormality. It will be good when you have nobody alive whose body cannotlive the wholesome everyday life, whose spirit cannot come up into these high places as it wills.' +'We shall manage that soon,' said Fowler. +'For endless generations man has struggled upward against the indignities of his body−−and the indignities of hissoul. Pains, incapacities, vile fears, black moods, despairs. How well I've known them. They've taken more timethan all your holidays. It is true, is it not, that every man is something of a cripple and something of a beast? I'vedipped a little deeper than most; that's all. It's only now when he has fully learnt the truth of that, that he can takehold of himself to be neither beast nor cripple. Now that he overcomes his servitude to his body, he can for thefirst time think of living the full life of his body.... Before another generation dies you'll have the thing in hand.You'll do as you please with the old Adam and all the vestiges from the brutes and reptiles that lurk in his bodyand spirit. Isn't that so?' +'You put it boldly,' said Fowler. +Karenin laughed cheerfully at his caution.... 'When,' asked Karenin suddenly, 'when will you operate?' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +82 + + +'The day after to−morrow,' said Fowler. 'For a day I want you to drink and eat as I shall prescribe. And you maythink and talk as you please.' +'I should like to see this place.' +'You shall go through it this afternoon. I will have two men carry you in a litter. And to−morrow you shall lie outupon the terrace. Our mountains here are the most beautiful in the world....' +### Section 3 + +The next morning Karenin got up early and watched the sun rise over the mountains, and breakfasted lightly, andthen young Gardener, his secretary, came to consult him upon the spending of his day. Would he care to seepeople? Or was this gnawing pain within him too much to permit him to do that? +'I'd like to talk,' said Karenin. 'There must be all sorts of lively−minded people here. Let them come and gossipwith me. It will distract me−−and I can't tell you how interesting it makes everything that is going on to have seenthe dawn of one's own last day.' +'Your last day!' +'Fowler will kill me.' +'But he thinks not.' +'Fowler will kill me. If he does not he will not leave very much of me. So that this is my last day anyhow, the daysafterwards if they come at all to me, will be refuse. I know....' +Gardener was about to speak when Karenin went on again. +'I hope he kills me, Gardener. Don't be−−old−fashioned. The thing I am most afraid of is that last rag of life. Imay just go on−−a scarred salvage of suffering stuff. And then−−all the things I have hidden and kept down ordiscounted or set right afterwards will get the better of me. I shall be peevish. I may lose my grip upon my ownegotism. It's never been a very firm grip. No, no, Gardener, don't say that! You know better, you've had glimpsesof it. Suppose I came through on the other side of this affair, belittled, vain, and spiteful, using the prestige I havegot among men by my good work in the past just to serve some small invalid purpose....' +He was silent for a time, watching the mists among the distant precipices change to clouds of light, and drift anddissolve before the searching rays of the sunrise. +'Yes,' he said at last, 'I am afraid of these anaesthetics and these fag ends of life. It's life we are all afraid of.Death!−−nobody minds just death. Fowler is clever−−but some day surgery will know its duty better and not beso anxious just to save something . . . provided only that it quivers. I've tried to hold my end up properly and domy work. After Fowler has done with me I am certain I shall be unfit for work−−and what else is there for me? . .. I know I shall not be fit for work.... +'I do not see why life should be judged by its last trailing thread of vitality.... I know it for the splendid thing itis−−I who have been a diseased creature from the beginning. I know it well enough not to confuse it with itshusks. Remember that, Gardener, if presently my heart fails me and I despair, and if I go through a little phase ofpain and ingratitude and dark forgetfulness before the end.... Don't believe what I may say at the last.... If thefabric is good enough the selvage doesn't matter. It can't matter. So long as you are alive you are just the moment,perhaps, but when you are dead then you are all your life from the first moment to the last....' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +83 + + +### Section 4 + +Presently, in accordance with his wish, people came to talk to him, and he could forget himself again. RachelBorken sat for a long time with him and talked chiefly of women in the world, and with her was a girl namedEdith Haydon who was already very well known as a cytologist. And several of the younger men who wereworking in the place and a patient named Kahn, a poet, and Edwards, a designer of plays and shows, spent sometime with him. The talk wandered from point to point and came back upon itself, and became now earnest andnow trivial as the chance suggestions determined. But soon afterwards Gardener wrote down notes of things heremembered, and it is possible to put together again the outlook of Karenin upon the world and how he thoughtand felt about many of the principal things in life. +'Our age,' he said, 'has been so far an age of scene−shifting. We have been preparing a stage, clearing away thesetting of a drama that was played out and growing tiresome.... If I could but sit out the first few scenes of the newspectacle.... +'How encumbered the world had become! It was ailing as I am ailing with a growth of unmeaning things. It wasentangled, feverish, confused. It was in sore need of release, and I suppose that nothing less than the violence ofthose bombs could have released it and made it a healthy world again. I suppose they were necessary. Just aseverything turns to evil in a fevered body so everything seemed turning to evil in those last years of the old time.Everywhere there were obsolete organisations seizing upon all the new fine things that science was giving to theworld, nationalities, all sorts of political bodies, the churches and sects, proprietorship, seizing upon those treatpowers and limitless possibilities and turning them to evil uses. And they would not suffer open speech, theywould not permit of education, they would let no one be educated to the needs of the new time.... You who areyounger cannot imagine the mixture of desperate hope and protesting despair in which we who could believe inthe possibilities of science lived in those years before atomic energy came.... +'It was not only that the mass of people would not attend, would not understand, but that those who did understandlacked the power of real belief. They said the things, they saw the things, and the things meant nothing to them.... +'I have been reading some old papers lately. It is wonderful how our fathers bore themselves towards science.They hated it. They feared it. They permitted a few scientific men to exist and work−−a pitiful handful.... "Don'tfind out anything about us," they said to them; "don't inflict vision upon us, spare our little ways of life from thefearful shaft of understanding. But do tricks for us, little limited tricks. Give us cheap lighting. And cure us ofcertain disagreeable things, cure us of cancer, cure us of consumption, cure our colds and relieve us afterrepletion...." We have changed all that, Gardener. Science is no longer our servant. We know it for somethinggreater than our little individual selves. It is the awakening mind of the race, and in a little while−−−−In a littlewhile−−−−I wish indeed I could watch for that little while, now that the curtain has risen.... +'While I lie here they are clearing up what is left of the bombs in London,' he said. 'Then they are going to repairthe ruins and make it all as like as possible to its former condition before the bombs fell. Perhaps they will dig outthe old house in St John's Wood to which my father went after his expulsion from Russia.... That London of mymemories seems to me like a place in another world. For you younger people it must seem like a place that couldnever have existed.' +'Is there much left standing?' asked Edith Haydon. +'Square miles that are scarcely shaken in the south and north−west, they say; and most of the bridges and largeareas of dock. Westminster, which held most of the government offices, suffered badly from the small bomb thatdestroyed the Parliament, there are very few traces of the old thoroughfare of Whitehall or the Government regionthereabout, but there are plentiful drawings to scale of its buildings, and the great hole in the east of Londonscarcely matters. That was a poor district and very like the north and the south. . . . It will be possible to +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +84 + + +reconstruct most of it. . . . It is wanted. Already it becomes difficult to recall the old time−−even for us who sawit.' +'It seems very distant to me,' said the girl. +'It was an unwholesome world,' reflected Karenin. 'I seem to remember everybody about my childhood as if theywere ill. They were ill. They were sick with confusion. Everybody was anxious about money and everybody wasdoing uncongenial things. They ate a queer mixture of foods, either too much or too little, and at odd hours. Onesees how ill they were by their advertisements. All this new region of London they are opening up now isplastered with advertisements of pills. Everybody must have been taking pills. In one of the hotel rooms in theStrand they have found the luggage of a lady covered up by falling rubble and unburnt, and she was equippedwith nine different sorts of pill and tabloid. The pill−carrying age followed the weapon−carrying age. They areequally strange to us. People's skins must have been in a vile state. Very few people were properly washed; theycarried the filth of months on their clothes. All the clothes they wore were old clothes; our way of pulping ourclothes again after a week or so of wear would have seemed fantastic to them. Their clothing hardly bearsthinking about. And the congestion of them! Everybody was jostling against everybody in those awful towns. Inan uproar. People were run over and crushed by the hundred; every year in London the cars and omnibuses alonekilled or disabled twenty thousand people, in Paris it was worse; people used to fall dead for want of air in thecrowded ways. The irritation of London, internal and external, must have been maddening. It was a maddenedworld. It is like thinking of a sick child. One has the same effect of feverish urgencies and acute irrationaldisappointments. +'All history,' he said, 'is a record of a childhood.... +'And yet not exactly a childhood. There is something clean and keen about even a sick child−−and somethingtouching. But so much of the old times makes one angry. So much they did seems grossly stupid, obstinately,outrageously stupid, which is the very opposite to being fresh and young. +'I was reading only the other day about Bismarck, that hero of nineteenth−century politics, that sequel toNapoleon, that god of blood and iron. And he was just a beery, obstinate, dull man. Indeed, that is what he was,the commonest, coarsest man, who ever became great. I looked at his portraits, a heavy, almost froggish face,with projecting eyes and a thick moustache to hide a poor mouth. He aimed at nothing but Germany, Germanyemphasised, indurated, enlarged; Germany and his class in Germany; beyond that he had no ideas, he wasinaccessible to ideas; his mind never rose for a recorded instant above a bumpkin's elaborate cunning. And he wasthe most influential man in the world, in the whole world, no man ever left so deep a mark on it, becauseeverywhere there were gross men to resonate to the heavy notes he emitted. He trampled on ten thousand lovelythings, and a kind of malice in these louts made it pleasant to them to see him trample. No−−he was no child; thedull, national aggressiveness he stood for, no childishness. Childhood is promise. He was survival. +'All Europe offered its children to him, it sacrificed education, art, happiness and all its hopes of future welfare tofollow the clatter of his sabre. The monstrous worship of that old fool's "blood and iron" passed all round theearth. Until the atomic bombs burnt our way to freedom again. . . .' +'One thinks of him now as one thinks of the megatherium,' said one of the young men. +'From first to last mankind made three million big guns and a hundred thousand complicated great ships for noother purpose but war.' +'Were there no sane men in those days,' asked the young man, 'to stand against that idolatry?' +'In a state of despair,' said Edith Haydon. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +85 + + +'He is so far off−−and there are men alive still who were alive when Bismarck died!' . . . said the young man.... +### Section 5 + +'And yet it may be I am unjust to Bismarck,' said Karenin, following his own thoughts. 'You see, men belong totheir own age; we stand upon a common stock of thought and we fancy we stand upon the ground. I met apleasant man the other day, a Maori, whose great−grandfather was a cannibal. It chanced he had a daguerreotypeof the old sinner, and the two were marvellously alike. One felt that a little juggling with time and either mighthave been the other. People are cruel and stupid in a stupid age who might be gentle and splendid in a graciousone. The world also has its moods. Think of the mental food of Bismarck's childhood; the humiliations ofNapoleon's victories, the crowded, crowning victory of the Battle of the Nations.... Everybody in those days, wiseor foolish, believed that the division of the world under a multitude of governments was inevitable, and that it wasgoing on for thousands of years more. It WAS inevitable until it was impossible. Any one who had denied thatinevitability publicly would have been counted−−oh! a SILLY fellow. Old Bismarck was only just alittle−−forcible, on the lines of the accepted ideas. That is all. He thought that since there had to be nationalgovernments he would make one that was strong at home and invincible abroad. Because he had fed with a kindof rough appetite upon what we can see now were very stupid ideas, that does not make him a stupid man. We'vehad advantages; we've had unity and collectivism blasted into our brains. Where should we be now but for thegrace of science? I should have been an embittered, spiteful, downtrodden member of the Russian Intelligenza, aconspirator, a prisoner, or an assassin. You, my dear, would have been breaking dingy windows as a suffragette.' +'NEVER,' said Edith stoutly.... +For a time the talk broke into humorous personalities, and the young people gibed at each other across the smilingold administrator, and then presently one of the young scientific men gave things a new turn. He spoke like onewho was full to the brim. +'You know, sir, I've a fancy−−it is hard to prove such things−−that civilisation was very near disaster when theatomic bombs came banging into it, that if there had been no Holsten and no induced radio−activity, the worldwould have−−smashed−−much as it did. Only instead of its being a smash that opened a way to better things, itmight have been a smash without a recovery. It is part of my business to understand economics, and from thatpoint of view the century before Holsten was just a hundred years' crescendo of waste. Only the extremeindividualism of that period, only its utter want of any collective understanding or purpose can explain that waste.Mankind used up material−−insanely. They had got through three−quarters of all the coal in the planet, they hadused up most of the oil, they had swept away their forests, and they were running short of tin and copper. Theirwheat areas were getting weary and populous, and many of the big towns had so lowered the water level of theiravailable hills that they suffered a drought every summer. The whole system was rushing towards bankruptcy.And they were spending every year vaster and vaster amounts of power and energy upon military preparations,and continually expanding the debt of industry to capital. The system was already staggering when Holsten beganhis researches. So far as the world in general went there was no sense of danger and no desire for inquiry. Theyhad no belief that science could save them, nor any idea that there was a need to be saved. They could not, theywould not, see the gulf beneath their feet. It was pure good luck for mankind at large that any research at all wasin progress. And as I say, sir, if that line of escape hadn't opened, before now there might have been a crash,revolution, panic, social disintegration, famine, and−−it is conceivable−−complete disorder. . . . The rails mighthave rusted on the disused railways by now, the telephone poles have rotted and fallen, the big liners dropped intosheet−iron in the ports; the burnt, deserted cities become the ruinous hiding−places of gangs of robbers. We mighthave been brigands in a shattered and attenuated world. Ah, you may smile, but that had happened before inhuman history. The world is still studded with the ruins of broken−down civilisations. Barbaric bands made theirfastness upon the Acropolis, and the tomb of Hadrian became a fortress that warred across the ruins of Romeagainst the Colosseum.... Had all that possibility of reaction ended so certainly in 1940? Is it all so very far awayeven now?' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +86 + + +'It seems far enough away now,' said Edith Haydon. +'But forty years ago?' +'No,' said Karenin with his eyes upon the mountains, 'I think you underrate the available intelligence in those earlydecades of the twentieth century. Officially, I know, politically, that intelligence didn't tell−−but it was there. AndI question your hypothesis. I doubt if that discovery could have been delayed. There is a kind of inevitable logicnow in the progress of research. For a hundred years and more thought and science have been going their ownway regardless of the common events of life. You see−−they have got loose. If there had been no Holsten therewould have been some similar man. If atomic energy had not come in one year it would have come in another. Indecadent Rome the march of science had scarcely begun.... Nineveh, Babylon, Athens, Syracuse, Alexandria,these were the first rough experiments in association that made a security, a breathing−space, in which inquirywas born. Man had to experiment before he found out the way to begin. But already two hundred years ago he hadfairly begun.... The politics and dignities and wars of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries were only the lastphoenix blaze of the former civilisation flaring up about the beginnings of the new. Which we serve.... 'Man livesin the dawn for ever,' said Karenin. 'Life is beginning and nothing else but beginning. It begins everlastingly. Eachstep seems vaster than the last, and does but gather us together for the nest. This Modern State of ours, whichwould have been a Utopian marvel a hundred years ago, is already the commonplace of life. But as I sit here anddream of the possibilities in the mind of man that now gather to a head beneath the shelter of its peace, these greatmountains here seem but little things....' +### Section 6 + +About eleven Karenin had his midday meal, and afterwards he slept among his artificial furs and pillows for twohours. Then he awoke and some tea was brought to him, and he attended to a small difficulty in connection withthe Moravian schools in the Labrador country and in Greenland that Gardener knew would interest him. Heremained alone for a little while after that, and then the two women came to him again. Afterwards Edwards andKahn joined the group, and the talk fell upon love and the place of women in the renascent world. The cloudbanksof India lay under a quivering haze, and the blaze of the sun fell full upon the eastward precipices. Ever and againas they talked, some vast splinter of rock would crack and come away from these, or a wild rush of snow and iceand stone, pour down in thunder, hang like a wet thread into the gulfs below, and cease.... +### Section 7 + +For a time Karenin said very little, and Kahn, the popular poet, talked of passionate love. He said that passionate,personal love had been the abiding desire of humanity since ever humanity had begun, and now only was itbecoming a possible experience. It had been a dream that generation after generation had pursued, that alwaysmen had lost on the verge of attainment. To most of those who had sought it obstinately it had brought tragedy.Now, lifted above sordid distresses, men and women might hope for realised and triumphant love. This age wasthe Dawn of Love.... +Karenin remained downcast and thoughtful while Kahn said these things. Against that continued silence Kahn'svoice presently seemed to beat and fail. He had begun by addressing Karenin, but presently he was includingEdith Haydon and Rachel Borken in his appeal. Rachel listened silently; Edith watched Karenin and verydeliberately avoided Kahn's eyes. +'I know,' said Karenin at last, 'that many people are saying this sort of thing. I know that there is a vast release oflove−making in the world. This great wave of decoration and elaboration that has gone about the world, thisEfflorescence, has of course laid hold of that. I know that when you say that the world is set free, you interpretthat to mean that the world is set free for love−making. Down there,−−under the clouds, the lovers foregather. Iknow your songs, Kahn, your half−mystical songs, in which you represent this old hard world dissolving into a +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +87 + + +luminous haze of love−−sexual love.... I don't think you are right or true in that. You are a young, imaginativeman, and you see life−−ardently−−with the eyes of youth. But the power that has brought man into these highplaces under this blue−veiled blackness of the sky and which beckons us on towards the immense and awfulfuture of our race, is riper and deeper and greater than any such emotions.... +'All through my life−−it has been a necessary part of my work−−I have had to think of this release of sexual loveand the riddles that perfect freedom and almost limitless power will put to the soul of our race. I can see now, allover the world, a beautiful ecstasy of waste; "Let us sing and rejoice and be lovely and wonderful." . . . The orgyis only beginning, Kahn.... It was inevitable−−but it is not the end of mankind.... +'Think what we are. It is but a yesterday in the endlessness of time that life was a dreaming thing, dreaming sodeeply that it forgot itself as it dreamt, its lives, its individual instincts, its moments, were born and wondered andplayed and desired and hungered and grew weary and died. Incalculable successions of vision, visions of sunlitjungle, river wilderness, wild forest, eager desire, beating hearts, soaring wings and creeping terror flamed hotlyand then were as though they had never been. Life was an uneasiness across which lights played and vanished.And then we came, man came, and opened eyes that were a question and hands that were a demand and began amind and memory that dies not when men die, but lives and increases for ever, an over−mind, a dominating will,a question and an aspiration that reaches to the stars.... Hunger and fear and this that you make so much of, thissex, are but the elementals of life out of which we have arisen. All these elementals, I grant you, have to beprovided for, dealt with, satisfied, but all these things have to be left behind.' +'But Love,' said Kahn. +'I speak of sexual love and the love of intimate persons. And that is what you mean, Kahn.' +Karenin shook his head. 'You cannot stay at the roots and climb the tree,' he said.... +'No,' he said after a pause, 'this sexual excitement, this love story, is just a part of growing up and we grow out ofit. So far literature and art and sentiment and all our emotional forms have been almost altogether adolescent,plays and stories, delights and hopes, they have all turned on that marvellous discovery of the love interest, butlife lengthens out now and the mind of adult humanity detaches itself. Poets who used to die at thirty live now toeighty−five. You, too, Kahn! There are endless years yet for you−−and all full of learning.... We carry anexcessive burden of sex and sexual tradition still, and we have to free ourselves from it. We do free ourselvesfrom it. We have learnt in a thousand different ways to hold back death, and this sex, which in the old barbaricdays was just sufficient to balance our dying, is now like a hammer that has lost its anvil, it plunges throughhuman life. You poets, you young people want to turn it to delight. Turn it to delight. That may be one way out. Ina little while, if you have any brains worth thinking about, you will be satisfied, and then you will come up here tothe greater things. The old religions and their new offsets want still, I see, to suppress all these things. Let themsuppress. If they can suppress. In their own people. Either road will bring you here at last to the eternal search forknowledge and the great adventure of power.' +'But incidentally,' said Rachel Borken; 'incidentally you have half of humanity, you have womankind, very muchspecialised for−−for this love and reproduction that is so much less needed than it was.' +'Both sexes are specialised for love and reproduction,' said Karenin. +'But the women carry the heavier burden.' +'Not in their imaginations,' said Edwards. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +88 + + +'And surely,' said Kahn, 'when you speak of love as a phase−−isn't it a necessary phase? Quite apart fromreproduction the love of the sexes is necessary. Isn't it love, sexual love, which has released the imagination?Without that stir, without that impulse to go out from ourselves, to be reckless of ourselves and wonderful, wouldour lives be anything more than the contentment of the stalled ox?' +'The key that opens the door,' said Karenin, 'is not the goal of the journey.' +'But women!' cried Rachel. 'Here we are! What is our future−−as women? Is it only that we have unlocked thedoors of the imagination for you men? Let us speak of this question now. It is a thing constantly in my thoughts,Karenin. What do you think of us? You who must have thought so much of these perplexities.' +Karenin seemed to weigh his words. He spoke very deliberately. 'I do not care a rap about your future−−aswomen. I do not care a rap about the future of men−−as males. I want to destroy these peculiar futures. I care foryour future as intelligences, as parts of and contribution to the universal mind of the race. Humanity is not onlynaturally over−specialised in these matters, but all its institutions, its customs, everything, exaggerate, intensifythis difference. I want to unspecialise women. No new idea. Plato wanted exactly that. I do not want to go on aswe go now, emphasising this natural difference; I do not deny it, but I want to reduce it and overcome it.' +'And−−we remain women,' said Rachel Borken. 'Need you remain thinking of yourselves as women?' +'It is forced upon us,' said Edith Haydon. +'I do not think a woman becomes less of a woman because she dresses and works like a man,' said Edwards. 'Youwomen here, I mean you scientific women, wear white clothing like the men, twist up your hair in the simplestfashion, go about your work as though there was only one sex in the world. You are just as much women, even ifyou are not so feminine, as the fine ladies down below there in the plains who dress for excitement and display,whose only thoughts are of lovers, who exaggerate every difference.... Indeed we love you more.' +'But we go about our work,' said Edith Haydon. +'So does it matter?' asked Rachel. +'If you go about your work and if the men go about their work then for Heaven's sake be as much woman as youwish,' said Karenin. 'When I ask you to unspecialise, I am thinking not of the abolition of sex, but the abolition ofthe irksome, restricting, obstructive obsession with sex. It may be true that sex made society, that the first societywas the sex−cemented family, the first state a confederacy of blood relations, the first laws sexual taboos. Until afew years ago morality meant proper sexual behaviour. Up to within a few years of us the chief interest andmotive of an ordinary man was to keep and rule a woman and her children and the chief concern of a woman wasto get a man to do that. That was the drama, that was life. And the jealousy of these demands was the mastermotive in the world. You said, Kahn, a little while ago that sexual love was the key that let one out from thesolitude of self, but I tell you that so far it has only done so in order to lock us all up again in a solitude of two....All that may have been necessary but it is necessary no longer. All that has changed and changes still very swiftly.Your future, Rachel, AS WOMEN, is a diminishing future.' +'Karenin?' asked Rachel, 'do you mean that women are to become men?' +'Men and women have to become human beings.' +'You would abolish women? But, Karenin, listen! There is more than sex in this. Apart from sex we are differentfrom you. We take up life differently. Forget we are−−females, Karenin, and still we are a different sort of humanbeing with a different use. In some things we are amazingly secondary. Here am I in this place because of my +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +89 + + +trick of management, and Edith is here because of her patient, subtle hands. That does not alter the fact that nearlythe whole body of science is man made; that does not alter the fact that men do so predominatingly make history,that you could nearly write a complete history of the world without mentioning a woman's name. And on the otherhand we have a gift of devotion, of inspiration, a distinctive power for truly loving beautiful things, a care for lifeand a peculiar keen close eye for behaviour. You know men are blind beside us in these last matters. You knowthey are restless−−and fitful. We have a steadfastness. We may never draw the broad outlines nor discover thenew paths, but in the future isn't there a confirming and sustaining and supplying role for us? As important,perhaps, as yours? Equally important. We hold the world up, Karenin, though you may have raised it.' +'You know very well, Rachel, that I believe as you believe. I am not thinking of the abolition of woman. But I dowant to abolish−−the heroine, the sexual heroine. I want to abolish the woman whose support is jealousy andwhose gift possession. I want to abolish the woman who can be won as a prize or locked up as a delicioustreasure. And away down there the heroine flares like a divinity.' +'In America,' said Edwards, 'men are fighting duels over the praises of women and holding tournaments beforeQueens of Beauty.' +'I saw a beautiful girl in Lahore,' said Kahn, 'she sat under a golden canopy like a goddess, and three fine men,armed and dressed like the ancient paintings, sat on steps below her to show their devotion. And they wanted onlyher permission to fight for her.' +'That is the men's doing,' said Edith Haydon. +'I SAID,' cried Edwards, 'that man's imagination was more specialised for sex than the whole being of woman.What woman would do a thing like that? Women do but submit to it or take advantage of it.' +'There is no evil between men and women that is not a common evil,' said Karenin. 'It is you poets, Kahn, withyour love songs which turn the sweet fellowship of comrades into this woman−centred excitement. But there issomething in women, in many women, which responds to these provocations; they succumb to a peculiarlyself−cultivating egotism. They become the subjects of their own artistry. They develop and elaborate themselvesas scarcely any man would ever do. They LOOK for golden canopies. And even when they seem to react againstthat, they may do it still. I have been reading in the old papers of the movements to emancipate women that weregoing on before the discovery of atomic force. These things which began with a desire to escape from thelimitations and servitude of sex, ended in an inflamed assertion of sex, and women more heroines than ever.Helen of Holloway was at last as big a nuisance in her way as Helen of Troy, and so long as you think ofyourselves as women'−−he held out a finger at Rachel and smiled gently−−'instead of thinking of yourselves asintelligent beings, you will be in danger of−−Helenism. To think of yourselves as women is to think of yourselvesin relation to men. You can't escape that consequence. You have to learn to think of yourselves−−for our sakesand your own sakes−−in relation to the sun and stars. You have to cease to be our adventure, Rachel, and comewith us upon our adventures. ...' He waved his hand towards the dark sky above the mountain crests. +### Section 8 + +'These questions are the next questions to which research will bring us answers,' said Karenin. 'While we sit hereand talk idly and inexactly of what is needed and what may be, there are hundreds of keen−witted men andwomen who are working these things out, dispassionately and certainly, for the love of knowledge. The nextsciences to yield great harvests now will be psychology and neural physiology. These perplexities of the situationbetween man and woman and the trouble with the obstinacy of egotism, these are temporary troubles, the issue ofour own times. Suddenly all these differences that seem so fixed will dissolve, all these incompatibles will runtogether, and we shall go on to mould our bodies and our bodily feelings and personal reactions as boldly as webegin now to carve mountains and set the seas in their places and change the currents of the wind.' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +90 + + +'It is the next wave,' said Fowler, who had come out upon the terrace and seated himself silently behind Karenin'schair. +'Of course, in the old days,' said Edwards, 'men were tied to their city or their country, tied to the homes theyowned or the work they did....' +'I do not see,' said Karenin, 'that there is any final limit to man's power of self−modification. +'There is none,' said Fowler, walking forward and sitting down upon the parapet in front of Karenin so that hecould see his face. 'There is no absolute limit to either knowledge or power.... I hope you do not tire yourselftalking.' +'I am interested,' said Karenin. 'I suppose in a little while men will cease to be tired. I suppose in a little time youwill give us something that will hurry away the fatigue products and restore our jaded tissues almost at once. Thisold machine may be made to run without slacking or cessation.' +'That is possible, Karenin. But there is much to learn.' +'And all the hours we give to digestion and half living; don't you think there will be some way of saving these?' +Fowler nodded assent. +'And then sleep again. When man with his blazing lights made an end to night in his towns and houses−−it is onlya hundred years or so ago that that was done−−then it followed he would presently resent his eight hours ofuselessness. Shan't we presently take a tabloid or lie in some field of force that will enable us to do with an houror so of slumber and rise refreshed again?' +'Frobisher and Ameer Ali have done work in that direction.' +'And then the inconveniences of age and those diseases of the system that come with years; steadily you drivethem back and you lengthen and lengthen the years that stretch between the passionate tumults of youth and thecontractions of senility. Man who used to weaken and die as his teeth decayed now looks forward to a continuallylengthening, continually fuller term of years. And all those parts of him that once gathered evil against him, thevestigial structures and odd, treacherous corners of his body, you know better and better how to deal with. Youcarve his body about and leave it re−modelled and unscarred. The psychologists are learning how to mould minds,to reduce and remove bad complexes of thought and motive, to relieve pressures and broaden ideas. So that weare becoming more and more capable of transmitting what we have learnt and preserving it for the race. The race,the racial wisdom, science, gather power continually to subdue the individual man to its own end. Is that not so?' +Fowler said that it was, and for a time he was telling Karenin of new work that was in progress in India andRussia. 'And how is it with heredity?' asked Karenin. +Fowler told them of the mass of inquiry accumulated and arranged by the genius of Tchen, who was beginning todefine clearly the laws of inheritance and how the sex of children and the complexions and many of the parentalqualities could be determined. +'He can actually DO−−−−?' +'It is still, so to speak, a mere laboratory triumph,' said Fowler, 'but to−morrow it will be practicable.' +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +91 + + +'You see,' cried Karenin, turning a laughing face to Rachel and Edith, 'while we have been theorising about menand women, here is science getting the power for us to end that old dispute for ever. If woman is too much for us,we'll reduce her to a minority, and if we do not like any type of men and women, we'll have no more of it. Theseold bodies, these old animal limitations, all this earthly inheritance of gross inevitabilities falls from the spirit ofman like the shrivelled cocoon from an imago. And for my own part, when I hear of these things I feel likethat−−like a wet, crawling new moth that still fears to spread its wings. Because where do these things take us?' +'Beyond humanity,' said Kahn. +'No,' said Karenin. 'We can still keep our feet upon the earth that made us. But the air no longer imprisons us, thisround planet is no longer chained to us like the ball of a galley slave.... +'In a little while men who will know how to bear the strange gravitations, the altered pressures, the attenuated,unfamiliar gases and all the fearful strangenesses of space will be venturing out from this earth. This ball will beno longer enough for us; our spirit will reach out.... Cannot you see how that little argosy will go glittering up intothe sky, twinkling and glittering smaller and smaller until the blue swallows it up. They may succeed out there;they may perish, but other men will follow them.... +'It is as if a great window opened,' said Karenin. +### Section 9 + +As the evening drew on Karenin and those who were about him went up upon the roof of the buildings, so thatthey might the better watch the sunset and the flushing of the mountains and the coming of the afterglow. Theywere joined by two of the surgeons from the laboratories below, and presently by a nurse who brought Kareninrefreshment in a thin glass cup. It was a cloudless, windless evening under the deep blue sky, and far away to thenorth glittered two biplanes on the way to the observatories on Everest, two hundred miles distant over theprecipices to the east. The little group of people watched them pass over the mountains and vanish into the blue,and then for a time they talked of the work that the observatory was doing. From that they passed to the wholeprocess of research about the world, and so Karenin's thoughts returned again to the mind of the world and thegreat future that was opening upon man's imagination. He asked the surgeons many questions upon the detailedpossibilities of their science, and he was keenly interested and excited by the things they told him. And as theytalked the sun touched the mountains, and became very swiftly a blazing and indented hemisphere of liquid flameand sank. +Karenin looked blinking at the last quivering rim of incandescence, and shaded his eyes and became silent. +Presently he gave a little start. +'What?' asked Rachel Borken. +'I had forgotten,' he said. +'What had you forgotten?' +'I had forgotten about the operation to−morrow. I have been so interested as Man to−day that I have nearlyforgotten Marcus Karenin. Marcus Karenin must go under your knife to−morrow, Fowler, and very probablyMarcus Karenin will die.' He raised his slightly shrivelled hand. 'It does not matter, Fowler. It scarcely matterseven to me. For indeed is it Karenin who has been sitting here and talking; is it not rather a common mind,Fowler, that has played about between us? You and I and all of us have added thought to thought, but the thread isneither you nor me. What is true we all have; when the individual has altogether brought himself to the test and +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +92 + + +winnowing of expression, then the individual is done. I feel as though I had already been emptied out of that littlevessel, that Marcus Karenin, which in my youth held me so tightly and completely. Your beauty, dear Edith, andyour broad brow, dear Rachel, and you, Fowler, with your firm and skilful hands, are now almost as much to meas this hand that beats the arm of my chair. And as little me. And the spirit that desires to know, the spirit thatresolves to do, that spirit that lives and has talked in us to−day, lived in Athens, lived in Florence, lives on, Iknow, for ever.... +'And you, old Sun, with your sword of flame searing these poor eyes of Marcus for the last time of all, beware ofme! You think I die−−and indeed I am only taking off one more coat to get at you. I have threatened you for tenthousand years, and soon I warn you I shall be coming. When I am altogether stripped and my disguises thrownaway. Very soon now, old Sun, I shall launch myself at you, and I shall reach you and I shall put my foot on yourspotted face and tug you about by your fiery locks. One step I shall take to the moon, and then I shall leap at you.I've talked to you before, old Sun, I've talked to you a million times, and now I am beginning to remember.Yes−−long ago, long ago, before I had stripped off a few thousand generations, dust now and forgotten, I was ahairy savage and I pointed my hand at you and−−clearly I remember it!−−I saw you in a net. Have you forgottenthat, old Sun? . . . +'Old Sun, I gather myself together out of the pools of the individual that have held me dispersed so long. I gathermy billion thoughts into science and my million wills into a common purpose. Well may you slink down behindthe mountains from me, well may you cower....' +### Section 10 + +Karenin desired that he might dream alone for a little while before he returned to the cell in which he was to sleep.He was given relief for a pain that began to trouble him and wrapped warmly about with furs, for a great coldnesswas creeping over all things, and so they left him, and he sat for a long time watching the afterglow give place tothe darkness of night. +It seemed to those who had to watch over him unobtrusively lest he should be in want of any attention, that hemused very deeply. +The white and purple peaks against the golden sky sank down into cold, blue remoteness, glowed out again andfaded again, and the burning cressets of the Indian stars, that even the moonrise cannot altogether quench, begantheir vigil. The moon rose behind the towering screen of dark precipices to the east, and long before it emergedabove these, its slanting beams had filled the deep gorges below with luminous mist and turned the towers andpinnacles of Lio Porgyul to a magic dreamcastle of radiance and wonder.... +Came a great uprush of ghostly light above the black rim of rocks, and then like a bubble that is blown anddetaches itself the moon floated off clear into the unfathomable dark sky.... +And then Karenin stood up. He walked a few paces along the terrace and remained for a time gazing up at thatgreat silver disc, that silvery shield that must needs be man's first conquest in outer space.... +Presently he turned about and stood with his hands folded behind him, looking at the northward stars. . . . +At length he went to his own cell. He lay down there and slept peacefully till the morning. And early in themorning they came to him and the anaesthetic was given him and the operation performed. +It was altogether successful, but Karenin was weak and he had to lie very still; and about seven days later a bloodclot detached itself from the healing scar and travelled to his heart, and he died in an instant in the night. +### The World Set Free + +### The World Set Free +93 + + diff --git a/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_02.md b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_02.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..675f5fc --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_02.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 2 + +Quel sogno fu solo un momento nella vita di un uomo, il cui vero affare sembrava fosse procurarsi il cibo e uccidere i suoi simili e generare alla maniera di tutto ciò che appartiene alla fratellanza delle bestie. Attorno a lui, nascosti da lui dal più sottile dei veli, c'erano le fonti intatte del Potere, la cui grandezza appena sospettiamo anche oggi, Potere che potrebbe rendere reale ogni suo sogno concepibile. Ma i piedi della razza erano sulla sua via, benché egli morisse ciecamente ignaro. + +Infine, nei livelli generosi di calde valli fluviali, dove il cibo è abbondante e la vita molto facile, l'umano emergente superando le sue precedenti gelosie, divenendo, poiché la necessità lo perseguitava meno urgentemente, più sociale e tollerante e arrendevole, conseguì una comunità più ampia. Cominciò una divisione del lavoro, alcuni degli uomini più anziani si specializzarono nella conoscenza e nella direzione, un uomo forte prese la guida paterna nella guerra, e sacerdote e re cominciarono a sviluppare i loro ruoli nel dramma d'apertura della storia dell'uomo. La sollecitudine del sacerdote era la semina e il raccolto e la fertilità, e il re governava pace e guerra. In un centinaio di valli fluviali attorno alla zona calda e temperata della terra c'erano già città e templi, una ventina di migliaia di anni fa. Prosperavano senza essere registrate, ignorando il passato e ignare del futuro, poiché la scrittura doveva ancora cominciare. + +Molto lentamente l'uomo aumentò la sua richiesta sulla ricchezza illimitata di Potere che gli si offriva da ogni parte. Addomesticò certi animali, sviluppò la sua agricoltura primordialmente casuale in un rituale, aggiunse dapprima un metallo alle sue risorse e poi un altro, fino a quando ebbe rame e stagno e ferro e piombo e oro e argento ad integrare la sua pietra, tagliò e intagliò il legno, fece ceramica, pagaiò lungo il suo fiume finché giunse al mare, scoprì la ruota e fece le prime strade. Ma la sua principale attività per un centinaio di secoli e più, fu la sottomissione di se stesso e degli altri a società sempre più grandi. La storia dell'uomo non è semplicemente la conquista del potere esterno; è prima la conquista di quelle diffidenze e ferocità, quella concentrazione su di sé e intensità di animalità, che gli legano le mani dall'prendere la sua eredità. La scimmia in noi ancora si oppone all'associazione. Dall'alba dell'età della pietra levigata al conseguimento della Pace del Mondo, i rapporti dell'uomo furono principalmente con se stesso e il suo simile, commerciando, contrattando, facendo leggi, propiziando, schiavizzando, conquistando, sterminando, e ogni piccolo incremento di Potere, lo rivolgeva subito e sempre rivolge ai propositi di questa confusa elaborata lotta per socializzare. Incorporare e comprendere i suoi simili in una comunità di scopo divenne l'ultimo e più grande dei suoi istinti. Già prima che l'ultima fase levigata dell'età della pietra fosse finita era divenuto un animale politico. Fece scoperte straordinariamente lungimiranti dentro se stesso, prima del contare e poi dello scrivere e fare registrazioni, e con ciò le sue comunità cittadine cominciarono ad estendersi al dominio; nelle valli del Nilo, dell'Eufrate, e dei grandi fiumi cinesi, i primi imperi e le prime leggi scritte ebbero i loro inizi. Gli uomini si specializzarono per combattere e governare come soldati e cavalieri. Più tardi, man mano che le navi divennero adatte alla navigazione, il Mediterraneo che era stato una barriera divenne una via, e infine da un groviglio di politiche di pirati venne la grande lotta di Cartagine e Roma. La storia dell'Europa è la storia della vittoria e dello smembramento dell'Impero Romano. Ogni monarca ascendente in Europa fino all'ultimo, scimmiottò Cesare e si chiamò Kaiser o Zar o Imperator o Kasir-i-Hind. Misurato dalla durata della vita umana è un vasto spazio di tempo tra quella prima dinastia in Egitto e l'avvento dell'aeroplano, ma sulla scala che guarda indietro ai fabbricanti degli eoliti, è tutto una storia di ieri. + +Ora durante questo periodo di duecento secoli o più, questo periodo degli stati in guerra, mentre le menti degli uomini erano principalmente preoccupate dalla politica e dall'aggressione reciproca, il loro progresso nell'acquisizione del Potere esterno fu lento—rapido in confronto al progresso della vecchia età della pietra, ma lento in confronto a questa nuova età di scoperta sistematica in cui viviamo. Non alterarono molto le armi e le tattiche di guerra, i metodi dell'agricoltura, la navigazione, la loro conoscenza del globo abitabile, o i dispositivi e gli utensili della vita domestica tra i giorni dei primi Egizi e i giorni in cui Cristoforo Colombo era un bambino. Naturalmente, ci furono invenzioni e cambiamenti, ma ci furono anche retrocessioni; le cose erano scoperte e poi dimenticate di nuovo; era, nell'insieme, un progresso, ma non conteneva gradini; la vita contadina era la stessa, c'erano già sacerdoti e avvocati e artigiani cittadini e signori territoriali e governanti, medici, donne sagge, soldati e marinai in Egitto e Cina e Assiria e nell'Europa sud-orientale all'inizio di quel periodo, e stavano facendo molto le stesse cose e vivendo molto la stessa vita come in Europa nel 1500 d.C. Gli scavatori inglesi dell'anno 1900 d.C. potevano scavare nei resti di Babilonia e dell'Egitto e dissotterrare documenti legali, conti domestici, e corrispondenza familiare che potevano leggere con la più completa simpatia. Ci furono grandi cambiamenti religiosi e morali durante il periodo, imperi e repubbliche si sostituirono l'un l'altro, l'Italia tentò un vasto esperimento nella schiavitù, e infatti la schiavitù fu tentata ancora e ancora e fallì e fallì ed era ancora da essere testata di nuovo e rigettata di nuovo nel Nuovo Mondo; il Cristianesimo e il Maomettismo spazzarono via mille culti più specializzati, ma essenzialmente questi erano adattamenti progressivi dell'umanità a condizioni materiali che devono essere sembrate fissate per sempre. L'idea di cambiamenti rivoluzionari nelle condizioni materiali della vita sarebbe stata del tutto estranea al pensiero umano per tutto quel tempo. + +Eppure il sognatore, il narratore, era ancora lì, aspettando la sua opportunità in mezzo alle preoccupazioni impegnative, gli andirivieni, le guerre e le processioni, la costruzione di castelli e la costruzione di cattedrali, le arti e gli amori, le piccole diplomazie e le faide incurabili, le crociate e i viaggi commerciali del medioevo. Non speculava più con la libertà senza ostacoli del selvaggio dell'età della pietra; spiegazioni autorevoli di tutto sbarravano il suo cammino; ma speculava con un cervello migliore, sedeva ozioso e guardava le stelle circolanti nel cielo e meditava sulla moneta e sul cristallo nella sua mano. Ogni volta che c'era un certo ozio per il pensiero in questi tempi, allora si trovavano uomini insoddisfatti delle apparenze delle cose, insoddisfatti delle assicurazioni della credenza ortodossa, inquieti con un senso di simboli non letti nel mondo attorno a loro, mettendo in dubbio la definitività della saggezza scolastica. Attraverso tutte le età della storia ci furono uomini a cui questo sussurro era giunto di cose nascoste attorno a loro. Non potevano più condurre vite ordinarie né accontentarsi delle cose comuni di questo mondo una volta che avevano udito questa voce. E per lo più credevano non solo che tutto questo mondo fosse come una tenda dipinta davanti a cose non immaginate, ma che questi segreti fossero Potere. Fino ad allora il Potere era giunto agli uomini per caso, ma ora c'erano questi cercatori che cercavano, cercavano tra oggetti rari e curiosi e sconcertanti, talvolta trovando qualche strana cosa utilizzabile, talvolta ingannando se stessi con immaginaria scoperta, talvolta fingendo di trovare. Il mondo di ogni giorno rideva di questi esseri eccentrici, o li trovava fastidiosi e li maltrattava, o era preso dalla paura e faceva di loro santi e stregoni e maghi, o con cupidigia e li intratteneva speranzoso; ma per la maggior parte non badava affatto a loro. Eppure erano del sangue di colui che aveva per primo sognato di attaccare il mammut; ognuno di loro era del suo sangue e discendenza; e la cosa che cercavano, del tutto inconsapevolmente, era la trappola che un giorno catturerà il sole. diff --git a/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_03.md b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_03.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..56243d8 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_03.md @@ -0,0 +1,9 @@ +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 3 + +Tale era quell'uomo Leonardo da Vinci, che andava in giro per la corte di Sforza a Milano in uno stato di astrazione dignitosa. I suoi taccuini comuni sono pieni di sottigliezza profetica e ingegnose anticipazioni dei metodi dei primi aviatori. Dürer era il suo parallelo e Roger Bacon—che i Francescani ridussero al silenzio—della sua stirpe. Tale uomo ancora in una città più antica fu Erone di Alessandria, che conosceva il potere del vapore millenovecento anni prima che fosse messo in uso per la prima volta. E ancora più antico Archimede di Siracusa, e ancora più antico il leggendario Dedalo di Cnosso. Su e giù per la registrazione della storia ogni volta che c'era un po' di tregua dalla guerra e dalla brutalità i cercatori apparivano. E metà degli alchimisti erano della loro tribù. + +Quando Roger Bacon fece esplodere il suo primo lotto di polvere da sparo si sarebbe potuto supporre che gli uomini sarebbero passati subito al motore esplosivo. Ma non potevano vedere nulla del genere. Non stavano ancora cominciando a pensare di vedere le cose; la loro metallurgia era troppo povera per fare tali motori anche se ci avessero pensato. Per un tempo non potevano fare strumenti abbastanza solidi per reggere questa nuova forza anche per uno scopo così grossolano come scagliare un proiettile. I loro primi cannoni avevano canne di legno cerchiato, e il mondo aspettò più di cinquecento anni prima che il motore esplosivo arrivasse. + +Anche quando i cercatori trovavano, all'inizio era un lungo viaggio prima che il mondo potesse usare le loro scoperte per qualunque scopo tranne i più rozzi e ovvi. Se l'uomo in generale non era ancora assolutamente cieco alle energie non conquistate attorno a lui come il suo precursore paleolitico, era al massimo mezzo cieco. diff --git a/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_04.md b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_04.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5f2a89a --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_04.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 4 + +L'energia latente del carbone e il potere del vapore attesero a lungo sulla soglia della scoperta, prima che cominciassero a influenzare le vite umane. + +Non c'è dubbio che ci fossero molti dispositivi come i giocattoli di Erone ideati e dimenticati, volta dopo volta, nelle corti e nei palazzi, ma era necessario che il carbone fosse estratto e bruciato con abbondanza di ferro a portata di mano prima che sorgesse negli uomini che qui c'era qualcosa di più di una curiosità. E va notato che il primo suggerimento registrato per l'uso del vapore fu in guerra; c'è un opuscolo elisabettiano in cui si propone di sparare proiettili da bottiglie di ferro tappate piene di acqua riscaldata. L'estrazione del carbone per combustibile, la fusione del ferro su scala più larga di quanto gli uomini avessero mai fatto prima, la pompa a vapore, la macchina a vapore e il battello a vapore, seguirono l'uno all'altro in un ordine che aveva una sorta di necessità logica. È il capitolo più interessante e istruttivo nella storia dell'intelligenza umana, la storia del vapore dal suo inizio come fatto nella coscienza umana alla perfezione delle grandi turbine che precedettero l'utilizzazione del potere intra-molecolare. Quasi ogni essere umano deve aver visto il vapore, visto senza curiosità per molte migliaia di anni; le donne in particolare scaldavano sempre l'acqua, facendola bollire, vedendola evaporare, vedendo i coperchi dei recipienti danzare con la sua furia; milioni di persone in tempi diversi devono aver osservato il vapore lanciare rocce fuori dai vulcani come palle da cricket e soffiare la pomice in schiuma, e tuttavia si può cercare nell'intera registrazione umana, lettere, libri, iscrizioni, immagini, per qualsiasi barlume di una realizzazione che qui c'era forza, qui c'era forza da prendere in prestito e usare... Poi improvvisamente l'uomo si svegliò ad essa, le ferrovie si diffusero come una rete sul globo, i piroscafi di ferro sempre più grandi cominciarono la loro lotta sbalorditiva contro vento e onda. + +Il vapore fu il primo venuto nei nuovi poteri, fu l'inizio dell'Era dell'Energia che doveva chiudere la lunga storia degli Stati in Guerra. + +Ma per lungo tempo gli uomini non realizzarono l'importanza di questa novità. Non vollero riconoscere, non furono capaci di riconoscere che qualcosa di fondamentale fosse accaduto alle loro necessità immemorabili. Chiamarono la macchina a vapore il "cavallo di ferro" e finsero di aver fatto la più parziale delle sostituzioni. I macchinari a vapore e la produzione di fabbrica stavano visibilmente rivoluzionando le condizioni della produzione industriale, la popolazione fluiva costantemente dalla campagna e si concentrava in masse fino ad allora impensabili attorno a pochi centri cittadini, il cibo arrivava a loro su enormi distanze su scala tale da rendere l'unico precedente, le navi di grano della Roma imperiale, un incidente insignificante; e un'enorme migrazione di popoli tra Europa e Asia Occidentale e America era in Progresso, e—nessuno sembra aver realizzato che qualcosa di nuovo era entrato nella vita umana, un vortice strano del tutto diverso da qualsiasi precedente circolare e mutazione, un vortice come il vortice quando finalmente le porte delle chiuse cominciano ad aprirsi dopo una lunga fase di accumulo d'acqua e inattività vorticosa... + +Il sobrio Inglese alla fine del diciannovesimo secolo poteva sedere al suo tavolo per la colazione, decidere tra tè di Ceylon o caffè del Brasile, divorare un uovo dalla Francia con del prosciutto danese, o mangiare una costoletta della Nuova Zelanda, concludere la sua colazione con una banana delle Indie Occidentali, dare un'occhiata agli ultimi telegrammi da tutto il mondo, scrutare i prezzi correnti dei suoi investimenti geograficamente distribuiti in Sud Africa, Giappone, ed Egitto, e dire ai due figli che aveva generato (al posto degli otto di suo padre) che pensava che il mondo cambiasse molto poco. Dovevano giocare a cricket, tenere i capelli tagliati, andare alla vecchia scuola a cui era andato lui, evitare le lezioni che aveva evitato lui, imparare qualche frammento di Orazio e Virgilio e Omero per la confusione dei rozzi, e tutto sarebbe andato bene per loro... diff --git a/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_05.md b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_05.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b3d7c57 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_05.md @@ -0,0 +1,7 @@ +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 5 + +L'elettricità, benché fosse forse la prima delle due ad essere studiata, invase la vita comune degli uomini pochi decenni dopo lo sfruttamento del vapore. Anche all'elettricità, nonostante la sua vicinanza provocatoria tutto attorno a lui, l'umanità era stata completamente cieca per ere incalcolabili. Poteva esserci qualcosa di più enfatico dell'appello dell'elettricità per l'attenzione? Tuonava alle orecchie dell'uomo, gli segnalava con lampi accecanti, occasionalmente lo uccideva, e lui non poteva vederla come una cosa che lo riguardasse abbastanza da meritare studio. Entrava in casa con il gatto in qualsiasi giorno secco e crepitava insinuante ogni volta che accarezzava il suo pelo. Corrodeva i suoi metalli quando li metteva insieme... Non c'è un solo registro che qualcuno si sia chiesto perché il pelo del gatto crepita o perché i capelli sono così riottosi alla spazzola in un giorno gelido, prima del sedicesimo secolo. Per anni infiniti l'uomo sembra aver fatto del suo meglio molto efficacemente per non pensarci affatto; finché questo nuovo spirito del Cercatore non si rivolse a queste cose. + +Quante volte le cose devono essere state viste e respinte come non importanti, prima che l'occhio speculativo e il momento della visione arrivassero! Fu Gilbert, il medico di corte della regina Elisabetta, che per primo si scervellò con ambra strofinata e pezzetti di vetro e seta e gommalacca, e così cominciò il risveglio della mente umana all'esistenza di questa presenza universale. E anche allora la scienza dell'elettricità rimase un mero piccolo gruppo di fatti curiosi per quasi duecento anni, collegati forse con il magnetismo—una mera supposizione quella—forse con il fulmine. Le zampe delle rane devono essere state appese con ganci di rame da ringhiere di ferro e aver sussultato in innumerevoli occasioni prima che Galvani le vedesse. Eccetto per il parafulmine, furono 250 anni dopo Gilbert prima che l'elettricità uscisse dal gabinetto delle curiosità scientifiche nella vita dell'uomo comune... Poi improvvisamente, nel mezzo secolo tra il 1880 e il 1930, soppiantò la macchina a vapore e prese il controllo della trazione, soppiantò ogni altra forma di riscaldamento domestico, abolì la distanza con il telefono senza fili perfezionato e il telefotografo... diff --git a/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_06.md b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_06.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ed1eee2 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_06.md @@ -0,0 +1,37 @@ +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 6 + +E ci fu una straordinaria resistenza mentale alla scoperta e all'invenzione per almeno cento anni dopo che la rivoluzione scientifica era cominciata. Ogni nuova cosa si faceva strada nella pratica contro uno scetticismo che ammontava a volte all'ostilità. Uno scrittore su questi argomenti riporta una piccola divertente conversazione domestica che accadde, dice, nell'anno 1898, entro dieci anni, cioè, dal tempo in cui i primi aviatori erano decisamente in volo. Ci racconta come sedeva alla sua scrivania nel suo studio e conversava con il suo figlioletto. + +Il suo figlioletto era in profondo turbamento. Sentiva di dover parlare molto seriamente a suo padre, e poiché era un ragazzino gentile non voleva farlo troppo duramente. + +Questo è quello che accadde. + +"Vorrei, papà," disse, arrivando al punto, "che non scrivessi tutta questa roba sul volare. I ragazzi mi prendono in giro." + +"Sì!" disse suo padre. + +"E il vecchio Broomie, il Preside intendo, mi prende in giro. Tutti mi prendono in giro." + +"Ma ci sarà il volo—molto presto." + +Il ragazzino era troppo ben educato per dire quello che pensava di ciò. "Comunque," disse, "vorrei che non ne scrivessi." + +"Volerai—molte volte—prima di morire," lo assicurò il padre. + +Il ragazzino sembrò infelice. + +Il padre esitò. Poi aprì un cassetto e tirò fuori una fotografia sfocata e sottosviluppata. "Vieni a guardare questa," disse. + +Il ragazzino gli si avvicinò. La fotografia mostrava un ruscello e un prato oltre, e alcuni alberi, e nell'aria un oggetto nero, simile a una matita con ali piatte su entrambi i lati. Era la prima registrazione del primo apparecchio più pesante dell'aria che si fosse mai mantenuto nell'aria con forza meccanica. Sul margine era scritto: "Qui andiamo su, su, su—da S. P. Langley, Smithsonian Institution, Washington." + +Il padre osservò l'effetto di questo documento rassicurante su suo figlio. "Bene?" disse. + +"Quello," disse lo scolaro, dopo riflessione, "è solo un modello." + +"Modello oggi, uomo domani." + +Il ragazzo sembrò diviso nella sua fedeltà. Poi decise per ciò che credeva fermamente fosse onniscienza. "Ma il vecchio Broomie," disse, "ha detto a tutti i ragazzi della sua classe solo ieri, 'nessun uomo volerà mai.' Nessuno, dice, che abbia mai sparato a galli cedroni o fagiani in volo crederebbe mai nulla del genere..." + +Eppure quel ragazzo visse per volare attraverso l'Atlantico e curare le reminiscenze di suo padre. diff --git a/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_07.md b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_07.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..780e242 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_07.md @@ -0,0 +1,13 @@ +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 7 + +Alla fine del diciannovesimo secolo come testimonia una moltitudine di passaggi nella letteratura di quel tempo, si pensava che il fatto che l'uomo avesse finalmente avuto rapporti riusciti e proficui con il vapore che lo scottava e l'elettricità che lampeggiava e tuonava nel cielo verso di lui, fosse un esercizio sorprendente e forse culminante della sua intelligenza e del suo coraggio intellettuale. L'aria di "Nunc Dimittis" risuona in alcuni di questi scritti. "Le grandi cose sono scoperte," scrisse Gerald Brown nel suo sommario del diciannovesimo secolo. "Per noi rimane poco se non l'elaborazione dei dettagli." Lo spirito del cercatore era ancora raro nel mondo; l'educazione era poco qualificata, non stimolante, scolastica, e poco apprezzata, e poche persone anche allora avrebbero potuto realizzare che la Scienza era ancora solo il più tenue degli schizzi di prova e la scoperta appena cominciava. Nessuno sembra aver avuto paura della scienza e delle sue possibilità. Eppure ora dove c'erano stati solo una ventina di cercatori circa, ce n'erano molte migliaia, e per ogni ago di speculazione che aveva sondato la tenda delle apparenze nel 1800, ce n'erano ora centinaia. E già la Chimica, che si era accontentata dei suoi atomi e molecole per la maggior parte di un secolo, stava preparandosi per quell'enorme passo successivo che avrebbe rivoluzionato l'intera vita dell'uomo da cima a fondo. + +Si realizza quanto fosse grezza la scienza di quel tempo quando si considera il caso della composizione dell'aria. Questa fu determinata da quello strano genio e recluso, quell'uomo di mistero, quell'intelligenza sventrata, Henry Cavendish, verso la fine del diciottesimo secolo. Per quanto lo riguardava il lavoro fu mirabilmente fatto. Separò tutti gli ingredienti noti dell'aria con una precisione del tutto notevole; mise persino a verbale che aveva qualche dubbio sulla purezza dell'azoto. Per più di cento anni la sua determinazione fu ripetuta da chimici in tutto il mondo, il suo apparato fu custodito a Londra, divenne, come si diceva, "classico," e sempre, a ognuna delle innumerevoli ripetizioni del suo esperimento, quell'elemento subdolo l'argon si nascondeva tra l'azoto (e con un po' di elio e tracce di altre sostanze, e infatti tutti gli indizi che avrebbero potuto portare alle nuove partenze della chimica del ventesimo secolo), e ogni volta scivolava inosservato attraverso le dita professorali che ripetevano la sua procedura. + +È quindi sorprendente che fino all'alba stessa del ventesimo secolo la scoperta scientifica fosse ancora piuttosto una processione di felici accidenti che una conquista ordinata della natura? + +Eppure lo spirito della ricerca si stava diffondendo costantemente attraverso il mondo. Persino il maestro di scuola non poteva fermarlo. Per la mera manciata che cresceva per sentire meraviglia e curiosità sui segreti della natura nel diciannovesimo secolo, c'erano ora, all'inizio del ventesimo, miriadi che sfuggivano dalle limitazioni della routine intellettuale e della vita abituale, in Europa, in America, Nord e Sud, in Giappone, in Cina, e tutto intorno al mondo. + +Fu nel 1910 che i genitori del giovane Holsten, che doveva essere chiamato da un'intera generazione di uomini di scienza, "il più grande dei chimici europei," stavano soggiornando in una villa vicino a Santo Domenico, tra Fiesole e Firenze. Aveva allora solo quindici anni, ma era già distinto come matematico e posseduto da un selvaggio appetito di comprendere. Era stato particolarmente attratto dal mistero della fosforescenza e dalla sua apparente non relazione con ogni altra fonte di luce. Doveva raccontare poi nelle sue reminiscenze come osservò le lucciole che vagavano e brillavano tra gli alberi scuri nel giardino della villa sotto il caldo cielo notturno blu dell'Italia; come le catturò e le tenne in gabbie, le dissezionò, studiando prima l'anatomia generale degli insetti molto elaboratamente, e come cominciò a sperimentare con l'effetto di vari gas e temperature variabili sulla loro luce. Poi il regalo casuale di un piccolo giocattolo scientifico inventato da Sir William Crookes, un giocattolo chiamato spintariscopio, sul quale particelle di radio impattano sul solfuro di zinco e lo rendono luminoso, lo indusse ad associare i due insiemi di fenomeni. Fu un'associazione felice per le sue indagini. Fu anche una cosa rara e fortunata che qualcuno con il dono matematico fosse stato preso da queste curiosità. diff --git a/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_08.md b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_08.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ba014e5 --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_08.md @@ -0,0 +1,51 @@ +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 8 + +E mentre il ragazzo Holsten sognava sulle sue lucciole a Fiesole, un certo professore di fisica di nome Rufus stava tenendo un corso di conferenze pomeridiane sul Radio e la Radio-Attività a Edimburgo. Erano conferenze che avevano attirato una quantità di attenzione molto considerevole. Le teneva in un piccolo teatro di conferenze che era diventato sempre più congestionato man mano che il suo corso procedeva. Alla sua discussione conclusiva era affollato fino al soffitto in fondo, e lì la gente stava in piedi, stando in piedi senza alcun senso di fatica, tanto affascinanti trovavano i suoi suggerimenti. Un giovanotto in particolare, un ragazzo dalla testa tondeggiante, con capelli ruvidi come stoppa dalle Highlands, sedeva abbracciando il suo ginocchio con grandi mani rosso-sabbia e bevendo ogni parola, occhi ardenti, guance arrossate, e orecchie brucianti. + +"E così," disse il professore, "vediamo che questo Radio, che sembrava dapprima un'eccezione fantastica, un'inversione folle di tutto ciò che era più stabilito e fondamentale nella costituzione della materia, è realmente in armonia con il resto degli elementi. Fa notevolmente e forzatamente ciò che probabilmente tutti gli altri elementi stanno facendo con lentezza impercettibile. È come la voce singola che grida ad alta voce che tradisce la moltitudine silenziosa che respira nell'oscurità. Il Radio è un elemento che si sta disgregando e volando in pezzi. Ma forse tutti gli elementi stanno facendo ciò a velocità meno percettibili. L'uranio certamente lo è; il torio—la sostanza di questa reticella a gas incandescente—certamente lo è; l'attinio. Sento che stiamo solo cominciando la lista. E sappiamo ora che l'atomo, che una volta pensavamo duro e impenetrabile, e indivisibile e finale e—senza vita—senza vita, è realmente un serbatoio di immensa energia. Questa è la cosa più meravigliosa di tutto questo lavoro. Poco fa pensavamo agli atomi come pensavamo ai mattoni, come materiale da costruzione solido, come materia sostanziale, come masse unitarie di roba senza vita, ed ecco! questi mattoni sono scatole, scatole del tesoro, scatole piene della forza più intensa. Questa piccola bottiglia contiene circa una pinta di ossido di uranio; cioè, circa quattordici once dell'elemento uranio. Vale circa una sterlina. E in questa bottiglia, signore e signori, negli atomi in questa bottiglia riposa almeno tanta energia quanta potremmo ottenere bruciando centosessanta tonnellate di carbone. Se a una parola, in un istante potessi improvvisamente rilasciare quell'energia qui e ora ci farebbe saltare e tutto intorno a noi in frammenti; se potessi trasformarla nel macchinario che illumina questa città, potrebbe mantenere Edimburgo brillantemente illuminata per una settimana. Ma al presente nessun uomo sa, nessun uomo ha un'idea di come questo piccolo grumo di roba possa essere fatto per affrettare il rilascio della sua riserva. La rilascia, come un ruscello gocciola. Lentamente l'uranio cambia in radio, il radio cambia in un gas chiamato emanazione di radio, e quello di nuovo in ciò che chiamiamo radio A, e così il processo continua, emettendo energia ad ogni stadio, finché alla fine raggiungiamo l'ultimo stadio di tutti, che è, per quanto possiamo dire al presente, piombo. Ma non possiamo affrettarlo." + +"Vi capisco, amico," sussurrò il ragazzo dalla testa tondeggiante, con le sue mani rosse che si stringevano come una morsa sul suo ginocchio. "Vi capisco, amico. Continuate! Oh, continuate!" + +Il professore continuò dopo una breve pausa. "Perché il cambiamento è graduale?" chiese. "Perché solo una frazione minuta del radio si disintegra in qualsiasi secondo particolare? Perché si distribuisce così lentamente e così esattamente? Perché non tutto l'uranio cambia in radio e tutto il radio cambia nella cosa immediatamente inferiore in una volta? Perché questo decadimento a gocce; perché non un decadimento in massa? ... Supponete che presentemente troviamo che è possibile accelerare quel decadimento?" + +Il ragazzo dalla testa tondeggiante annuì rapidamente. L'idea meravigliosa inevitabile stava arrivando. Tirò il suo ginocchio verso il mento e dondolò sulla sua sedia per l'eccitazione. "Perché no?" fece eco, "perché no?" + +Il professore sollevò il suo indice. + +"Data quella conoscenza," disse, "notate cosa saremmo in grado di fare! Non solo saremmo in grado di usare questo uranio e torio; non solo avremmo una fonte di potere così potente che un uomo potrebbe portare nella sua mano l'energia per illuminare una città per un anno, combattere una flotta di navi da guerra, o guidare uno dei nostri transatlantici giganti attraverso l'Atlantico; ma avremmo anche un indizio che ci permetterebbe finalmente di accelerare il processo di disintegrazione in tutti gli altri elementi, dove il decadimento è ancora così lento da sfuggire alle nostre misurazioni più fini. Ogni frammento di materia solida nel mondo diventerebbe un serbatoio disponibile di forza concentrata. Realizzate, signore e signori, cosa queste cose significherebbero per noi?" + +La testa ruvida annuiva. "Oh! continuate. Continuate." + +"Significherebbe un cambiamento nelle condizioni umane che posso solo paragonare alla scoperta del fuoco, quella prima scoperta che sollevò l'uomo sopra il bruto. Oggi ci troviamo verso la radio-attività come il nostro antenato si trovava verso il fuoco prima che avesse imparato a farlo. Lo conosceva allora solo come una cosa strana del tutto oltre il suo controllo, una fiammata sulla cresta del vulcano, una distruzione rossa che si versava attraverso la foresta. Così è che conosciamo la radio-attività oggi. Questa—questa è l'alba di un nuovo giorno nel vivere umano. Al culmine di quella civiltà che ebbe il suo inizio nella selce martellata e nel bastone acceso del selvaggio, proprio quando sta diventando apparente che i nostri bisogni sempre crescenti non possono essere sopportati indefinitamente dalle nostre presenti fonti di energia, scopriamo improvvisamente la possibilità di una civiltà interamente nuova. L'energia di cui abbiamo bisogno per la nostra stessa esistenza, e con cui la Natura ci rifornisce ancora così parcamente, è in realtà rinchiusa in quantità inconcepibili tutto intorno a noi. Non possiamo aprire quella serratura al presente, ma—" + +Fece una pausa. La sua voce si abbassò così che tutti si sforzarono un po' per sentirlo. + +"—lo faremo." + +Alzò di nuovo quel dito magro, il suo gesto solitario. + +"E allora," disse... + +"Allora quella lotta perpetua per l'esistenza, quella lotta perpetua per vivere sul mero surplus delle energie della Natura cesserà di essere il destino dell'Uomo. L'uomo passerà dal pinnacolo di questa civiltà all'inizio della prossima. Non ho eloquenza, signore e signori, per esprimere la visione del destino materiale dell'uomo che si apre davanti a me. Vedo i continenti desertici trasformati, i poli non più deserti di ghiaccio, il mondo intero ancora una volta Eden. Vedo il potere dell'uomo raggiungere tra le stelle..." + +Si fermò bruscamente con un sussulto del respiro che molti attori o oratori avrebbero potuto invidiare. + +La conferenza era finita, il pubblico rimase in silenzio per pochi secondi, sospirò, divenne udibile, si mosse, agitò, si preparò per la dispersione. Fu accesa più luce e quella che era stata una massa oscura di figure divenne una brillante confusione di movimento. Alcune persone fecero segni agli amici, alcune si accalcarono verso il palco per esaminare l'apparato del conferenziere e prendere appunti dei suoi diagrammi. Ma il ragazzo dalla testa tondeggiante con i capelli ruvidi non voleva un tale dettagliato sminuzzamento dei pensieri che lo avevano ispirato. Voleva essere solo con loro; si fece largo quasi ferocemente, si fece angoloso e ossuto come una mucca, temendo che qualcuno potesse parlargli, che qualcuno potesse invadere la sua sfera ardente di entusiasmo. + +Andò per le strade con un volto rapito, come un santo che vede visioni. Aveva braccia sproporzionatamente lunghe, e piedi grandi ridicoli. + +Doveva stare da solo, arrivare da qualche parte in alto fuori da tutto questo affollamento di banalità, di vita quotidiana. + +Si fece strada fino alla cima del Seggio di Artù, e lì sedette per lungo tempo nella luce dorata della sera, immobile, eccetto che ogni tanto sussurrava a se stesso qualche frase preziosa che era rimasta nella sua mente. + +"Se," sussurrava, "se solo potessimo aprire quella serratura..." + +Il sole stava tramontando sulle colline distanti. Già era privato dei suoi raggi, un globo d'oro rossastro, sospeso sulle grandi banche di nuvole che presentemente lo avrebbero inghiottito. + +"Eh!" disse il giovanotto. "Eh!" + +Sembrò finalmente svegliarsi dal suo incantamento, e il sole rosso era lì davanti ai suoi occhi. Lo fissò, all'inizio senza intelligenza, e poi con un riconoscimento crescente. Nella sua mente venne uno strano eco di quella fantasia ancestrale, quella fantasia di un selvaggio dell'Età della Pietra, ossa morte e sparse nella deriva duecentomila anni fa. + +"Vecchia cosa," disse—e i suoi occhi brillavano, e fece una sorta di gesto di afferramento con la mano; "vecchia cosa rossa... Vi avremo ancora." diff --git a/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_I.md b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_I.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f7bc4dd --- /dev/null +++ b/The World set Free_prelude_IT/sezione_I.md @@ -0,0 +1,17 @@ +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione I + +La storia dell'umanità è la storia del conseguimento del potere esterno. L'uomo è l'animale che usa strumenti e fa il fuoco. Dall'inizio della sua carriera terrestre lo troviamo integrare la forza naturale e le armi corporee di una bestia con il calore della combustione e il grezzo arnese di pietra. Così egli superò la scimmia. Da lì si espande. Ben presto aggiunse a sé il potere del cavallo e del bue, prese in prestito la forza di trasporto dell'acqua e la spinta motrice del vento, ravvivò il suo fuoco soffiando, e i suoi semplici strumenti, appuntiti dapprima con il rame e poi con il ferro, aumentarono e si diversificarono e divennero più elaborati ed efficienti. Riparò il suo calore in case e rese più facile il suo cammino con sentieri e strade. Complicò le sue relazioni sociali e aumentò la sua efficienza con la divisione del lavoro. Cominciò ad accumulare conoscenza. Espediente seguì espediente, ciascuno rendendo possibile per un uomo fare di più. Sempre lungo il registro che si allunga, salvo per una battuta d'arresto ogni tanto, egli sta facendo di più... Un quarto di milione di anni fa l'uomo più evoluto era un selvaggio, un essere appena articolato, che si riparava in buchi nelle rocce, armato di una selce rozzamente tagliata o di un bastone appuntito col fuoco, nudo, vivendo in piccoli gruppi familiari, ucciso da qualche uomo più giovane non appena la sua prima attività virile declinava. Sulla maggior parte delle grandi distese selvagge della terra lo avresti cercato invano; solo in poche valli fluviali temperate e subtropicali avresti trovato i covi accovacciati dei suoi piccoli branchi, un maschio, poche femmine, un bambino o due. + +Non conosceva allora alcun futuro, nessun tipo di vita tranne quella che conduceva. Fuggiva dall'orso delle caverne sopra le rocce piene di minerale di ferro e della promessa di spada e lancia; moriva congelato su una sporgenza di carbone; beveva acqua fangosa con l'argilla che un giorno avrebbe fatto tazze di porcellana; masticava la spiga di grano selvatico che aveva colto e guardava con una fioca speculazione negli occhi gli uccelli che si libravano oltre la sua portata. O improvvisamente diveniva consapevole dell'odore di un altro maschio e si ergeva ruggendo, i suoi ruggiti i precursori informi di ammonimenti morali. Perché era un grande individualista, quell'originale, non sopportava nessun altro che se stesso. + +Così attraverso le lunghe generazioni, questo pesante precursore, questo antenato di tutti noi, combatteva e si riproduceva e periva, cambiando quasi impercettibilmente. + +Eppure cambiava. Quello scalpello acuto della necessità che affilò l'artiglio della tigre epoca dopo epoca e rifinì il goffo Orchippus nella grazia veloce del cavallo, lavorava su di lui—lavora su di lui ancora. I più goffi e stupidamente feroci tra loro erano uccisi prima e più spesso; la mano più fine, l'occhio più veloce, il cervello più grande, il corpo meglio equilibrato prevalevano; epoca dopo epoca, gli arnesi erano un po' meglio fatti, l'uomo un po' più delicatamente adattato alle sue possibilità. Divenne più sociale; il suo branco crebbe; non più ogni uomo uccideva o cacciava via i suoi figli crescenti; un sistema di tabù li rendeva tollerabili per lui, ed essi lo riverivano vivo e presto persino dopo che era morto, ed erano suoi alleati contro le bestie e il resto dell'umanità. (Ma era loro proibito toccare le donne della tribù, dovevano uscire e catturare donne per sé, e ogni figlio fuggiva dalla sua matrigna e si nascondeva da lei per timore che l'ira del Vecchio fosse suscitata. In tutto il mondo, persino a questo giorno, questi antichi inevitabili tabù possono essere rintracciati.) E ora invece di caverne vennero capanne e tuguri, e il fuoco era meglio curato e c'erano involucri e indumenti; e così aiutata, la creatura si diffuse in climi più freddi, portando con sé il cibo, accumulando cibo—fino a quando talvolta il seme d'erba trascurato germogliava di nuovo e dava un primo accenno di agricoltura. + +E già c'erano gli inizi dell'ozio e del pensiero. + +L'uomo cominciò a pensare. C'erano momenti in cui era nutrito, quando le sue lussure e le sue paure erano tutte placate, quando il sole splendeva sul luogo di accovacciamento e fiochi fremiti di speculazione accendevano i suoi occhi. Grattò su un osso e trovò somiglianza e la perseguì e cominciò l'arte pittorica, plasmò l'argilla morbida e calda della riva del fiume tra le sue dita, e trovò un piacere nei suoi schemi e ripetizioni, la modellò nella forma di vasi, e scoprì che avrebbe tenuto l'acqua. Osservò il fiume che scorreva, e si chiese da quale seno generoso venisse quest'acqua incessante; ammiccò al sole e sognò che forse avrebbe potuto intrappolare e infilzare mentre scendeva al suo luogo di riposo tra le colline distanti. Poi fu spronato a trasmettere al suo fratello che una volta davvero lo aveva fatto—almeno che qualcuno lo aveva fatto—mescolò quello forse con un altro sogno quasi altrettanto audace, che un giorno un mammut era stato assediato; e con ciò cominciò la finzione—indicando una via al conseguimento—e l'augusta processione profetica dei racconti. + +Per decine e centinaia di secoli, per miriadi di generazioni quella vita dei nostri padri andò avanti. Dall'inizio alla maturazione di quella fase della vita umana, dal primo goffo eolite di selce rozzamente scheggiata ai primi arnesi di pietra levigata, trascorsero due o tremila secoli, dieci o quindicimila generazioni. Così lentamente, per standard umani, l'umanità si raccolse dalle tenui intimazioni della bestia. E quel primo barlume di speculazione, quella prima storia di conquista, quel narratore dagli occhi brillanti e arrossato sotto i suoi capelli arruffati, gesticolante al suo ascoltatore a bocca aperta e incredulo, afferrandogli il polso per tenerlo attento, fu l'inizio più meraviglioso che questo mondo abbia mai visto. Condannò i mammut, e iniziò la preparazione di quella trappola che catturerà il sole. diff --git a/capitolo_02_completo_IT.md b/capitolo_02_completo_IT.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a9cbd32 --- /dev/null +++ b/capitolo_02_completo_IT.md @@ -0,0 +1,363 @@ +## CAPITOLO SECONDO. L'ULTIMA GUERRA + +### Sezione I + +Vista dalla prospettiva di un ordine sociale sano e ambizioso, è difficile comprendere, e sarebbe tedioso seguire, i motivi che precipitarono l'umanità nella guerra che riempie le cronache dei decenni centrali del ventesimo secolo. + +Bisogna sempre ricordare che la struttura politica del mondo di quel tempo era ovunque straordinariamente arretrata rispetto all'intelligenza collettiva. Questo è il fatto centrale di quella storia. Per duecento anni non vi erano stati grandi cambiamenti nei metodi e nelle pretese politiche o legali, il massimo mutamento era stato un certo spostamento di confini e un lieve adattamento delle procedure, mentre in quasi ogni altro aspetto della vita si erano verificate rivoluzioni fondamentali, gigantesche liberazioni, e un enorme ampliamento di portata e visione. Le assurdità delle corti e le indegnità del governo parlamentare rappresentativo, unite all'apertura di vasti campi di opportunità in altre direzioni, avevano ritirato sempre più le migliori intelligenze dagli affari pubblici. I governi ostensibili del mondo nel ventesimo secolo stavano seguendo la scia delle religioni ostensibili. Stavano cessando di comandare i servigi di qualsiasi altro che uomini di second'ordine. Dopo la metà del diciottesimo secolo non vi sono più grandi ecclesiastici nella memoria del mondo, dopo l'inizio del ventesimo non più statisti. Ovunque si trovava un tipo energico, ambizioso, miope, mediocre nei seggi dell'autorità, cieco alle nuove possibilità e liti­giosamente dipendente dalle tradizioni del passato. + +Forse le più pericolose di quelle tradizioni logore erano i confini dei vari 'stati sovrani', e la concezione di un predominio generale negli affari umani da parte di qualche stato particolare. La memoria degli imperi di Roma e Alessandro si accovacciava, un fantasma carnivoro non esorcizzato, nell'immaginazione umana — si insinuava nel cervello umano come un parassita orrendo e lo riempiva di pensieri disordinati e impulsi violenti. Per più di un secolo il sistema francese esaurì la sua vitalità in convulsioni belligeranti, e poi l'infezione passò ai popoli di lingua tedesca che erano il cuore e il centro dell'Europa, e da essi in avanti agli Slavi. Le età successive avrebbero conservato e trascurato la vasta letteratura folle di questa ossessione, i trattati intricati, gli accordi segreti, l'infinita sapienza dello scrittore politico, i rifiuti astuti di accettare fatti evidenti, gli espedienti strategici, le manovre tattiche, le registrazioni di mobilitazioni e contro-mobilitazioni. Cessò di essere credibile quasi non appena cessò di accadere, ma nell'alba stessa della nuova era i loro uomini di stato sedevano con le loro candele storiche accese, e, nonostante strani nuovi riflessi e luci ed ombre non familiari, ancora litigando e progettando di riorganizzare le mappe dell'Europa e del mondo. + +Doveva diventare materia di sottile indagine quanto i milioni di uomini e donne al di fuori del mondo di questi specialisti simpatizzassero e concordassero con le loro attività portentose. Una scuola di psicologi inclinava a minimizzare questa partecipazione, ma il bilancio delle prove va a dimostrare che vi erano risposte massicce a questi suggerimenti dell'istigatore bellicoso. L'uomo primitivo era stato un animale ferocemente combattivo; innumerevoli generazioni avevano trascorso le loro vite in guerra tribale, e il peso della tradizione, l'esempio della storia, gli ideali di lealtà e devozione si accordavano abbastanza facilmente con gli incitamenti del seminatore internazionale di discordia. Le idee politiche dell'uomo comune erano raccolte alla rinfusa, non c'era praticamente nulla in quell'educazione che gli veniva data che fosse mai inteso ad adattarlo alla cittadinanza in quanto tale (tale concezione apparve solo, infatti, con lo sviluppo delle idee di Stato Moderno), e quindi era questione relativamente facile riempire la sua mente vacante con i suoni e la furia del sospetto esasperato e dell'aggressione nazionale. + +Per esempio, Barnet descrive la folla londinese come rumorosamente patriottica quando presentemente il suo battaglione salì dal deposito a Londra, per imbarcarsi per la frontiera francese. Egli racconta di bambini e donne e ragazzi e vecchi che applaudivano e gridavano, delle strade e dei viali ornati con le bandiere delle Potenze Alleate, di un vero entusiasmo persino tra i derelitti e i disoccupati. Gli Uffici del Lavoro erano ora parzialmente trasformati in uffici di arruolamento, ed erano centri di eccitazione ardentemente patriottica. Ad ogni luogo conveniente sulla linea su entrambi i lati del Tunnel della Manica vi erano spettatori entusiasti, e il sentimento nel reggimento, se un po' irrigidito e oscurato da fosche aspettative, non era tuttavia meno bellicoso. + +Ma tutta questa emozione era l'emozione volubile di menti senza idee stabilite; era con la maggior parte di loro, dice Barnet, come era con lui stesso, una risposta naturale al movimento collettivo, e ai suoni e colori marziali, e alla sfida esaltante di vaghi pericoli. E la gente era stata così a lungo oppressa dalla minaccia e dalla preparazione per la guerra che il suo arrivo venne con un effetto di positivo sollievo. + +### Sezione 2 + +Il piano di campagna degli Alleati assegnava la difesa della bassa Mosa agli Inglesi, e i treni militari furono diretti direttamente dai vari depositi britannici ai punti nelle Ardenne dove si intendeva che si trincerassero. + +La maggior parte dei documenti relativi alla campagna furono distrutti durante la guerra, sin dall'inizio lo schema degli Alleati sembra essere stato confuso, ma è altamente probabile che la formazione di un parco aereo in questa regione, dal quale potessero essere effettuati attacchi al vasto impianto industriale del basso Reno, e un'incursione di fianco attraverso l'Olanda sugli stabilimenti navali tedeschi alla foce dell'Elba, fossero parti integranti del progetto originale. Nulla di ciò era noto a tali pedine del gioco come Barnet e la sua compagnia, il cui compito era fare ciò che veniva loro detto dalle misteriose intelligenze alla direzione delle cose a Parigi, città alla quale era stato trasferito anche lo staff di Whitehall. Dal principio alla fine queste intelligenze direttive rimasero misteriose per il corpo dell'esercito, velate sotto il nome di 'Ordini'. Non c'era Napoleone, nessun Cesare a incarnare l'entusiasmo. Barnet dice: 'Parlavamo di Loro. LORO ci stanno mandando su nel Lussemburgo. LORO stanno per aggirare il fianco destro dell'Europa Centrale.' + +Dietro il velo di questa vaghezza il piccolo gruppo di uomini più o meno degni che costituiva il Quartier Generale stava cominciando a rendersi conto dell'enormità della cosa che si supponeva dovesse controllare... + +Nella grande sala del Controllo di Guerra, le cui finestre guardavano attraverso la Senna verso il Trocadero e i palazzi del quartiere occidentale, una serie di mappe in rilievo su grande scala erano disposte su tavoli per mostrare l'intero teatro di guerra, e gli ufficiali di stato maggiore del controllo erano continuamente occupati a spostare i piccoli blocchi che rappresentavano le truppe contendenti, mentre i rapporti e le informazioni continuavano ad affluire ai vari uffici telegrafici nelle stanze adiacenti. In altri appartamenti più piccoli c'erano mappe di tipo meno dettagliato, sulle quali, per esempio, i rapporti dell'Ammiragliato Britannico e dei comandanti Slavi venivano registrati man mano che giungevano. Su queste mappe, come su scacchiere, il Maresciallo Dubois, in consultazione con il Generale Viard e il Conte di Delhi, doveva giocare la grande partita per la supremazia mondiale contro le potenze dell'Europa Centrale. Molto probabilmente egli aveva un'idea definita del suo gioco; molto probabilmente aveva un piano coerente e ammirevole. + +Ma egli aveva fatto i conti senza una stima appropriata né della nuova strategia dell'aviazione né delle possibilità dell'energia atomica che Holsten aveva aperto per l'umanità. Mentre egli progettava trinceramenti e invasioni e una guerra di frontiera, il comando dell'Europa Centrale colpiva agli occhi e al cervello. E mentre, con una certa diffidente esitazione, sviluppava la sua apertura quella notte sulle linee tracciate da Napoleone e Moltke, il suo stesso corpo scientifico in uno stato di attività ammutinata stava preparando un colpo per Berlino. 'Questi vecchi pazzi!' era la chiave in cui pensava il corpo scientifico. + +Il Controllo di Guerra a Parigi, nella notte del due luglio, era un'impressionante esibizione della parafernalia dell'organizzazione militare scientifica, come la prima metà del ventesimo secolo la intendeva. Ad almeno un essere umano i comandanti consultanti avevano la somiglianza di dèi che brandiscono il mondo. + +Ella era una dattilografa esperta, capace di quasi sessanta parole al minuto, ed era stata ingaggiata in staffetta con altre donne simili per prendere gli ordini in duplice copia e consegnarli agli ufficiali subalterni in servizio, per essere inoltrati e archiviati. Era sopravvenuta una pausa, ed era stata mandata fuori dalla sala di dettatura per prendere aria sulla terrazza davanti alla grande sala e per mangiare il misero ristoro che aveva portato con sé fino a quando i suoi servigi non fossero stati richiesti di nuovo. + +Dalla sua posizione sulla terrazza questa giovane donna aveva una vista non solo dell'ampia curva del fiume sotto di lei, e di tutto il lato orientale di Parigi dall'Arco di Trionfo a Saint Cloud, grandi blocchi e masse di oscurità nera o pallida con lampi rosa e dorati di illuminazione e fasce interlacciate infinite di luci punteggiate sotto un cielo immobile e senza stelle, ma anche tutto l'interno spazioso della grande sala con le sue snelle colonne e i graziosi archi e le lampade a grappolo era visibile per lei. Là, sopra una selva di tavoli, giacevano le enormi mappe, fatte su scala così grande che si potevano immaginare piccoli paesi; i messaggeri e gli assistenti andavano e venivano perpetuamente, alterando, spostando i piccoli pezzi che significavano centinaia e migliaia di uomini, e il grande comandante e i suoi due consulenti stavano in mezzo a tutte queste cose e vicino a dove i combattimenti erano più vicini, complottando, dirigendo. Bastava che sussurrassero una parola e presentemente là lontano, nel mondo della realtà, le miriadi puntuali si muovevano. Gli uomini si alzavano e andavano avanti e morivano. Il destino delle nazioni giaceva dietro gli occhi di questi tre uomini. Davvero erano come dèi. + +Il più divino dei tre era Dubois. Stava a lui decidere; gli altri al massimo potevano suggerire. L'anima di donna di lei andò verso questo grave, bell'uomo, immobile, vecchio, in una passione di istintivo culto. + +Una volta aveva preso parole di istruzione direttamente da lui. Le aveva attese in un'estasi di felicità — e paura. Perché la sua esaltazione era resa terribile dal terrore che qualche errore potesse disonorarla... + +Lo osservava ora attraverso il vetro con tutta la minuziosità impenetrante dell'osservazione di una donna appassionata. + +Diceva poco, notò lei. Guardava poco le mappe. L'alto Inglese accanto a lui era manifestamente turbato da uno sciame di idee, idee conflittuali; tendeva il collo ad ogni spostamento dei piccoli pezzi rossi, blu, neri e gialli sulla tavola, e voleva attirare l'attenzione del comandante su questo e quello. Dubois ascoltava, annuiva, emetteva una parola e tornava immobile di nuovo, meditando come l'aquila nazionale. + +I suoi occhi erano così profondamente infossati sotto le sue bianche sopracciglia che lei non poteva vedere i suoi occhi; i suoi baffi sovrastavano la bocca da cui venivano quelle parole di decisione. Anche Viard diceva poco; era un uomo scuro con una testa cadente e occhi malinconici, vigili. Era più intento sulla destra francese, che stava tastando ora la sua via attraverso l'Alsazia verso il Reno. Era, lei sapeva, un vecchio collega di Dubois; lo conosceva meglio, decise lei, si fidava di lui più di questo Inglese non familiare... + +Non parlare, rimanere impassibile e per quanto possibile di profilo; queste erano le lezioni che il vecchio Dubois aveva padroneggiato anni prima. Sembrare di sapere tutto, non tradire alcuna sorpresa, rifiutarsi di affrettarsi — essa stessa una confessione di errore di calcolo; per attenzione a queste semplici regole, Dubois aveva costruito una solida reputazione dai giorni in cui era stato un promettente ufficiale subalterno, un giovane uomo immobile, quasi astratto, deliberato ma pronto. Persino allora gli uomini lo guardavano e dicevano: 'Andrà lontano'. Attraverso cinquant'anni di pace non era mai stato trovato mancante, e alle manovre la sua persistenza impassibile aveva perplesso e ipnotizzato e sconfitto molti uomini più attivamente intelligenti. Profondo nella sua anima Dubois aveva nascosto la sua unica profonda scoperta sull'arte moderna della guerra, la chiave della sua carriera. E questa scoperta era che NESSUNO SAPEVA, che quindi agire era commettere errori, che parlare era confessare; e che l'uomo che agiva lentamente e costantemente e soprattutto silenziosamente, aveva la migliore possibilità di riuscire. Nel frattempo si nutrivano gli uomini. Ora con questa stessa strategia sperava di distruggere quegli ignoti misteriosi del comando dell'Europa Centrale. Delhi poteva parlare di una grande marcia di fianco attraverso l'Olanda, con tutti i sommergibili britannici e gli idroplani e i mezzi siluranti che risalivano il Reno in suo supporto; Viard poteva bramare brillantezza con le motociclette, gli aeroplani e gli uomini sugli sci tra le montagne svizzere, e un improvviso piombamento su Vienna; la cosa era ascoltare — e aspettare che l'altro lato cominciasse a sperimentare. Era tutto sperimentare. E nel frattempo rimaneva di profilo, con un'aria di sicurezza — come un uomo che siede in un'automobile dopo che l'autista ha avuto le sue direzioni. + +E tutti intorno a lui erano più forti e sicuri per quel viso tranquillo, quell'aria di conoscenza e imperturbabile fiducia. Le luci a grappolo proiettavano una ventina di sue ombre sulle mappe, grandi mazzi di lui, versioni + +di una presenza comandante, più chiare o più scure, dominavano il campo, e indicavano in ogni direzione. Quelle ombre simboleggiavano il suo controllo. Quando un messaggero veniva dalla stanza wireless per spostare questo o quel pezzo nel gioco, per sostituire sotto rapporti emendati un reggimento dell'Europa Centrale con una ventina, per ritirare o spingere avanti o distribuire questa o quella forza degli Alleati, il Maresciallo avrebbe girato la testa e sembrava non vedere, o guardava e annuiva leggermente, come un maestro annuisce che approva l'autocorrezione di un allievo. 'Sì, così va meglio'. + +Quanto meraviglioso era, pensò la donna alla finestra, quanto meraviglioso era tutto. Questo era il cervello del mondo occidentale, questo era l'Olimpo con la terra in guerra ai suoi piedi. Ed egli stava guidando la Francia, la Francia così a lungo esule risentito dall'imperialismo, indietro al suo antico predominio. + +Le sembrava oltre il merito di una donna che dovesse essere privilegiata di partecipare... + +È duro essere una donna, piena dell'impulso tempestoso alla devozione personale, e dover essere impersonale, astratta, esatta, puntuale. Doveva controllarsi... + +Si abbandonò a sogni fantastici, sogni dei giorni in cui la guerra sarebbe stata finita e la vittoria intronizzata. Allora forse questa durezza, questa armatura sarebbe stata messa da parte e gli dèi avrebbero potuto ammorbidirsi. Le sue palpebre si abbassarono... + +Si svegliò con un sussulto. Divenne consapevole che la notte fuori non era più immobile. Che c'era un'eccitazione giù sotto sul ponte e una corsa nella strada e uno sfarfallio di riflettori tra le nuvole da qualche luogo elevato lontano oltre il Trocadero. E poi l'eccitazione venne ondata su oltre lei e invase la sala all'interno. + +Una delle sentinelle dalla terrazza stava all'estremità superiore della stanza, gesticolando e gridando qualcosa. + +E tutto il mondo era cambiato. Una specie di pulsazione. Non poteva capire. Era come se tutte le tubature dell'acqua e i macchinari nascosti e i cavi delle vie sotto, stessero battendo — come battono i polsi. E intorno a lei soffiava qualcosa come un vento — un vento che era sgomento. + +I suoi occhi andarono al volto del Maresciallo come un bambino spaventato potrebbe guardare verso sua madre. + +Era ancora sereno. Stava aggrottando leggermente le sopracciglia, pensò lei, ma quello era abbastanza naturale, perché il Conte di Delhi, con una mano gesticolante in modo scarno, lo aveva preso per il braccio ed era troppo manifestamente disposto a trascinarlo verso la grande porta che si apriva sulla terrazza. E Viard si stava affrettando verso le enormi finestre e lo faceva nell'atteggiamento più strano, piegato in avanti e con gli occhi rivolti verso l'alto. + +Qualcosa là sopra? + +E poi fu come se un tuono scoppiasse sopra la testa. + +Il suono la colpì come un colpo. Si rannicchiò insieme contro la muratura e guardò in alto. Vide tre forme nere che piombavano giù attraverso le nuvole squarciate, e da un punto un po' sotto due di esse, erano già iniziate scie arricciate di rosso... + +Tutto il resto nel suo essere era paralizzato, rimase sospesa attraverso momenti che sembravano infinità, guardando quei missili rossi vorticare giù verso di lei. + +Si sentì strappata fuori dal mondo. Non c'era null'altro nel mondo che un bagliore cremisi-purpureo e suono, assordante, abbracciante-tutto, suono continuo. Ogni altra luce si era spenta intorno a lei e contro questo bagliore pendevano muri inclinati, pilastri piroettanti, frammenti sporgenti di cornici, e un volo disordinato di enormi lastre angolari di vetro. Ebbe l'impressione di una grande palla di fuoco cremisi-purpureo come una cosa vivente impazzita che sembrava + +stesse turbinando molto rapidamente in mezzo a un caos di muratura che cadeva, che sembrava stesse attaccando la terra furiosamente, che sembrava stesse scavando in essa come un coniglio fiammeggiante... + +Ebbe tutte le sensazioni di svegliarsi da un sogno. + +Si trovò stesa a faccia in giù su un banco di terra e che un piccolo rivolo di acqua calda stava scorrendo su un piede. Cercò di sollevarsi e trovò che la sua gamba era molto dolorante. Non le era chiaro se fosse notte o giorno né dove fosse; fece un secondo sforzo, rabbrividendo e gemendo, e si girò e si mise in posizione seduta e si guardò intorno. + +Tutto sembrava molto silenzioso. Era, infatti, in mezzo a un vasto tumulto, ma non se ne rese conto perché il suo udito era stato distrutto. + +Dapprima non poteva collegare ciò che vedeva a nessuna esperienza precedente. + +Sembrava essere in un mondo strano, un mondo silenzioso, rovinoso, un mondo di cose rotte ammassate. Ed era illuminato — e in qualche modo questo era più familiare alla sua mente di qualsiasi altro fatto intorno a lei — da una luce tremolante, purpureo-cremisi. Poi vicino a lei, sorgendo sopra una confusione di detriti, riconobbe il Trocadero; era cambiato, qualcosa se n'era andato da esso, ma il suo contorno era inconfondibile. Si stagliava contro un'ondata vorticosa di vapore illuminato di rosso che saliva vorticosamente. E con ciò ricordò Parigi e la Senna e la calda serata coperta e la bella, luminosa organizzazione del Controllo di Guerra... + +Si tirò un po' su per il pendio di terra su cui giaceva, ed esaminò i suoi dintorni con una comprensione crescente... + +La terra su cui giaceva si protendeva come un capo nel fiume. Molto vicino a lei c'era un lago colmo di acqua arginata, da cui questi caldi rivoli e torrenti sgorgavano. Volute di vapore venivano in esistenza circolare a un piede o giù di lì dalla sua superficie a specchio. Vicino a mano e riflessa esattamente nell'acqua c'era la parte superiore di un pilastro di pietra dall'aspetto familiare. Dal lato di lei lontano dall'acqua le rovine ammassate si alzavano ripidamente in un pendio confuso fino a una cresta abbagliante. Sopra e riflettendo questo bagliore torreggiavano masse incuscinate di vapore che rotolava rapidamente verso l'alto verso lo zenit. Era da questa cresta che procedeva il bagliore livido che illuminava il mondo intorno a lei, e lentamente la sua mente collegò questo tumulo con gli edifici scomparsi del Controllo di Guerra. + +'Mais!' sussurrò, e rimase con occhi spalancati del tutto immobile per un po', rannicchiata vicino alla terra calda. + +Poi presentemente questa cosa umana fioca, rotta cominciò a guardarsi intorno di nuovo. Cominciò a sentire il bisogno di compagnia. Voleva domandare, voleva parlare, voleva raccontare la sua esperienza. E il suo piede le faceva atrocemente male. Ci doveva essere un'ambulanza. Un piccolo refolo di critiche querulose soffiò attraverso la sua mente. Questo sicuramente era un disastro! Sempre dopo un disastro ci dovrebbero essere ambulanze e soccorritori che si muovono... + +Allungò la testa. C'era qualcosa là. Ma tutto era così immobile! + +'Monsieur!' gridò. Le sue orecchie, notò, si sentivano strane, e cominciò a sospettare che non tutto andava bene con loro. + +Era terribilmente solitario in questa stranezza caotica, e forse quest'uomo — se era un uomo, perché era difficile vedere — poteva nonostante la sua immobilità essere meramente privo di sensi. Avrebbe potuto essere stordito... + +Il bagliore balzante oltre mandò un raggio nel suo angolo e per un momento ogni piccolo dettaglio fu distinto. Era il Maresciallo Dubois. Giaceva contro una lastra enorme della mappa di guerra. Ad essa erano attaccati e da essa penzolavano piccoli oggetti di legno, i simboli di fanteria e cavalleria e cannoni, come erano disposti sulla frontiera. Non + +sembrava essere consapevole di questo alla sua schiena, aveva un effetto di disattenzione, non attenzione indifferente, ma come se stesse pensando... + +Non poteva vedere gli occhi sotto le sue sopracciglia ispide, ma era evidente che aggrottava la fronte. Aggrottava leggermente la fronte, aveva un'aria di non voler essere disturbato. Il suo viso portava ancora quell'espressione di fiducia assicurata, quella convinzione che se le cose fossero state lasciate a lui la Francia avrebbe potuto obbedire in sicurezza... + +Non gli gridò di nuovo, ma strisciò un po' più vicino. Una strana supposizione fece dilatare i suoi occhi. Con uno strattone doloroso si tirò su così da poter vedere completamente sopra i grumi intervenuti di muratura frantumata. La sua mano toccò qualcosa di umido, e dopo un movimento convulso divenne rigida. + +Non c'era un uomo intero là; c'era un pezzo di uomo, la testa e le spalle di un uomo che si trascinava giù in un'oscurità strappata e una pozza di nero lucente... + +E anche mentre fissava il tumulo sopra di lei oscillò e si sbriciolò, e una corsa di acqua calda venne versandosi su di lei. Poi le sembrò di essere trascinata giù... + +### Sezione 3 + +Quando il giovane aviatore piuttosto brutale con la testa a proiettile e i capelli neri tagliati corti en brosse, che era al comando del corpo scientifico speciale francese, sentì presentemente di questo disastro al Controllo di Guerra, era così privo di immaginazione in ogni sfera tranne la propria, che rise. Piccola importanza per lui che Parigi stesse bruciando. Sua madre e suo padre e sua sorella vivevano a Caudebec; e l'unica innamorata che avesse mai avuto, ed era stato povero corteggiamento allora, era una ragazza a Rouen. Diede una pacca sulla spalla del suo secondo in comando. 'Ora,' disse, 'non c'è nulla sulla terra che ci impedisca di andare a Berlino e di rendergli pan per focaccia... Strategia e ragioni di stato — sono finite... Vieni, ragazzo mio, e mostreremo a queste vecchie donne cosa possiamo fare quando ci lasciano avere le nostre teste.' + +Passò cinque minuti al telefono e poi uscì nel cortile del castello in cui era stato installato e gridò per la sua automobile. Le cose avrebbero dovuto muoversi velocemente perché c'era appena un'ora e mezza prima dell'alba. Guardò il cielo e notò con soddisfazione una pesante banca di nuvole attraverso l'est pallido. + +Era un giovane di infinita astuzia, e il suo materiale e i suoi aeroplani erano sparsi per tutta la campagna, nascosti nei fienili, coperti di fieno, nascosti nei boschi. Un falco non avrebbe potuto scoprirne nessuno senza venire a portata di un fucile. Ma quella notte voleva solo una delle macchine, ed era comoda e del tutto preparata sotto un telone tra due covoni a non un paio di miglia di distanza; stava andando a Berlino con quella e solo un altro uomo. Due uomini sarebbero stati sufficienti per quello che intendeva fare... + +Aveva nelle sue mani il complemento nero a tutti quegli altri doni che la scienza stava sollecitando sull'umanità non rigenerata, il dono della distruzione, ed era un tipo avventuroso piuttosto che simpatico... + +Era un giovane scuro con qualcosa di negroide nel suo viso lucente. Sorrideva come uno che è favorito e anticipa grandi piaceri. C'era una ricchezza esotica, un sapore ridacchiante, nella voce con cui dava i suoi ordini, e punteggiava le sue osservazioni con il lungo dito di una mano che era pelosa e eccezionalmente grande. + +'Gli renderemo pan per focaccia,' disse. 'Gli renderemo pan per focaccia. Non c'è tempo da perdere, ragazzi...' + +E presentemente sopra le banche di nuvole che giacevano sopra la Vestfalia e la Sassonia il rapido aeroplano, con il suo motore atomico silenzioso come un raggio di sole danzante e la sua bussola giroscopica fosforescente, volò come una freccia verso il cuore delle orde dell'Europa Centrale. + +Non si innalzò molto in alto; sfiorò a poche centinaia di piedi sopra le oscurità ammassate di cumuli che nascondevano il mondo, pronto a tuffarsi subito nelle loro oscurità umide se qualche aviatore ostile fosse entrato in vista. Il teso giovane timoniere divideva la sua attenzione tra le stelle guidatrici sopra e le superfici livellate, sconvolte degli strati di vapore che nascondevano il mondo sotto. Su grandi spazi quelle banche giacevano piane come una colata di lava congelata e quasi immobili, e poi erano squarciate da aree frastagliate di trasparenza, perforate da voragini chiare, così che macchie tenui della terra sotto brillavano remotamente attraverso abissi. Una volta vide abbastanza distintamente la pianta di una grande stazione ferroviaria delineata in lampade e segnali, e una volta le fiamme di un covone in fiamme che mostravano livide attraverso una deriva bollente di fumo sul fianco di qualche grande collina. Ma se il mondo era mascherato era vivo di suoni. Su attraverso quel pavimento di vapore veniva il profondo ruggito dei treni, i fischi dei clacson delle auto, un suono di fuoco di fucile lontano a sud, e mentre si avvicinava alla sua destinazione il canto dei galli... + +Il cielo sopra gli orizzonti indistinti di questo mare di nuvole era dapprima stellato e poi più pallido con una luce che strisciava da nord a est mentre l'alba avanzava. La Via Lattea era invisibile nel blu, e le stelle minori svanirono. Il volto dell'avventuriero al volante, oscuramente visibile ogni tanto dal bagliore verdastro ovale del quadrante della bussola, aveva qualcosa di quella ferma bellezza che ogni proposito concentrato dà, e qualcosa della felicità di un bambino idiota che ha finalmente messo le mani sui fiammiferi. Il suo compagno, un tipo meno immaginativo, sedeva con le gambe divaricate sulla lunga scatola a forma di bara che conteneva nei suoi scompartimenti le tre bombe atomiche, le nuove bombe che avrebbero continuato a esplodere indefinitamente e che nessuno finora aveva mai visto in azione. Finora il Carolinio, la loro sostanza essenziale, era stato testato solo in quantità quasi infinitesimali dentro camere d'acciaio immerse nel piombo. Oltre il pensiero della grande distruzione che dormiva nelle sfere nere tra le sue gambe, e una ferma risoluzione di seguire molto esattamente le istruzioni che gli erano state date, la mente dell'uomo era un vuoto. Il suo profilo aquilino contro la luce stellare non esprimeva nulla se non una profonda cupezza. + +Il cielo sotto si schiarì mentre la capitale dell'Europa Centrale veniva avvicinata. + +Finora erano stati singolarmente fortunati e non erano stati sfidati da nessun aeroplano. Le sentinelle di frontiera dovevano averle passate nella notte; probabilmente queste erano per lo più sotto le nuvole; il mondo era vasto ed erano stati fortunati a non avvicinarsi a nessuna sentinella volteggiante. La loro macchina era dipinta di un grigio pallido, che giaceva quasi invisibilmente sopra i livelli di nuvole sotto. Ma ora l'est stava arrossando con la vicina ascesa del sole, Berlino era a solo una ventina di miglia avanti, e la fortuna dei Francesi tenne. Per gradi impercettibili le nuvole sotto si dissolsero... + +Lontano verso nord-est, in una pozza senza nuvole di luce crescente e con tutte le sue illuminazioni notturne ancora fiammeggianti, c'era Berlino. Il dito sinistro del timoniere verificava strade e spazi aperti sotto sul quadrato coperto di mica della mappa che era fissato presso il suo volante. Là in una serie di espansioni simili a laghi c'era l'Havel lontano a destra; oltre per quelle foreste doveva essere Spandau; là il fiume si divideva sull'isola di Potsdam; e proprio avanti c'era Charlottenburg fessa da una grande arteria che cadeva come un raggio indicatore di luce dritto al quartier generale imperiale. Là, abbastanza piano, c'era il Thiergarten; oltre sorgeva il palazzo imperiale, e a destra quegli edifici alti, quei tetti raggruppati, imbandierati, con alberi, dovevano essere gli uffici in cui era alloggiato lo staff dell'Europa Centrale. Era tutto freddamente chiaro e incolore nell'alba. + +Guardò su improvvisamente mentre un ronzio cresceva dal nulla e diventava rapidamente più forte. Quasi sopra di lui un aeroplano tedesco stava scendendo in circolo da un'altezza immensa per sfidarlo. Fece un gesto con il braccio sinistro all'uomo cupo dietro e poi afferrò la sua piccola ruota con entrambe le mani, si rannicchiò su di essa, e torse il collo per guardare in alto. Era attento, teso, ma del tutto sprezzante della loro capacità di ferirlo. Nessun Tedesco vivo, era assicurato, poteva superarlo in volo, o davvero nessuno dei migliori Francesi. Immaginava che potessero colpirlo come un falco colpisce, ma erano uomini che scendevano dal freddo amaro lassù, in uno stato d'animo affamato, senza spirito, mattutino; vennero scendendo obliquamente come una spada brandita da un uomo pigro, e non così rapidamente che non fosse in grado di sgusciare via da sotto di loro e mettersi tra loro e Berlino. Cominciarono a sfidarlo in tedesco con un megafono quando erano ancora forse a un miglio di distanza. Le parole gli arrivavano, arrotolate in una mera macchia di suono rauco. Poi, raccogliendo allarme dal suo cupo silenzio, diedero la caccia e calarono giù, forse un centinaio di iarde sopra di lui, e un paio di centinaia dietro. Stavano cominciando a capire cosa + +fosse. Cessò di guardarli e si concentrò sulla città avanti, e per un po' i due aeroplani gareggiarono... + +Un proiettile venne strappando attraverso l'aria vicino a lui, come se qualcuno stesse strappando carta. Un secondo seguì. Qualcosa picchiettò la macchina. + +Era tempo di agire. I larghi viali, il parco, i palazzi sotto si precipitarono allargandosi sempre più vicini a loro. 'Pronto!' disse il timoniere. + +Il volto scarno si indurì in cupezza, e con entrambe le mani il lanciabombe sollevò la grande bomba atomica dalla scatola e la stabilizzò contro il fianco. Era una sfera nera di due piedi di diametro. Tra le sue maniglie c'era un piccolo bottone di celluloide, e a questo piegò la testa finché le sue labbra lo toccarono. Poi dovette mordere per far entrare l'aria sull'induttivo. Sicuro della sua accessibilità, allungò il collo sul fianco dell'aeroplano e giudicò la sua andatura e distanza. Poi molto rapidamente si piegò in avanti, morse il bottone, e issò la bomba sul fianco. + +'Gira,' sussurrò inaudibilmente. + +La bomba balenò scarlatto accecante in mezz'aria, e cadde, una colonna discendente di fiamma che turbinava a spirale in mezzo a un turbine. Entrambi gli aeroplani furono lanciati come volani, scagliati in alto e di lato e il timoniere, con occhi lucenti e denti serrati, combatté in grandi curve inclinate per l'equilibrio. L'uomo scarno si aggrappò forte con mano e ginocchia; le sue narici dilatate, i suoi denti che mordevano le sue labbra. Era fermamente legato... + +Quando poté guardare giù di nuovo era come guardare giù sul cratere di un piccolo vulcano. Nel giardino aperto davanti al castello Imperiale una stella tremante di malvagio splendore schizzava e versava su fumo e fiamme verso di loro come un'accusa. Erano troppo in alto per distinguere le persone chiaramente, o notare l'effetto della bomba sull'edificio fino a quando improvvisamente la facciata vacillò e si sbriciolò davanti al bagliore come lo zucchero si dissolve nell'acqua. L'uomo fissò per un momento, mostrò tutti i suoi lunghi denti, e poi barcollò nella posizione eretta ristretta che le sue cinghie permettevano, issò fuori e morse un'altra bomba, e la mandò giù dopo la sua compagna. + +L'esplosione venne questa volta più direttamente sotto l'aeroplano e lo lanciò verso l'alto di taglio. La scatola delle bombe si inclinò al punto di rigurgito, e il lanciabombe fu scagliato in avanti sulla terza bomba con la sua faccia vicino al suo bottone di celluloide. Afferrò le sue maniglie, e con un improvviso colpo di determinazione che la cosa non dovesse scappargli, morse il suo bottone. Prima che potesse lanciarla oltre, il monoplano stava scivolando di lato. Tutto stava cadendo di lato. Istintivamente si abbandonò ad aggrapparsi, il suo corpo trattenendo la bomba al suo posto. + +Poi anche quella bomba era esplosa, e timoniere, lanciatore, e aeroplano erano solo stracci volanti e schegge di metallo e gocce di umidità nell'aria, e una terza colonna di fuoco si precipitò turbinando giù sugli edifici condannati sotto... + +### Sezione 4 + +Mai prima nella storia della guerra c'era stato un esplosivo continuo; invero, fino alla metà del ventesimo secolo gli unici esplosivi conosciuti erano combustibili la cui esplosività era dovuta interamente alla loro istantaneità; e queste bombe atomiche che la scienza fece scoppiare sul mondo quella notte erano strane persino agli uomini che le usavano. Quelle usate dagli Alleati erano grumi di Carolinio puro, dipinti all'esterno con induttivo cidonatore non ossidato racchiuso ermeticamente in un involucro di membranio. Un piccolo bottone di celluloide tra le maniglie con cui la bomba veniva sollevata era disposto in modo da essere facilmente strappato via e ammettere aria all'induttivo, che subito diventava attivo e stabiliva radioattività nello strato esterno della sfera di Carolinio. Questo liberava induttivo fresco, e così in pochi minuti l'intera bomba era un'esplosione continua fiammeggiante. Le bombe dell'Europa Centrale erano le stesse, eccetto che erano più grandi e avevano un arrangiamento più complicato per animare l'induttivo. + +Sempre prima nello sviluppo della guerra i proiettili e i razzi sparati erano stati solo momentaneamente esplosivi, erano esplosi in un istante una volta per tutte, e se non c'era nulla di vivente o di prezioso a portata della concussione e dei frammenti volanti allora erano esauriti e finiti. Ma il Carolinio, che apparteneva al gruppo beta degli elementi cosiddetti 'degeneratori sospesi' di Hyslop, una volta che il suo processo degenerativo era stato indotto, continuava una furiosa radiazione di energia e nulla poteva arrestarlo. Di tutti gli elementi artificiali di Hyslop, il Carolinio era il più pesantemente carico di energia e il più pericoloso da fabbricare e maneggiare. Fino ad oggi rimane il degeneratore più potente conosciuto. Quello che i chimici del primo ventesimo secolo chiamavano il suo periodo di dimezzamento era di diciassette giorni; vale a dire, versava fuori metà dell'enorme riserva di energia nelle sue grandi molecole nello spazio di diciassette giorni, l'emissione dei successivi diciassette giorni era metà di quell'effusione del primo periodo, e così via. Come con tutte le sostanze radioattive questo Carolinio, sebbene ogni diciassette giorni il suo potere sia dimezzato, sebbene costantemente diminuisca verso l'impercettibile, non è mai interamente esaurito, e fino ad oggi i campi di battaglia e i campi di bombardamento di quel tempo frenetico nella storia umana sono cosparsi di materia radiante, e così centri di raggi sconvenienti. + +Quello che accadeva quando il bottone di celluloide veniva aperto era che l'induttivo si ossidava e diventava attivo. Poi la superficie del Carolinio cominciava a degenerare. Questa degenerazione passava solo lentamente nella sostanza della bomba. Un momento o giù di lì dopo che la sua esplosione cominciava era ancora principalmente una sfera inerte che esplodeva superficialmente, un grande nucleo inanimato avvolto in fiamma e tuono. Quelle che erano lanciate dagli aeroplani cadevano in questo stato, raggiungevano il suolo ancora principalmente solide, e, fondendo suolo e roccia nel loro progresso, si conficcavano nella terra. Là, man mano che sempre più del Carolinio diventava attivo, la bomba si espandeva in una mostruosa caverna di energia infuocata alla base di quello che diventava molto rapidamente un vulcano attivo in miniatura. Il Carolinio, incapace di disperdersi, si spingeva liberamente e si mescolava con una confusione bollente di suolo fuso e vapore surriscaldato, e così rimaneva girando furiosamente e mantenendo un'eruzione che durava per anni o mesi o settimane secondo la dimensione della bomba impiegata e le possibilità della sua dispersione. Una volta lanciata, la bomba era assolutamente inavvicinabile e incontrollabile fino a quando le sue forze erano quasi esaurite, e dal cratere che scoppiava aperto sopra di essa, sbuffi di pesante vapore incandescente e frammenti di roccia e fango vizi osamente punitivi, saturati di Carolinio, e ciascuno un centro di energia scottante e vescicante, venivano scagliati in alto e lontano. + +Tale era il trionfo coronante della scienza militare, l'esplosivo ultimo che doveva dare il 'tocco decisivo' alla guerra... + +### Sezione 5 + +Uno scrittore storico recente ha descritto il mondo di quel tempo come uno che "credeva nelle parole stabilite ed era invincibilmente cieco all'ovvio nelle cose". Certamente sembra ora che nulla avrebbe potuto essere più ovvio per la gente del primo ventesimo secolo della rapidità con cui la guerra stava diventando impossibile. E altrettanto certamente non lo videro. Non lo videro fino a quando le bombe atomiche non esplosero nelle loro mani maldestre. Tuttavia i fatti generali avrebbero dovuto risaltare a qualsiasi mente intelligente. Per tutto il diciannovesimo e ventesimo secolo la quantità di energia che gli uomini erano in grado di comandare aumentava continuamente. Applicata alla guerra ciò significava che il potere di infliggere un colpo, il potere di distruggere, aumentava continuamente. Non c'era alcun aumento nella capacità di sfuggire. Ogni tipo di difesa passiva, armatura, fortificazioni, e così via, era superata da questo tremendo aumento sul lato distruttivo. La distruzione stava diventando così facile che qualsiasi piccolo corpo di malcontenti poteva usarla; stava rivoluzionando i problemi di polizia e governo interno. Prima che l'ultima guerra cominciasse era questione di conoscenza comune che un uomo potesse portare in giro in una borsa una quantità di energia latente sufficiente a devastare mezza città. Questi fatti erano davanti alle menti di tutti; i bambini nelle strade li conoscevano. E tuttavia il mondo ancora, come gli Americani erano soliti dire, "giocherellava" con la parafernalia e le pretese della guerra. + +È solo realizzando questo profondo, questo fantastico divorzio tra il movimento scientifico e intellettuale da un lato, e il mondo dell'avvocato-politico dall'altro, che gli uomini di un tempo posteriore possono sperare di comprendere questo stato di cose assurdo. L'organizzazione sociale era ancora nella fase barbarica. C'erano già gran numeri di uomini attivamente intelligenti e molta civiltà privata e commerciale, ma la comunità, nel suo insieme, era senza scopo, non addestrata e disorganizzata al punto dell'imbecillità. La civiltà collettiva, lo "Stato Moderno", era ancora nel grembo del futuro... + +### Sezione 6 + +Ma torniamo al Wander Jahre di Frederick Barnet e al suo resoconto delle esperienze di un uomo comune durante il tempo di guerra. Mentre queste terribili rivelazioni di possibilità scientifiche stavano accadendo a Parigi e Berlino, Barnet e la sua compagnia si stavano industriosamente trincerandosi nel Lussemburgo belga. + +Egli racconta della mobilitazione e del suo viaggio di un giorno d'estate attraverso il nord della Francia e le Ardenne in poche frasi vivide. La campagna era imbrunita da una calda estate, gli alberi un po' toccati dal colore autunnale, e il grano già dorato. Quando si fermarono per un'ora a Hirson, uomini e donne con distintivi tricolori sulla piattaforma distribuirono torte e bicchieri di birra ai soldati assetati, e ci fu molta allegria. 'Che buona birra fresca era,' scrisse. 'Non avevo avuto nulla da mangiare né da bere da Epsom.' + +Un certo numero di monoplani, 'come rondini giganti,' nota, stavano perlustrando nel cielo rosa della sera. + +Il battaglione di Barnet fu mandato attraverso il paese di Sedan a un luogo chiamato Virton, e di là a un punto nei boschi sulla linea verso Jemelle. Qui scesero dal treno, bivaccarono inquietamente presso la ferrovia — treni e rifornimenti passavano lungo di essa tutta la notte — e la mattina seguente marciò verso est attraverso un'alba fredda e coperta, e una mattina, prima nuvolosa e poi fiammeggiante, su una vasta campagna spaziosa intervallata da foreste verso Arlon. + +Là la fanteria fu messa al lavoro su una linea di trinceramenti mascherati e postazioni di fucileria nascoste tra St Hubert e Virton che erano progettate per controllare e ritardare qualsiasi avanzata da est sulla linea fortificata della Mosa. Avevano i loro ordini, e per due giorni lavorarono senza né una vista del nemico né alcun sospetto del disastro che aveva bruscamente decapitato gli eserciti d'Europa, e trasformato l'ovest di Parigi e il centro di Berlino in miniature fiammeggianti della distruzione di Pompei. + +E le notizie, quando arrivarono, giunsero attenuate. 'Sentimmo che c'erano stati guai con aeroplani e bombe a Parigi,' racconta Barnet; 'ma non sembrava seguire che "Loro" non fossero ancora da qualche parte a elaborare i loro piani ed emettere ordini. Quando il nemico cominciò a emergere dai boschi davanti a noi, applaudimmo e sparammo via, e non ci preoccupammo molto di nient'altro se non della battaglia in corso. Se ogni tanto si alzava un occhio verso il cielo per vedere cosa stava succedendo là, lo strappo di un proiettile presto riportava uno all'orizzontale di nuovo... + +Quella battaglia continuò per tre giorni su una grande estensione di paese tra Lovanio a nord e Longwy a sud. Fu essenzialmente una lotta di fucileria e fanteria. Gli aeroplani non sembrano aver preso alcuna parte decisiva nei combattimenti effettivi per alcuni giorni, sebbene senza dubbio influenzarono la strategia sin dall'inizio prevenendo movimenti a sorpresa. Erano aeroplani con motori atomici, ma non erano forniti di bombe atomiche, che erano manifestamente inadatte per l'uso sul campo, né invero avevano alcun tipo di bomba molto efficace. E sebbene manovrassero l'uno contro l'altro, e ci fossero colpi di fucile contro di loro e tra loro, ci fu poco combattimento aereo effettivo. O gli aviatori erano indisposti a combattere o i comandanti da entrambe le parti preferivano riservare queste macchine per la ricognizione... + +Dopo un giorno o giù di lì di scavo e macchinazione, Barnet si trovò in prima linea in una battaglia. Aveva fatto la sua sezione di postazioni di fucileria principalmente lungo una linea di fosso profondo e asciutto che dava un mezzo di intercomunicazione, aveva fatto spargere la terra sul campo adiacente, e aveva mascherato i suoi preparativi con ciuffi di grano e papaveri. L'avanzata ostile venne ciecamente e senza sospetti attraverso i campi sotto e sarebbe stata davvero trattata molto crudelmente, se qualcuno lontano a destra non avesse aperto il fuoco troppo presto. + +'Fu un brivido strano quando questi tizi vennero in vista,' confessa; 'e per niente come le manovre. Si fermarono per un po' sul bordo del bosco e poi avanzarono in una linea aperta. Continuavano a camminare più vicino a noi e non + +guardando noi, ma lontano a destra di noi. Persino quando cominciarono a essere colpiti, e i fischietti dei loro ufficiali li svegliarono, non sembravano vederci. Uno o due si fermarono per sparare, e poi tornarono tutti verso il bosco di nuovo. Andarono lentamente dapprima, guardandosi intorno verso di noi, poi il riparo del bosco sembrò attirarli, e trotterellarono. Sparai piuttosto meccanicamente e mancai, poi sparai di nuovo, e poi divenni serio nel voler colpire qualcosa, mi assicurai della mia mira, e mirai molto attentamente a una schiena blu che si muoveva schivando nel grano. Dapprima non potei soddisfarmi e non sparai, i suoi movimenti erano così spasmodici e incerti; poi penso che arrivò a un fosso o qualche ostacolo simile e si fermò per un momento. "Ti ho PRESO," sussurrai, e premetti il grilletto. + +'Ebbi le sensazioni più strane riguardo a quell'uomo. In primo luogo, quando sentii di averlo colpito fui irradiato di gioia e orgoglio... + +'Lo mandai girando. Saltò e alzò le braccia... + +'Poi vidi le cime del grano ondeggiare ed ebbi scorci di lui che si dibatteva. Improvvisamente mi sentii male. Non l'avevo ucciso... + +'In qualche modo era disabile e distrutto eppure in grado di dibattersi. Cominciai a pensare... + +'Per quasi due ore quel Prussiano agonizzò nel grano. O stava chiamando o qualcuno gli stava gridando... + +'Poi saltò su — sembrava tentare di mettersi in piedi con un ultimo sforzo; e poi cadde come un sacco e giacque del tutto immobile e non si mosse mai più. + +'Era stato insopportabile, e credo che qualcuno gli avesse sparato a morte. Avevo desiderato farlo per un po' di tempo...' + +Il nemico cominciò a tirare di nascosto alle postazioni di fucileria dai ripari che si fecero nei boschi sotto. Un uomo fu colpito nella postazione vicino a Barnet, e cominciò a imprecare e gridare in una violenta rabbia. Barnet strisciò lungo il fosso fino a lui e lo trovò in grande dolore, coperto di sangue, frenetico d'indignazione, e con metà della sua mano destra ridotta a poltiglia. 'Guarda questo,' continuava a ripetere, abbracciandola e poi estendendola. 'Dannata follia! Dannata follia! La mia mano destra, signore! La mia mano destra!' + +Per un po' Barnet non poté far nulla con lui. L'uomo era consumato dalla sua torturata realizzazione della malvagia stupidità della guerra, la realizzazione che era venuta su di lui in un lampo con il proiettile che aveva distrutto la sua abilità e utilità come artigiano per sempre. Stava guardando i resti con un orrore che lo rendeva impenetrabile a qualsiasi altra idea. Alla fine il povero disgraziato lasciò che Barnet gli fasciasse il moncone sanguinante e lo aiutasse lungo il fosso che lo condusse tortuosamente fuori dalla portata... + +Quando Barnet tornò i suoi uomini stavano già chiamando per acqua, e per tutto il giorno la linea delle postazioni soffrì grandemente per la sete. Per cibo avevano cioccolato e pane. + +'Dapprima,' dice, 'fui straordinariamente eccitato dal mio battesimo del fuoco. Poi mentre il calore del giorno avanzava sperimentai un'enorme noia e disagio. Le mosche divennero estremamente fastidiose, e la mia piccola tomba di postazione di fucileria fu invasa dalle formiche. Non potevo alzarmi o muovermi, perché qualcuno tra gli alberi aveva preso la mira su di me. Continuavo a pensare al Prussiano morto giù tra il grano, e alle amare grida del mio uomo. Dannata follia! ERA dannata follia. Ma chi era da biasimare? Come eravamo arrivati a questo?... + +'Nel primo pomeriggio un aeroplano cercò di sloggiarci con bombe di dinamite, ma fu colpito dai proiettili una o due volte, e improvvisamente si tuffò giù oltre gli alberi. + +'"Dall'Olanda alle Alpi in questo giorno," pensai, "devono esserci accovacciati e sdraiati tra mezzo milione di uomini, che cercano di infliggere danni irreparabili l'uno all'altro. La cosa è idiota al punto dell'impossibilità. È un sogno. Presentemente mi sveglierò."... + +'Poi la frase cambiò nella mia mente. "Presentemente l'umanità si sveglierà." + +'Giacqui speculando proprio quante migliaia di uomini ci fossero tra queste centinaia di migliaia, i cui spiriti erano in ribellione contro tutte queste antiche tradizioni di bandiera e impero. Non eravamo, forse, già nelle convulsioni dell'ultima crisi, in quel momento più oscuro dell'orrore di un incubo prima che il dormiente non ne sopporti più — e si svegli? + +'Non so come finirono le mie speculazioni. Penso che non furono tanto finite quanto distratte dal tonfo distante dei cannoni che stavano aprendo il fuoco a lungo raggio su Namur.' + +### Sezione 7 + +Ma fino ad allora Barnet non aveva visto che i più miti inizi della guerra moderna. Finora aveva preso parte solo a una piccola sparatoria. L'attacco alla baionetta con cui la linea avanzata fu spezzata fu fatto in un luogo chiamato Croix Rouge, a più di venti miglia di distanza, e quella notte sotto la copertura dell'oscurità le postazioni di fucileria furono abbandonate ed egli portò via la sua compagnia senza ulteriori perdite. + +Il suo reggimento si ritirò senza pressione dietro le linee fortificate tra Namur e Sedan, salì sul treno a una stazione chiamata Mettet, e fu mandato a nord per Anversa e Rotterdam fino a Haarlem. Di là marciarono nell'Olanda del Nord. Fu solo dopo la marcia in Olanda che cominciò a realizzare la natura mostruosa e catastrofica della lotta in cui stava giocando la sua parte senza distinzione. + +Descrive molto piacevolmente il viaggio attraverso le colline e la terra aperta del Brabante, l'attraversamento ripetuto di bracci del Reno, e il cambiamento dallo scenario ondulato del Belgio ai prati piatti e ricchi, le strade arginali al sole, e gli innumerevoli mulini a vento dei livelli olandesi. In quei giorni c'era terra ininterrotta da Alkmaar e Leida al Dollart. Tre grandi province, l'Olanda Meridionale, l'Olanda Settentrionale, e lo Zuiderzeeland, bonificate in vari tempi tra il primo decimo secolo e il 1945 e tutte molti piedi sotto il livello delle onde fuori dalle dighe, spiegavano i loro lussureggianti polder al sole settentrionale e sostenevano una densa popolazione industriosa. Un'intricata rete di leggi e costumi e tradizioni assicurava una vigilanza perpetua e una difesa perpetua contro il mare assediante. Per più di duecentocinquanta miglia da Walcheren alla Frisia si stendeva una linea di argini e stazioni di pompaggio che era l'ammirazione del mondo. + +Se qualche dio curioso avesse scelto di osservare il corso degli eventi in quelle province settentrionali mentre quella marcia di fianco dei Britannici era in corso, avrebbe trovato un seggio conveniente e appropriato per la sua osservazione su una delle grandi nuvole cumulo che stavano derivando lentamente attraverso il cielo blu durante tutti questi giorni carichi di eventi prima della grande catastrofe. Perché quella era la qualità del tempo, caldo e chiaro, con qualcosa di una brezza, e sotto i piedi asciutto e un po' incline ad essere polveroso. Questo dio osservatore avrebbe guardato giù su ampie distese di verde illuminato dal sole, illuminate dal sole salvo per le macchie striscianti d'ombra gettate dalle nuvole, su lagune riflettenti il cielo, orlate e divise da masse di salici e vaste aree di erbacce argentee, su strade bianche che giacevano nude al sole e su un tracciato di canali blu. I pascoli erano vivi di bestiame, le strade avevano un traffico occupato, di bestie e biciclette e automobili di contadini gaiamente colorate, le tinte delle innumerevoli chiatte a motore nel canale rivaleggiavano con l'avvenimento delle strade; e ovunque in fattorie solitarie, in mezzo a covoni e granai, in gruppi lungo la via, in villaggi sparsi, ciascuno con la sua bella vecchia chiesa, o in città compatte intrecciate di canali e abbondanti di ponti e alberi potati, c'erano abitazioni umane. + +La gente di questa campagna non era belligerante. Gli interessi e le simpatie dell'Olanda erano stati così divisi che fino alla fine rimase indecisa e passiva nella lotta delle potenze mondiali. E ovunque + +lungo le strade prese dagli eserciti in marcia si raggruppavano gruppi e folle di spettatori imparzialmente osservanti, donne e bambini in peculiari cuffie bianche e zoccoli antiquati, e uomini anziani, ben rasati, quietamente pensierosi sulle loro lunghe pipe. Non avevano paura dei loro invasori; i giorni in cui 'fare il soldato' significava bande di saccheggiatori licenziosi erano passati da tempo... + +Quell'osservatore tra le nuvole avrebbe visto una grande distribuzione di uomini in uniforme cachi e materiale dipinto di cachi su tutta l'area sommersa dell'Olanda. Avrebbe notato i lunghi treni, stipati di uomini o caricati di grandi cannoni e materiale bellico, che strisciavano lentamente, allerta per sabotatori, lungo le linee dirette a nord; avrebbe visto la Schelda e il Reno soffocati di naviglio, e versanti ancora più uomini e ancora più materiale; avrebbe notato fermate e approvvigionamenti e sbarchi, e i lunghi, brulicanti bruchi di cavalleria e fanteria, i carri simili a larve, gli enormi scarafaggi dei grandi cannoni, che strisciavano sotto i pioppi lungo le dighe e le strade verso nord, lungo vie fiancheggiate dagli Olandesi neutrali, non molestati, ambiguamente osservanti. Tutte le chiatte e il naviglio sui canali erano stati requisiti per il trasporto. In quel tempo chiaro, luminoso, caldo, tutto sarebbe apparso dall'alto come qualche stravagante festival di giocattoli animati. + +Mentre il sole tramontava a ovest lo spettacolo deve essere diventato un po' indistinto a causa di una foschia dorata; tutto deve essere diventato più caldo e più ardente, e a causa dell'allungamento delle ombre più manifestamente in rilievo. Le ombre delle chiese alte crebbero sempre più lunghe, finché toccarono l'orizzonte e si mescolarono nell'ombra universale; e poi, lenta, e soffice, e avvolgendo il mondo in piega dopo piega di blu che si faceva più profondo, venne la notte — la notte dapprima oscuramente semplice, e poi con deboli punti qua e là, e poi ingioiellata in oscuro splendore con centomila luci. Da quella mescolanza di oscurità e bagliori ambigui sarebbe sorto il rumore di un'attività incessante, il più forte e chiaro ora perché non c'era più alcuna distrazione della vista. + +Può essere che quell'osservatore che derivava nel golfo pellucido sotto le stelle osservò per tutta la notte; può essere che sonnecchiò. Ma se cedette a una così naturale propensione, certamente nella quarta notte della grande marcia di fianco fu risvegliato, perché quella fu la notte della battaglia nell'aria che decise il destino dell'Olanda. Gli aeroplani stavano finalmente combattendo, e improvvisamente intorno a lui, sopra e sotto, con grida e tumulto che irrompeva dai quattro angoli del cielo, colpendo, tuffandosi, rovesciandosi, volando allo zenit e precipitando al suolo, vennero ad assalire o difendere le miriadi sotto. + +Segretamente la potenza dell'Europa Centrale aveva radunato le sue macchine volanti insieme, e ora le scagliava come un gigante potrebbe lanciare una manciata di diecimila coltelli sul paese basso. E in mezzo a quel volo sciamante ce n'erano cinque che si diressero a capofitto verso i muri del mare dell'Olanda, portando bombe atomiche. Da nord e ovest e sud, gli aeroplani alleati si levarono in risposta e calarono su questo attacco improvviso. Così fu che cominciò la guerra nell'aria. Gli uomini cavalcarono il turbine quella notte e uccisero e caddero come arcangeli. Il cielo piovve eroi sulla terra stupita. Sicuramente le ultime battaglie dell'umanità furono le migliori. Cosa fu il pesante martellare dei tuoi spadaccini omerici, cosa fu lo scricchiolante assalto dei carri, accanto a questa rapida corsa, questo schianto, questo trionfo vertiginoso, questo precipitoso tuffo verso la morte? + +E poi attraverso questa corsa vorticosa di duelli aerei che si tuffavano e si agganciavano e cadevano nel vuoto tra le luci delle lampade e le stelle, venne un grande vento e uno schianto più forte del tuono, e prima uno e poi una ventina di serpenti infuocati che si allungavano si tuffarono affamate giù sulle dighe degli Olandesi e colpirono tra terra e mare e divamparono di nuovo in enormi colonne di bagliore e fumo e vapore cremisi. + +E dall'oscurità balzò la piccola terra, con i suoi campanili e alberi, atterrita dal terrore, immobile e distinta, e il mare, sconvolto dalla rabbia, schiumante di rosso come un mare di sangue... + +Sul paese popoloso sotto passò uno strano pianto moltitudinario e un frullio di campane d'allarme... + +Gli aeroplani sopravvissuti si voltarono e fuggirono dal cielo, come cose che improvvisamente sanno di essere malvagie... + +Attraverso una dozzina di brecce tuonanti e fiammeggianti che nessuna acqua poteva spegnere, le onde vennero ruggendo sulla terra... + +### Sezione 8 + +'Avevamo maledetto la nostra fortuna,' dice Barnet, 'che non potessimo arrivare ai nostri alloggi ad Alkmaar quella notte. Là, ci fu detto, c'erano provviste, tabacco, e tutto ciò per cui bramavamo. Ma il canale principale da Zaandam e Amsterdam era senza speranza ingombrato di imbarcazioni, e fummo contenti di un'apertura casuale che ci permise di uscire dalla colonna principale e sostare in una specie di piccolo porto molto trascurato e invaso dalle erbacce davanti a una casa abbandonata. Vi facemmo irruzione e trovammo alcune aringhe in un barile, un mucchio di formaggi, e bottiglie di pietra di gin nella cantina; e con questo rallegrai i miei uomini affamati. Facemmo fuochi e tostammo il formaggio e grigliammo le nostre aringhe. Nessuno di noi aveva dormito per quasi quaranta ore, e decisi di restare in questo rifugio fino all'alba e poi se il traffico fosse ancora bloccato lasciare la chiatta e marciare il resto della strada fino ad Alkmaar. + +'Questo luogo in cui eravamo entrati era forse a cento iarde dal canale e sotto un piccolo ponte di mattoni potevamo vedere ancora la flottiglia, e sentire le voci dei soldati. Presentemente cinque o sei altre chiatte vennero attraverso e sostarono nel lago vicino a noi, e con due di queste, piene di uomini del reggimento di Antrim, condivisi la mia scoperta di provviste. In cambio ottenemmo tabacco. Una vasta distesa d'acqua si allargava a ovest di noi e oltre c'era un gruppo di tetti e una o due torri di chiese. La chiatta era piuttosto angusta per così tanti uomini, e lasciai diverse squadre, trenta o quaranta forse in tutto, bivaccare sulla riva. Non li lasciai entrare nella casa per via dei mobili, e lasciai una nota di debito per il cibo che avevamo preso. Eravamo particolarmente contenti del nostro tabacco e dei fuochi, a causa delle numerose zanzare che si alzavano intorno a noi. + +'Il cancello della casa da cui ci eravamo approvvigionati era ornato con la scritta, Vreugde bij Vrede, "Gioia con Pace," e portava ogni segno del ritiro occupato di un proprietario amante del conforto. Andai lungo il suo giardino, che era gaio e delizioso con grandi cespugli di rose e rose canine, a una bizzarra piccola casetta estiva, e là mi sedetti e osservai gli uomini in gruppi che cucinavano e si accovacciavano lungo la riva. Il sole stava tramontando in un cielo quasi senza nuvole. + +'Per le ultime due settimane ero stato un uomo totalmente occupato, intento solo a obbedire agli ordini che mi venivano comunicati. Per tutto questo tempo avevo lavorato al limite massimo delle mie facoltà mentali e fisiche, e i miei unici momenti di riposo erano stati dedicati a sonnellini di sonno. Ora veniva questo raro, inaspettato interludio, e potevo guardare con distacco a ciò che stavo facendo e sentire qualcosa della sua infinita meraviglia. Ero irradiato di affetto per gli uomini della mia compagnia e di ammirazione per la loro allegra acquiescenza nella subordinazione e nei bisogni delle nostre posizioni. Osservai i loro procedimenti e sentii le loro voci piacevoli. Quanto volenterosi erano quegli uomini! Quanto pronti ad accettare la leadership e dimenticare se stessi nei fini collettivi! Pensai a quanto virilmente erano passati attraverso tutte le tensioni e le fatiche delle ultime due settimane, a come si erano induriti e assestatisi nel cameratismo insieme, e quanta dolcezza c'è dopo tutto nel nostro sciocco sangue umano. Perché erano solo un campione casuale della specie — la loro pazienza e prontezza giacevano, come l'energia dell'atomo era giaciuta, ancora aspettando di essere propriamente utilizzate. Di nuovo mi venne con forza travolgente che il supremo bisogno della nostra razza è la guida, che il compito supremo è scoprire la guida, dimenticare se stessi nel realizzare il proposito collettivo della razza. Ancora una volta vidi la vita chiaramente...' + +Molto caratteristico è questo del giovane ufficiale 'piuttosto troppo corpulento', che doveva in seguito annotare tutto ciò nel Wander Jahre. Molto caratteristico, anche, è del cambiamento nei cuori degli uomini che già allora stava preparando una nuova fase della storia umana. + +Continua a scrivere della fuga dall'individualità nella scienza e nel servizio, e della sua scoperta di questa 'salvezza'. Tutto ciò era allora, senza dubbio, molto commovente e originale; ora sembra solo il più ovvio luogo comune della vita umana. + +Il bagliore del tramonto svanì, il crepuscolo si approfondì in notte. I fuochi bruciarono più luminosi, e alcuni Irlandesi dall'altra parte del lago iniziarono a cantare. Ma gli uomini di Barnet erano troppo stanchi per quel genere di cose, e presto la riva e la chiatta furono ammassate di forme dormienti. + +'Io solo sembravo incapace di dormire. Suppongo fossi troppo stanco, e dopo un po' di sonno febbrile presso il timone della chiatta mi sedetti, sveglio e inquieto... + +'Quella notte l'Olanda sembrava tutto cielo. C'era solo un piccolo bordo nero più basso alle cose, un campanile, forse, o una fila di pioppi, e poi il grande emisfero si stendeva su di noi. All'inizio il cielo era vuoto. Tuttavia la mia inquietudine si riferiva in qualche modo vago al cielo. + +'E ora ero malinconico. Trovavo qualcosa stranamente triste e sommesso nei dormienti tutto intorno a me, quegli uomini che avevano marciato così lontano, che avevano lasciato tutta la trama stabilita delle loro vite dietro di loro per venire su questa campagna folle, questa campagna che non significava nulla e consumava tutto, questa mera febbre di combattimento. Vidi quanto piccola e debole è la vita dell'uomo, una cosa di casi, preposteramente incapace di trovare la volontà di realizzare persino il più timido dei suoi sogni. E mi chiesi se sarebbe sempre stato così, se l'uomo era un animale condannato che non avrebbe mai fino agli ultimi giorni del suo tempo preso il destino e cambiato alla sua volontà. Sempre, può essere, rimarrà gentile ma geloso, desideroso ma divagante, capace e imprudentemente impulsivo, fino a quando Saturno che lo generò lo divorerà a sua volta... + +'Fui risvegliato da questi pensieri dalla realizzazione improvvisa della presenza di uno squadrone di aeroplani molto lontano a nord-est e molto in alto. Sembravano piccoli trattini neri contro il blu di mezzanotte. Ricordo che li guardai dapprima piuttosto pigramente — come si potrebbe notare un volo di uccelli. Poi percepii che erano solo l'ala estrema di una grande flotta che stava avanzando in una lunga linea molto rapidamente dalla direzione della frontiera e la mia attenzione si intensificò. + +'Appena vidi quella flotta fui stupito di non averla vista prima. + +'Mi alzai in piedi dolcemente, non desideroso di disturbare i miei compagni, ma con il cuore che batteva ora piuttosto più rapidamente per sorpresa ed eccitazione. Tesi le orecchie per qualsiasi suono di cannoni lungo il nostro fronte. Quasi istintivamente mi voltai per protezione a sud e ovest, e scrutai; e poi vidi venire altrettanto velocemente e molto più vicino a me, come se fossero balzate fuori dall'oscurità, tre banche di aeroplani; un gruppo di squadroni molto in alto, un corpo principale a un'altezza forse di uno o due mila piedi, e un numero dubbio che volava basso e molto indistinto. Quelli in mezzo erano così fitti che continuavano a oscurare gruppi di stelle. E realizzai che dopo tutto doveva esserci combattimento nell'aria. + +'C'era qualcosa straordinariamente strano in questa rapida, silenziosa convergenza di combattenti quasi invisibili sopra le schiere dormienti. Tutti intorno a me erano ancora inconsci; non c'era ancora alcun segno di agitazione tra il naviglio sul canale principale, il cui intero corso, punteggiato di luci ignare e orlato di fuochi, deve essere stato chiaramente percettibile dall'alto. Poi molto lontano verso Alkmaar sentii trombe, e dopo quello spari, e poi un selvaggio clamore di campane. Decisi di lasciare i miei uomini dormire il più a lungo possibile... + +'La battaglia fu ingaggiata con la rapidità del sogno. Non penso che possano essere stati cinque minuti dal momento in cui divenni consapevole per la prima volta della flotta aerea dell'Europa Centrale al contatto delle due forze. La vidi abbastanza chiaramente in silhouette contro il blu luminoso del cielo settentrionale. Gli aeroplani alleati — erano per lo più Francesi — vennero rovesciandosi giù come uno scroscio feroce sul centro della flotta dell'Europa Centrale. Sembravano esattamente un tipo più grossolano di pioggia. C'era un suono crepitante — il primo suono che sentii — mi ricordò + +l'Aurora Boreale, e supposi fosse uno scambio di colpi di fucile. Ci furono lampi come fulmini estivi; e poi tutto il cielo divenne una confusione vorticosa di battaglia che era ancora largamente silenziosa. Alcuni degli aeroplani dell'Europa Centrale furono certamente caricati e rovesciati; altri sembrarono collassare e cadere e poi divampare con una luce così brillante che levò il bordo alla propria visione e fece scomparire il resto della battaglia come se fosse stato strappato via dalla vista. + +'E poi, mentre ancora scrutavo e cercavo di schermare queste fiamme dai miei occhi con la mano, e mentre gli uomini intorno a me stavano cominciando a muoversi, le bombe atomiche furono lanciate sulle dighe. Fecero un potente tuono nell'aria, e caddero come Lucifero nel dipinto, lasciando una scia fiammeggiante nel cielo. La notte, che era stata pellucida e dettagliata ed eventuale, sembrò svanire, essere sostituita bruscamente da uno sfondo nero a questi tremendi pilastri di fuoco... + +'Subito dopo il loro suono venne un vento ruggente, e il cielo fu riempito di fulmini tremolanti e nuvole precipitose... + +'C'era qualcosa di discontinuo in questo impatto. In un momento ero un osservatore solitario in un mondo dormiente; il successivo vide tutti intorno a me in piedi, tutto il mondo sveglio e stupito... + +'E poi il vento mi aveva colpito un ceffone, preso il mio elmetto e spazzato via la casetta estiva di Vreugde bij Vrede, come una falce spazza via l'erba. Vidi le bombe cadere, e poi osservai un grande bagliore cremisi balzare in risposta a ogni impatto, e masse montuose di vapore illuminato di rosso e frammenti volanti arrampicarsi verso lo zenit. Contro il bagliore vidi la campagna per miglia stagliarsi nera e chiara, chiese, alberi, camini. E improvvisamente compresi. Gli Europei Centrali avevano fatto scoppiare le dighe. Quei bagliori significavano lo scoppio delle dighe, e in poco tempo l'acqua del mare sarebbe stata su di noi...' + +Continua a raccontare con una certa prolissità dei passi che intraprese — e tutte le cose considerate furono passi molto intelligenti — per affrontare questa stupefacente crisi. Fece salire i suoi uomini a bordo e chiamò le chiatte adiacenti; fece mettere al suo posto l'uomo che faceva da ingegnere della chiatta e mise in funzione i motori, si staccò dagli ormeggi. Poi si ricordò del cibo, e riuscì a far sbarcare cinque uomini, prendere alcune dozzine di formaggi, e imbarcare di nuovo i suoi uomini prima che l'inondazione li raggiungesse. + +È ragionevolmente orgoglioso di questo pezzo di sangue freddo. La sua idea era di prendere l'onda frontalmente e con i suoi motori a tutta velocità. E per tutto il tempo ringraziava il cielo di non essere nell'ingorgo di traffico nel canale principale. Egli piuttosto, penso, sovrastimò il probabile impeto delle acque; temeva di essere spazzato via, spiega, e schiantato contro case e alberi. + +Non dà alcuna stima del tempo che impiegò tra lo scoppio delle dighe e l'arrivo delle acque, ma fu probabilmente un intervallo di circa venti minuti o mezz'ora. Lavorava ora nell'oscurità — salvo per la luce della sua lanterna — e in un grande vento. Appese luci di prua e di poppa... + +Torrenti vorticosi di vapore stavano versandosi su dalle acque che avanzavano, che erano precipitate, bisogna ricordarlo, attraverso brecce quasi incandescenti nelle difese marine, e questo vasto sollevarsi di vapore presto velò del tutto i centri fiammeggianti dell'esplosione. + +'Le acque vennero alla fine, una cascata che avanzava. Era come un ampio rullo che spazzava attraverso il paese. Vennero con un suono profondo, ruggente. Mi ero aspettato un Niagara, ma la caduta totale del fronte non poteva essere stata molto più di dodici piedi. La nostra chiatta esitò per un momento, prese una dose sopra la prua, e poi si sollevò. Segnalai piena velocità avanti e portai la sua prua controcorrente, e mi tenni come una morte cupa per tenerla là. + +'C'era un vento forte quanto l'inondazione, e scoprii che stavamo martellando contro ogni concepibile oggetto galleggiante che era stato tra noi e il mare. L'unica luce nel mondo ora veniva dalle nostre lampade, il vapore + +diventò impenetrabile a una ventina di iarde dalla barca, e il ruggito del vento e dell'acqua ci tagliò fuori da tutti i suoni più remoti. Le acque nere e lucenti vorticavano accanto, venendo nella luce delle nostre lampade da un'oscurità ebano e svanendo di nuovo in nero impenetrabile. E sulle acque venivano forme, venivano cose che lampeggiavano su di noi per un momento, ora una barca semi-sommersa, ora una mucca, ora un enorme frammento del legname di una casa, ora un groviglio di casse da imballaggio e impalcature. Le cose sbattevano in vista come qualcosa mostrato dall'apertura di una persiana, e poi urtavano fragorosamente contro di noi o ci precipitavano accanto. Una volta vidi molto chiaramente il volto bianco di un uomo... + +'Per tutto il tempo un gruppo di alberi faticosi, semi-sommersi rimaneva davanti a noi, avvicinandosi molto lentamente. Sterzai una rotta per evitarli. Sembravano gesticolare una disperazione frenetica contro le nuvole di vapore nero dietro. Una volta un grande ramo si staccò e passò stracciandosi tremando accanto a me. Facemmo, nel complesso, progresso. L'ultima cosa che vidi di Vreugde bij Vrede prima che la notte l'ingoiasse, era quasi completamente dietro di noi...' + +### Sezione 9 + +Il mattino trovò Barnet ancora a galla. La prua della sua chiatta era stata gravemente danneggiata, e i suoi uomini stavano pompando o svuotando a turno. Aveva fatto salire a bordo circa una dozzina di persone semi-annegate la cui barca era capovolta vicino a lui, e aveva tre altre barche a rimorchio. Era a galla, e da qualche parte tra Amsterdam e Alkmaar, ma non poteva dire dove. Era un giorno che era ancora metà notte. Acque grigie si stendevano in ogni direzione sotto un cielo grigio scuro, e dalle onde sorgevano le parti superiori delle case, in molti casi rovinate, le cime degli alberi, mulini a vento, in effetti il terzo superiore di tutta la familiare scenografia olandese; e su di essa derivava una flottiglia debolmente vista di chiatte, piccole barche, molte capovolte, mobili, zattere, legname, e oggetti vari. + +Gli annegati erano sott'acqua quella mattina. Solo qua e là una mucca morta o una figura rigida ancora aggrappata tenacemente a una scatola o sedia o simile boa lasciava intendere il massacro nascosto. Non fu fino al giovedì che i morti vennero a galla in qualche quantità. La vista era delimitata da ogni lato da una nebbia grigia che si chiudeva sopra in un baldacchino grigio. L'aria si schiarì nel pomeriggio, e poi, lontano a ovest sotto grandi banche di vapore e polvere, l'eruzione rossa fiammeggiante delle bombe atomiche divenne visibile attraverso la distesa d'acqua. + +Mostravano piatte e cupe attraverso la nebbia, come tramonti londinesi. 'Sedevano sul mare,' dice Barnet, 'come ninfee sfilacciate di fiamma.' + +Barnet sembra aver trascorso la mattina in lavoro di soccorso lungo la traccia del canale, nell'aiutare persone che erano alla deriva, nel raccogliere barche derelitte, e nel tirare fuori persone da case in pericolo. Trovò altre chiatte militari similmente impiegate, e fu solo quando il giorno avanzò e gli appelli immediati per aiuto furono soddisfatti che pensò al cibo e alla bevanda per i suoi uomini, e quale corso avrebbe fatto meglio a perseguire. Avevano un po' di formaggio, ma niente acqua. 'Gli Ordini', quella direzione misteriosa, erano infine completamente scomparsi. Percepì che doveva ora agire sulla propria responsabilità. + +'Il senso di uno era di una distruzione così di vasta portata e di un mondo così alterato che sembrava sciocco andare in qualsiasi direzione e aspettarsi di trovare le cose come erano state prima che la guerra iniziasse. Mi sedetti sul cassero con Mylius il mio ingegnere e Kemp e altri due degli ufficiali non commissionati, e consultammo sulla nostra linea d'azione. Eravamo senza cibo e senza scopo. Concordammo che il nostro valore combattivo era estremamente piccolo, e che il nostro primo dovere era metterci in contatto con cibo e istruzioni di nuovo. Qualsiasi piano di campagna avesse diretto i nostri movimenti era manifestamente fatto a pezzi. Mylius era dell'opinione che potessimo prendere una linea verso ovest e tornare in Inghilterra attraverso il Mare del Nord. Calcolò che con una chiatta a motore come la nostra sarebbe stato possibile raggiungere la costa dello Yorkshire entro ventiquattro ore. Ma questa idea la respinsi a causa della scarsezza delle nostre provviste, e più particolarmente a causa del nostro urgente bisogno d'acqua. + +'Ogni barca a cui ci avvicinavamo ora ci chiamava per acqua, e le loro richieste fecero molto per esasperare la nostra sete. Decisi che se fossimo andati via a sud avremmo dovuto raggiungere paese collinare, o almeno paese che non fosse sommerso, e + +poi avremmo potuto sbarcare, trovare qualche ruscello, bere, e ottenere rifornimenti e notizie. Molte delle chiatte alla deriva nella foschia intorno a noi erano piene di soldati britannici ed erano risalite dal Canale del Nord See, ma nessuna di loro era meglio informata di noi del corso degli eventi. "Gli Ordini" erano, in effetti, svaniti dal cielo. + +'"Gli Ordini" fecero una ricomparsa temporanea tardi quella sera nella forma di un richiamo col megafono da una torpediniera britannica, annunciando una tregua, e dando la benvenuta informazione che cibo e acqua stavano essendo affrettati giù per il Reno e dovevano essere trovati sulla flottiglia di chiatte che giaceva sul vecchio Reno sopra Leida.'... + +Non seguiremo Barnet, tuttavia, nella descrizione del suo strano viaggio via terra tra alberi e case e chiese per Zaandam e tra Haarlem e Amsterdam, fino a Leida. Fu un viaggio in una nebbia illuminata di rosso, in un mondo di silhouette vaporose, pieno di voci strane e perplessità, e con ogni altra sensazione dominata da una sete febbrile. 'Sedevamo,' dice, 'in un piccolo gruppo rannicchiato, dicendo molto poco, e gli uomini avanti erano meri nodi di silenziosa resistenza. Il nostro unico suono continuo era il persistente miagolare di un gatto che uno degli uomini aveva salvato da un pagliaio galleggiante vicino a Zaandam. Mantenemmo una rotta verso sud per una bussola a catena da orologio che Mylius aveva prodotto... + +'Non penso che nessuno di noi sentisse di appartenere a un esercito sconfitto, né avevamo alcun forte senso della guerra come il fatto dominante intorno a noi. Il nostro ambientamento mentale aveva molto più l'effetto di una enorme catastrofe naturale. Le bombe atomiche avevano rimpicciolito le questioni internazionali a completa insignificanza. Quando le nostre menti vagavano dalle preoccupazioni dei nostri bisogni immediati, speculavamo sulla possibilità di fermare l'uso di questi spaventosi esplosivi prima che il mondo fosse completamente distrutto. Perché per noi sembrava del tutto chiaro che queste bombe e il potere ancora maggiore di distruzione di cui erano le precorritrici avrebbero potuto abbastanza facilmente distruggere ogni relazione e istituzione dell'umanità. + +'"Cosa staranno facendo," chiese Mylius, "cosa staranno facendo? È chiaro che dobbiamo mettere fine alla guerra. È chiaro che le cose devono essere gestite in qualche modo. QUESTO — tutto questo — è impossibile." + +'Non diedi risposta immediata. Qualcosa — non posso pensare cosa — mi aveva riportato la figura di quell'uomo che avevo visto ferito il primissimo giorno di combattimento effettivo. Vidi di nuovo i suoi occhi arrabbiati, lacrimosi, e quel povero, gocciolante, sanguinoso disastro che era stata una mano umana abile cinque minuti prima, tesa fuori in protesta indignata. "Dannata follia," aveva tempestato e singhiozzato, "dannata follia. La mia mano destra, signore! La mia mano DESTRA..." + +'La mia fede era per un tempo completamente uscita da me. "Penso che siamo troppo — troppo sciocchi," dissi a Mylius, "per mai fermare la guerra. Se avessimo avuto il senno di farlo, avremmo dovuto farlo prima di questo. Penso che questo—" Indicai il contorno nero scarno di un mulino a vento distrutto che sporgeva su, ridicolo e brutto, sopra le acque illuminate di sangue — "questo è la fine."' + +### Sezione 10 + +Ma ora la nostra storia deve separarsi da Frederick Barnet e dal suo carico di chiatta di uomini affamati e affamati. + +Per un tempo nell'Europa occidentale almeno fu davvero come se la civiltà fosse giunta a un collasso finale. Questi germogli coronanti sulla tradizione che Napoleone piantò e Bismarck innaffiò, si aprirono e divamparono 'come ninfee di fiamma' su nazioni distrutte, su chiese fracassate o sommerse, città rovinate, campi persi per l'umanità per sempre, e un milione di corpi nel tumulto. Fu questa lezione sufficiente per l'umanità, o le fiamme della guerra avrebbero ancora bruciato in mezzo alle rovine? + +Né Barnet né i suoi compagni, è chiaro, avevano alcuna assicurazione nelle loro risposte a quella domanda. Già una volta nella storia dell'umanità, in America, prima della sua scoperta da parte dei bianchi, una civiltà organizzata aveva ceduto a un mero culto della guerra, specializzato e crudele, e sembrò per un tempo a molti uomini pensanti come se il mondo intero dovesse solo ripetere su scala più larga questa ascesa del guerriero, questo trionfo degli istinti distruttivi + +della razza. + +I capitoli successivi della narrativa di Barnet non fanno che dare corpo a questa tragica possibilità. Egli dà una serie di vignette della civiltà, frantumata, sembrava, quasi irreparabilmente. Trovò le colline belghe brulicanti di rifugiati e desolate dal colera; i vestigi degli eserciti contendenti che mantenevano l'ordine sotto una tregua, senza battaglie effettive, ma con la cauta ostilità dell'abitudine, e una grande assenza di piano ovunque. + +Sopra la testa gli aeroplani andavano per incarichi misteriosi, e c'erano voci di cannibalismo e fanatismi isterici nelle valli del Semoy e nella regione forestale delle Ardenne orientali. C'era il rapporto di un attacco alla Russia da parte dei Cinesi e dei Giapponesi, e di qualche enorme scoppio rivoluzionario in America. Il tempo era più tempestoso di quanto gli uomini l'avessero mai conosciuto in quelle regioni, con molto tuono e fulmini e selvaggi scrosci-nubi di pioggia... diff --git a/clean_translations.py b/clean_translations.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c430b49 --- /dev/null +++ b/clean_translations.py @@ -0,0 +1,117 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +""" +Script per ripulire le traduzioni da intestazioni ripetute, piè di pagina e numeri di pagina. +""" + +import re +import sys +import os +from pathlib import Path + + +def clean_translation(content): + """ + Rimuove intestazioni ripetute, numeri di pagina e elementi paratestuali. + + Args: + content: il contenuto del file da pulire + + Returns: + contenuto pulito + """ + lines = content.split('\n') + cleaned_lines = [] + skip_next_empty = False + + for i, line in enumerate(lines): + # Salta intestazioni ripetute "### La Liberazione del Mondo" + if line.strip() == "### La Liberazione del Mondo": + skip_next_empty = True + continue + + # Salta numeri di pagina standalone + if line.strip().isdigit(): + skip_next_empty = True + continue + + # Salta righe vuote subito dopo elementi rimossi + if skip_next_empty and line.strip() == "": + skip_next_empty = False + continue + + skip_next_empty = False + cleaned_lines.append(line) + + # Rimuovi righe vuote multiple consecutive alla fine di paragrafi + result = '\n'.join(cleaned_lines) + + # Rimuovi spazi multipli consecutivi + result = re.sub(r'\n\n\n+', '\n\n', result) + + # Assicurati che il file termini con una sola newline + result = result.rstrip() + '\n' + + return result + + +def clean_file(file_path): + """ + Pulisce un singolo file di traduzione. + + Args: + file_path: path del file da pulire + """ + with open(file_path, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: + content = f.read() + + cleaned = clean_translation(content) + + # Salva solo se ci sono modifiche + if cleaned != content: + with open(file_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: + f.write(cleaned) + print(f"✓ Pulito: {file_path}") + return True + else: + print(f"○ Già pulito: {file_path}") + return False + + +def clean_directory(directory): + """ + Pulisce tutti i file .md in una directory. + + Args: + directory: path della directory contenente i file da pulire + """ + files = sorted(Path(directory).glob("*.md")) + + if not files: + print(f"Nessun file .md trovato in {directory}") + return + + print(f"\nTrovati {len(files)} file da verificare:\n") + + modified_count = 0 + for file_path in files: + if clean_file(str(file_path)): + modified_count += 1 + + print(f"\n{'='*60}") + print(f"File modificati: {modified_count}/{len(files)}") + print(f"{'='*60}\n") + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + if len(sys.argv) != 2: + print("Uso: python clean_translations.py ") + print("Esempio: python clean_translations.py 'The World set Free_chapter02_IT'") + sys.exit(1) + + directory = sys.argv[1] + + if not os.path.exists(directory): + print(f"Errore: Directory {directory} non trovata") + sys.exit(1) + + 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python3 merge_sections.py +""" + +import os +import sys +import re +from pathlib import Path + + +def extract_section_number(filename): + """Estrae il numero di sezione dal nome del file.""" + # Gestisce sia sezione_I.md che sezione_02.md + match = re.search(r'sezione[_-](\w+)\.md', filename, re.IGNORECASE) + if match: + section = match.group(1) + # Converte numeri romani in numeri per l'ordinamento + roman_to_int = { + 'I': 1, 'II': 2, 'III': 3, 'IV': 4, 'V': 5, + 'VI': 6, 'VII': 7, 'VIII': 8, 'IX': 9, 'X': 10 + } + if section in roman_to_int: + return roman_to_int[section] + try: + return int(section) + except ValueError: + return 0 + return 0 + + +def merge_sections(input_directory, output_file): + """Unisce tutti i file di sezione in un unico file.""" + input_path = Path(input_directory) + + if not input_path.exists(): + print(f"❌ Errore: Directory '{input_directory}' non trovata") + return False + + # Trova tutti i file .md nella directory + section_files = sorted( + [f for f in input_path.glob('*.md')], + key=lambda x: extract_section_number(x.name) + ) + + if not section_files: + print(f"❌ Errore: Nessun file .md trovato in '{input_directory}'") + return False + + print(f"📚 Trovati {len(section_files)} file da unire:") + for f in section_files: + print(f" - {f.name}") + + # Leggi il primo file per ottenere il titolo del capitolo + with open(section_files[0], 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: + first_content = f.read() + + # Estrai il titolo del capitolo (prima riga con ##) + chapter_title_match = re.search(r'^##\s+(.+)$', first_content, re.MULTILINE) + chapter_title = chapter_title_match.group(0) if chapter_title_match else "" + + # Prepara il contenuto unificato + merged_content = [] + + # Aggiungi il titolo del capitolo una sola volta + if chapter_title: + merged_content.append(chapter_title) + merged_content.append("") # Riga vuota + + # Processa ogni file + for section_file in section_files: + with open(section_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: + content = f.read().strip() + + # Rimuovi il titolo del capitolo se presente (lo abbiamo già aggiunto) + if chapter_title: + content = re.sub(r'^##\s+.+$\n*', '', content, flags=re.MULTILINE) + + # Aggiungi il contenuto della sezione + merged_content.append(content.strip()) + merged_content.append("") # Riga vuota tra le sezioni + + # Scrivi il file di output + output_path = Path(output_file) + final_content = "\n".join(merged_content).strip() + "\n" + + with open(output_path, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: + f.write(final_content) + + print(f"\n✅ File unificato creato: {output_file}") + print(f" 📊 Dimensione: {len(final_content)} caratteri") + print(f" 📄 Sezioni unite: {len(section_files)}") + + return True + + +def main(): + if len(sys.argv) != 3: + print("Uso: python3 merge_sections.py ") + print("\nEsempio:") + print(' python3 merge_sections.py "The World set Free_chapter02_IT" "capitolo_02_completo_IT.md"') + sys.exit(1) + + input_directory = sys.argv[1] + output_file = sys.argv[2] + + success = merge_sections(input_directory, output_file) + sys.exit(0 if success else 1) + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + main() diff --git a/prelude_completo_IT.md b/prelude_completo_IT.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ce8ff86 --- /dev/null +++ b/prelude_completo_IT.md @@ -0,0 +1,167 @@ +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione I + +La storia dell'umanità è la storia del conseguimento del potere esterno. L'uomo è l'animale che usa strumenti e fa il fuoco. Dall'inizio della sua carriera terrestre lo troviamo integrare la forza naturale e le armi corporee di una bestia con il calore della combustione e il grezzo arnese di pietra. Così egli superò la scimmia. Da lì si espande. Ben presto aggiunse a sé il potere del cavallo e del bue, prese in prestito la forza di trasporto dell'acqua e la spinta motrice del vento, ravvivò il suo fuoco soffiando, e i suoi semplici strumenti, appuntiti dapprima con il rame e poi con il ferro, aumentarono e si diversificarono e divennero più elaborati ed efficienti. Riparò il suo calore in case e rese più facile il suo cammino con sentieri e strade. Complicò le sue relazioni sociali e aumentò la sua efficienza con la divisione del lavoro. Cominciò ad accumulare conoscenza. Espediente seguì espediente, ciascuno rendendo possibile per un uomo fare di più. Sempre lungo il registro che si allunga, salvo per una battuta d'arresto ogni tanto, egli sta facendo di più... Un quarto di milione di anni fa l'uomo più evoluto era un selvaggio, un essere appena articolato, che si riparava in buchi nelle rocce, armato di una selce rozzamente tagliata o di un bastone appuntito col fuoco, nudo, vivendo in piccoli gruppi familiari, ucciso da qualche uomo più giovane non appena la sua prima attività virile declinava. Sulla maggior parte delle grandi distese selvagge della terra lo avresti cercato invano; solo in poche valli fluviali temperate e subtropicali avresti trovato i covi accovacciati dei suoi piccoli branchi, un maschio, poche femmine, un bambino o due. + +Non conosceva allora alcun futuro, nessun tipo di vita tranne quella che conduceva. Fuggiva dall'orso delle caverne sopra le rocce piene di minerale di ferro e della promessa di spada e lancia; moriva congelato su una sporgenza di carbone; beveva acqua fangosa con l'argilla che un giorno avrebbe fatto tazze di porcellana; masticava la spiga di grano selvatico che aveva colto e guardava con una fioca speculazione negli occhi gli uccelli che si libravano oltre la sua portata. O improvvisamente diveniva consapevole dell'odore di un altro maschio e si ergeva ruggendo, i suoi ruggiti i precursori informi di ammonimenti morali. Perché era un grande individualista, quell'originale, non sopportava nessun altro che se stesso. + +Così attraverso le lunghe generazioni, questo pesante precursore, questo antenato di tutti noi, combatteva e si riproduceva e periva, cambiando quasi impercettibilmente. + +Eppure cambiava. Quello scalpello acuto della necessità che affilò l'artiglio della tigre epoca dopo epoca e rifinì il goffo Orchippus nella grazia veloce del cavallo, lavorava su di lui—lavora su di lui ancora. I più goffi e stupidamente feroci tra loro erano uccisi prima e più spesso; la mano più fine, l'occhio più veloce, il cervello più grande, il corpo meglio equilibrato prevalevano; epoca dopo epoca, gli arnesi erano un po' meglio fatti, l'uomo un po' più delicatamente adattato alle sue possibilità. Divenne più sociale; il suo branco crebbe; non più ogni uomo uccideva o cacciava via i suoi figli crescenti; un sistema di tabù li rendeva tollerabili per lui, ed essi lo riverivano vivo e presto persino dopo che era morto, ed erano suoi alleati contro le bestie e il resto dell'umanità. (Ma era loro proibito toccare le donne della tribù, dovevano uscire e catturare donne per sé, e ogni figlio fuggiva dalla sua matrigna e si nascondeva da lei per timore che l'ira del Vecchio fosse suscitata. In tutto il mondo, persino a questo giorno, questi antichi inevitabili tabù possono essere rintracciati.) E ora invece di caverne vennero capanne e tuguri, e il fuoco era meglio curato e c'erano involucri e indumenti; e così aiutata, la creatura si diffuse in climi più freddi, portando con sé il cibo, accumulando cibo—fino a quando talvolta il seme d'erba trascurato germogliava di nuovo e dava un primo accenno di agricoltura. + +E già c'erano gli inizi dell'ozio e del pensiero. + +L'uomo cominciò a pensare. C'erano momenti in cui era nutrito, quando le sue lussure e le sue paure erano tutte placate, quando il sole splendeva sul luogo di accovacciamento e fiochi fremiti di speculazione accendevano i suoi occhi. Grattò su un osso e trovò somiglianza e la perseguì e cominciò l'arte pittorica, plasmò l'argilla morbida e calda della riva del fiume tra le sue dita, e trovò un piacere nei suoi schemi e ripetizioni, la modellò nella forma di vasi, e scoprì che avrebbe tenuto l'acqua. Osservò il fiume che scorreva, e si chiese da quale seno generoso venisse quest'acqua incessante; ammiccò al sole e sognò che forse avrebbe potuto intrappolare e infilzare mentre scendeva al suo luogo di riposo tra le colline distanti. Poi fu spronato a trasmettere al suo fratello che una volta davvero lo aveva fatto—almeno che qualcuno lo aveva fatto—mescolò quello forse con un altro sogno quasi altrettanto audace, che un giorno un mammut era stato assediato; e con ciò cominciò la finzione—indicando una via al conseguimento—e l'augusta processione profetica dei racconti. + +Per decine e centinaia di secoli, per miriadi di generazioni quella vita dei nostri padri andò avanti. Dall'inizio alla maturazione di quella fase della vita umana, dal primo goffo eolite di selce rozzamente scheggiata ai primi arnesi di pietra levigata, trascorsero due o tremila secoli, dieci o quindicimila generazioni. Così lentamente, per standard umani, l'umanità si raccolse dalle tenui intimazioni della bestia. E quel primo barlume di speculazione, quella prima storia di conquista, quel narratore dagli occhi brillanti e arrossato sotto i suoi capelli arruffati, gesticolante al suo ascoltatore a bocca aperta e incredulo, afferrandogli il polso per tenerlo attento, fu l'inizio più meraviglioso che questo mondo abbia mai visto. Condannò i mammut, e iniziò la preparazione di quella trappola che catturerà il sole. + +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 2 + +Quel sogno fu solo un momento nella vita di un uomo, il cui vero affare sembrava fosse procurarsi il cibo e uccidere i suoi simili e generare alla maniera di tutto ciò che appartiene alla fratellanza delle bestie. Attorno a lui, nascosti da lui dal più sottile dei veli, c'erano le fonti intatte del Potere, la cui grandezza appena sospettiamo anche oggi, Potere che potrebbe rendere reale ogni suo sogno concepibile. Ma i piedi della razza erano sulla sua via, benché egli morisse ciecamente ignaro. + +Infine, nei livelli generosi di calde valli fluviali, dove il cibo è abbondante e la vita molto facile, l'umano emergente superando le sue precedenti gelosie, divenendo, poiché la necessità lo perseguitava meno urgentemente, più sociale e tollerante e arrendevole, conseguì una comunità più ampia. Cominciò una divisione del lavoro, alcuni degli uomini più anziani si specializzarono nella conoscenza e nella direzione, un uomo forte prese la guida paterna nella guerra, e sacerdote e re cominciarono a sviluppare i loro ruoli nel dramma d'apertura della storia dell'uomo. La sollecitudine del sacerdote era la semina e il raccolto e la fertilità, e il re governava pace e guerra. In un centinaio di valli fluviali attorno alla zona calda e temperata della terra c'erano già città e templi, una ventina di migliaia di anni fa. Prosperavano senza essere registrate, ignorando il passato e ignare del futuro, poiché la scrittura doveva ancora cominciare. + +Molto lentamente l'uomo aumentò la sua richiesta sulla ricchezza illimitata di Potere che gli si offriva da ogni parte. Addomesticò certi animali, sviluppò la sua agricoltura primordialmente casuale in un rituale, aggiunse dapprima un metallo alle sue risorse e poi un altro, fino a quando ebbe rame e stagno e ferro e piombo e oro e argento ad integrare la sua pietra, tagliò e intagliò il legno, fece ceramica, pagaiò lungo il suo fiume finché giunse al mare, scoprì la ruota e fece le prime strade. Ma la sua principale attività per un centinaio di secoli e più, fu la sottomissione di se stesso e degli altri a società sempre più grandi. La storia dell'uomo non è semplicemente la conquista del potere esterno; è prima la conquista di quelle diffidenze e ferocità, quella concentrazione su di sé e intensità di animalità, che gli legano le mani dall'prendere la sua eredità. La scimmia in noi ancora si oppone all'associazione. Dall'alba dell'età della pietra levigata al conseguimento della Pace del Mondo, i rapporti dell'uomo furono principalmente con se stesso e il suo simile, commerciando, contrattando, facendo leggi, propiziando, schiavizzando, conquistando, sterminando, e ogni piccolo incremento di Potere, lo rivolgeva subito e sempre rivolge ai propositi di questa confusa elaborata lotta per socializzare. Incorporare e comprendere i suoi simili in una comunità di scopo divenne l'ultimo e più grande dei suoi istinti. Già prima che l'ultima fase levigata dell'età della pietra fosse finita era divenuto un animale politico. Fece scoperte straordinariamente lungimiranti dentro se stesso, prima del contare e poi dello scrivere e fare registrazioni, e con ciò le sue comunità cittadine cominciarono ad estendersi al dominio; nelle valli del Nilo, dell'Eufrate, e dei grandi fiumi cinesi, i primi imperi e le prime leggi scritte ebbero i loro inizi. Gli uomini si specializzarono per combattere e governare come soldati e cavalieri. Più tardi, man mano che le navi divennero adatte alla navigazione, il Mediterraneo che era stato una barriera divenne una via, e infine da un groviglio di politiche di pirati venne la grande lotta di Cartagine e Roma. La storia dell'Europa è la storia della vittoria e dello smembramento dell'Impero Romano. Ogni monarca ascendente in Europa fino all'ultimo, scimmiottò Cesare e si chiamò Kaiser o Zar o Imperator o Kasir-i-Hind. Misurato dalla durata della vita umana è un vasto spazio di tempo tra quella prima dinastia in Egitto e l'avvento dell'aeroplano, ma sulla scala che guarda indietro ai fabbricanti degli eoliti, è tutto una storia di ieri. + +Ora durante questo periodo di duecento secoli o più, questo periodo degli stati in guerra, mentre le menti degli uomini erano principalmente preoccupate dalla politica e dall'aggressione reciproca, il loro progresso nell'acquisizione del Potere esterno fu lento—rapido in confronto al progresso della vecchia età della pietra, ma lento in confronto a questa nuova età di scoperta sistematica in cui viviamo. Non alterarono molto le armi e le tattiche di guerra, i metodi dell'agricoltura, la navigazione, la loro conoscenza del globo abitabile, o i dispositivi e gli utensili della vita domestica tra i giorni dei primi Egizi e i giorni in cui Cristoforo Colombo era un bambino. Naturalmente, ci furono invenzioni e cambiamenti, ma ci furono anche retrocessioni; le cose erano scoperte e poi dimenticate di nuovo; era, nell'insieme, un progresso, ma non conteneva gradini; la vita contadina era la stessa, c'erano già sacerdoti e avvocati e artigiani cittadini e signori territoriali e governanti, medici, donne sagge, soldati e marinai in Egitto e Cina e Assiria e nell'Europa sud-orientale all'inizio di quel periodo, e stavano facendo molto le stesse cose e vivendo molto la stessa vita come in Europa nel 1500 d.C. Gli scavatori inglesi dell'anno 1900 d.C. potevano scavare nei resti di Babilonia e dell'Egitto e dissotterrare documenti legali, conti domestici, e corrispondenza familiare che potevano leggere con la più completa simpatia. Ci furono grandi cambiamenti religiosi e morali durante il periodo, imperi e repubbliche si sostituirono l'un l'altro, l'Italia tentò un vasto esperimento nella schiavitù, e infatti la schiavitù fu tentata ancora e ancora e fallì e fallì ed era ancora da essere testata di nuovo e rigettata di nuovo nel Nuovo Mondo; il Cristianesimo e il Maomettismo spazzarono via mille culti più specializzati, ma essenzialmente questi erano adattamenti progressivi dell'umanità a condizioni materiali che devono essere sembrate fissate per sempre. L'idea di cambiamenti rivoluzionari nelle condizioni materiali della vita sarebbe stata del tutto estranea al pensiero umano per tutto quel tempo. + +Eppure il sognatore, il narratore, era ancora lì, aspettando la sua opportunità in mezzo alle preoccupazioni impegnative, gli andirivieni, le guerre e le processioni, la costruzione di castelli e la costruzione di cattedrali, le arti e gli amori, le piccole diplomazie e le faide incurabili, le crociate e i viaggi commerciali del medioevo. Non speculava più con la libertà senza ostacoli del selvaggio dell'età della pietra; spiegazioni autorevoli di tutto sbarravano il suo cammino; ma speculava con un cervello migliore, sedeva ozioso e guardava le stelle circolanti nel cielo e meditava sulla moneta e sul cristallo nella sua mano. Ogni volta che c'era un certo ozio per il pensiero in questi tempi, allora si trovavano uomini insoddisfatti delle apparenze delle cose, insoddisfatti delle assicurazioni della credenza ortodossa, inquieti con un senso di simboli non letti nel mondo attorno a loro, mettendo in dubbio la definitività della saggezza scolastica. Attraverso tutte le età della storia ci furono uomini a cui questo sussurro era giunto di cose nascoste attorno a loro. Non potevano più condurre vite ordinarie né accontentarsi delle cose comuni di questo mondo una volta che avevano udito questa voce. E per lo più credevano non solo che tutto questo mondo fosse come una tenda dipinta davanti a cose non immaginate, ma che questi segreti fossero Potere. Fino ad allora il Potere era giunto agli uomini per caso, ma ora c'erano questi cercatori che cercavano, cercavano tra oggetti rari e curiosi e sconcertanti, talvolta trovando qualche strana cosa utilizzabile, talvolta ingannando se stessi con immaginaria scoperta, talvolta fingendo di trovare. Il mondo di ogni giorno rideva di questi esseri eccentrici, o li trovava fastidiosi e li maltrattava, o era preso dalla paura e faceva di loro santi e stregoni e maghi, o con cupidigia e li intratteneva speranzoso; ma per la maggior parte non badava affatto a loro. Eppure erano del sangue di colui che aveva per primo sognato di attaccare il mammut; ognuno di loro era del suo sangue e discendenza; e la cosa che cercavano, del tutto inconsapevolmente, era la trappola che un giorno catturerà il sole. + +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 3 + +Tale era quell'uomo Leonardo da Vinci, che andava in giro per la corte di Sforza a Milano in uno stato di astrazione dignitosa. I suoi taccuini comuni sono pieni di sottigliezza profetica e ingegnose anticipazioni dei metodi dei primi aviatori. Dürer era il suo parallelo e Roger Bacon—che i Francescani ridussero al silenzio—della sua stirpe. Tale uomo ancora in una città più antica fu Erone di Alessandria, che conosceva il potere del vapore millenovecento anni prima che fosse messo in uso per la prima volta. E ancora più antico Archimede di Siracusa, e ancora più antico il leggendario Dedalo di Cnosso. Su e giù per la registrazione della storia ogni volta che c'era un po' di tregua dalla guerra e dalla brutalità i cercatori apparivano. E metà degli alchimisti erano della loro tribù. + +Quando Roger Bacon fece esplodere il suo primo lotto di polvere da sparo si sarebbe potuto supporre che gli uomini sarebbero passati subito al motore esplosivo. Ma non potevano vedere nulla del genere. Non stavano ancora cominciando a pensare di vedere le cose; la loro metallurgia era troppo povera per fare tali motori anche se ci avessero pensato. Per un tempo non potevano fare strumenti abbastanza solidi per reggere questa nuova forza anche per uno scopo così grossolano come scagliare un proiettile. I loro primi cannoni avevano canne di legno cerchiato, e il mondo aspettò più di cinquecento anni prima che il motore esplosivo arrivasse. + +Anche quando i cercatori trovavano, all'inizio era un lungo viaggio prima che il mondo potesse usare le loro scoperte per qualunque scopo tranne i più rozzi e ovvi. Se l'uomo in generale non era ancora assolutamente cieco alle energie non conquistate attorno a lui come il suo precursore paleolitico, era al massimo mezzo cieco. + +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 4 + +L'energia latente del carbone e il potere del vapore attesero a lungo sulla soglia della scoperta, prima che cominciassero a influenzare le vite umane. + +Non c'è dubbio che ci fossero molti dispositivi come i giocattoli di Erone ideati e dimenticati, volta dopo volta, nelle corti e nei palazzi, ma era necessario che il carbone fosse estratto e bruciato con abbondanza di ferro a portata di mano prima che sorgesse negli uomini che qui c'era qualcosa di più di una curiosità. E va notato che il primo suggerimento registrato per l'uso del vapore fu in guerra; c'è un opuscolo elisabettiano in cui si propone di sparare proiettili da bottiglie di ferro tappate piene di acqua riscaldata. L'estrazione del carbone per combustibile, la fusione del ferro su scala più larga di quanto gli uomini avessero mai fatto prima, la pompa a vapore, la macchina a vapore e il battello a vapore, seguirono l'uno all'altro in un ordine che aveva una sorta di necessità logica. È il capitolo più interessante e istruttivo nella storia dell'intelligenza umana, la storia del vapore dal suo inizio come fatto nella coscienza umana alla perfezione delle grandi turbine che precedettero l'utilizzazione del potere intra-molecolare. Quasi ogni essere umano deve aver visto il vapore, visto senza curiosità per molte migliaia di anni; le donne in particolare scaldavano sempre l'acqua, facendola bollire, vedendola evaporare, vedendo i coperchi dei recipienti danzare con la sua furia; milioni di persone in tempi diversi devono aver osservato il vapore lanciare rocce fuori dai vulcani come palle da cricket e soffiare la pomice in schiuma, e tuttavia si può cercare nell'intera registrazione umana, lettere, libri, iscrizioni, immagini, per qualsiasi barlume di una realizzazione che qui c'era forza, qui c'era forza da prendere in prestito e usare... Poi improvvisamente l'uomo si svegliò ad essa, le ferrovie si diffusero come una rete sul globo, i piroscafi di ferro sempre più grandi cominciarono la loro lotta sbalorditiva contro vento e onda. + +Il vapore fu il primo venuto nei nuovi poteri, fu l'inizio dell'Era dell'Energia che doveva chiudere la lunga storia degli Stati in Guerra. + +Ma per lungo tempo gli uomini non realizzarono l'importanza di questa novità. Non vollero riconoscere, non furono capaci di riconoscere che qualcosa di fondamentale fosse accaduto alle loro necessità immemorabili. Chiamarono la macchina a vapore il "cavallo di ferro" e finsero di aver fatto la più parziale delle sostituzioni. I macchinari a vapore e la produzione di fabbrica stavano visibilmente rivoluzionando le condizioni della produzione industriale, la popolazione fluiva costantemente dalla campagna e si concentrava in masse fino ad allora impensabili attorno a pochi centri cittadini, il cibo arrivava a loro su enormi distanze su scala tale da rendere l'unico precedente, le navi di grano della Roma imperiale, un incidente insignificante; e un'enorme migrazione di popoli tra Europa e Asia Occidentale e America era in Progresso, e—nessuno sembra aver realizzato che qualcosa di nuovo era entrato nella vita umana, un vortice strano del tutto diverso da qualsiasi precedente circolare e mutazione, un vortice come il vortice quando finalmente le porte delle chiuse cominciano ad aprirsi dopo una lunga fase di accumulo d'acqua e inattività vorticosa... + +Il sobrio Inglese alla fine del diciannovesimo secolo poteva sedere al suo tavolo per la colazione, decidere tra tè di Ceylon o caffè del Brasile, divorare un uovo dalla Francia con del prosciutto danese, o mangiare una costoletta della Nuova Zelanda, concludere la sua colazione con una banana delle Indie Occidentali, dare un'occhiata agli ultimi telegrammi da tutto il mondo, scrutare i prezzi correnti dei suoi investimenti geograficamente distribuiti in Sud Africa, Giappone, ed Egitto, e dire ai due figli che aveva generato (al posto degli otto di suo padre) che pensava che il mondo cambiasse molto poco. Dovevano giocare a cricket, tenere i capelli tagliati, andare alla vecchia scuola a cui era andato lui, evitare le lezioni che aveva evitato lui, imparare qualche frammento di Orazio e Virgilio e Omero per la confusione dei rozzi, e tutto sarebbe andato bene per loro... + +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 5 + +L'elettricità, benché fosse forse la prima delle due ad essere studiata, invase la vita comune degli uomini pochi decenni dopo lo sfruttamento del vapore. Anche all'elettricità, nonostante la sua vicinanza provocatoria tutto attorno a lui, l'umanità era stata completamente cieca per ere incalcolabili. Poteva esserci qualcosa di più enfatico dell'appello dell'elettricità per l'attenzione? Tuonava alle orecchie dell'uomo, gli segnalava con lampi accecanti, occasionalmente lo uccideva, e lui non poteva vederla come una cosa che lo riguardasse abbastanza da meritare studio. Entrava in casa con il gatto in qualsiasi giorno secco e crepitava insinuante ogni volta che accarezzava il suo pelo. Corrodeva i suoi metalli quando li metteva insieme... Non c'è un solo registro che qualcuno si sia chiesto perché il pelo del gatto crepita o perché i capelli sono così riottosi alla spazzola in un giorno gelido, prima del sedicesimo secolo. Per anni infiniti l'uomo sembra aver fatto del suo meglio molto efficacemente per non pensarci affatto; finché questo nuovo spirito del Cercatore non si rivolse a queste cose. + +Quante volte le cose devono essere state viste e respinte come non importanti, prima che l'occhio speculativo e il momento della visione arrivassero! Fu Gilbert, il medico di corte della regina Elisabetta, che per primo si scervellò con ambra strofinata e pezzetti di vetro e seta e gommalacca, e così cominciò il risveglio della mente umana all'esistenza di questa presenza universale. E anche allora la scienza dell'elettricità rimase un mero piccolo gruppo di fatti curiosi per quasi duecento anni, collegati forse con il magnetismo—una mera supposizione quella—forse con il fulmine. Le zampe delle rane devono essere state appese con ganci di rame da ringhiere di ferro e aver sussultato in innumerevoli occasioni prima che Galvani le vedesse. Eccetto per il parafulmine, furono 250 anni dopo Gilbert prima che l'elettricità uscisse dal gabinetto delle curiosità scientifiche nella vita dell'uomo comune... Poi improvvisamente, nel mezzo secolo tra il 1880 e il 1930, soppiantò la macchina a vapore e prese il controllo della trazione, soppiantò ogni altra forma di riscaldamento domestico, abolì la distanza con il telefono senza fili perfezionato e il telefotografo... + +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 6 + +E ci fu una straordinaria resistenza mentale alla scoperta e all'invenzione per almeno cento anni dopo che la rivoluzione scientifica era cominciata. Ogni nuova cosa si faceva strada nella pratica contro uno scetticismo che ammontava a volte all'ostilità. Uno scrittore su questi argomenti riporta una piccola divertente conversazione domestica che accadde, dice, nell'anno 1898, entro dieci anni, cioè, dal tempo in cui i primi aviatori erano decisamente in volo. Ci racconta come sedeva alla sua scrivania nel suo studio e conversava con il suo figlioletto. + +Il suo figlioletto era in profondo turbamento. Sentiva di dover parlare molto seriamente a suo padre, e poiché era un ragazzino gentile non voleva farlo troppo duramente. + +Questo è quello che accadde. + +"Vorrei, papà," disse, arrivando al punto, "che non scrivessi tutta questa roba sul volare. I ragazzi mi prendono in giro." + +"Sì!" disse suo padre. + +"E il vecchio Broomie, il Preside intendo, mi prende in giro. Tutti mi prendono in giro." + +"Ma ci sarà il volo—molto presto." + +Il ragazzino era troppo ben educato per dire quello che pensava di ciò. "Comunque," disse, "vorrei che non ne scrivessi." + +"Volerai—molte volte—prima di morire," lo assicurò il padre. + +Il ragazzino sembrò infelice. + +Il padre esitò. Poi aprì un cassetto e tirò fuori una fotografia sfocata e sottosviluppata. "Vieni a guardare questa," disse. + +Il ragazzino gli si avvicinò. La fotografia mostrava un ruscello e un prato oltre, e alcuni alberi, e nell'aria un oggetto nero, simile a una matita con ali piatte su entrambi i lati. Era la prima registrazione del primo apparecchio più pesante dell'aria che si fosse mai mantenuto nell'aria con forza meccanica. Sul margine era scritto: "Qui andiamo su, su, su—da S. P. Langley, Smithsonian Institution, Washington." + +Il padre osservò l'effetto di questo documento rassicurante su suo figlio. "Bene?" disse. + +"Quello," disse lo scolaro, dopo riflessione, "è solo un modello." + +"Modello oggi, uomo domani." + +Il ragazzo sembrò diviso nella sua fedeltà. Poi decise per ciò che credeva fermamente fosse onniscienza. "Ma il vecchio Broomie," disse, "ha detto a tutti i ragazzi della sua classe solo ieri, 'nessun uomo volerà mai.' Nessuno, dice, che abbia mai sparato a galli cedroni o fagiani in volo crederebbe mai nulla del genere..." + +Eppure quel ragazzo visse per volare attraverso l'Atlantico e curare le reminiscenze di suo padre. + +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 7 + +Alla fine del diciannovesimo secolo come testimonia una moltitudine di passaggi nella letteratura di quel tempo, si pensava che il fatto che l'uomo avesse finalmente avuto rapporti riusciti e proficui con il vapore che lo scottava e l'elettricità che lampeggiava e tuonava nel cielo verso di lui, fosse un esercizio sorprendente e forse culminante della sua intelligenza e del suo coraggio intellettuale. L'aria di "Nunc Dimittis" risuona in alcuni di questi scritti. "Le grandi cose sono scoperte," scrisse Gerald Brown nel suo sommario del diciannovesimo secolo. "Per noi rimane poco se non l'elaborazione dei dettagli." Lo spirito del cercatore era ancora raro nel mondo; l'educazione era poco qualificata, non stimolante, scolastica, e poco apprezzata, e poche persone anche allora avrebbero potuto realizzare che la Scienza era ancora solo il più tenue degli schizzi di prova e la scoperta appena cominciava. Nessuno sembra aver avuto paura della scienza e delle sue possibilità. Eppure ora dove c'erano stati solo una ventina di cercatori circa, ce n'erano molte migliaia, e per ogni ago di speculazione che aveva sondato la tenda delle apparenze nel 1800, ce n'erano ora centinaia. E già la Chimica, che si era accontentata dei suoi atomi e molecole per la maggior parte di un secolo, stava preparandosi per quell'enorme passo successivo che avrebbe rivoluzionato l'intera vita dell'uomo da cima a fondo. + +Si realizza quanto fosse grezza la scienza di quel tempo quando si considera il caso della composizione dell'aria. Questa fu determinata da quello strano genio e recluso, quell'uomo di mistero, quell'intelligenza sventrata, Henry Cavendish, verso la fine del diciottesimo secolo. Per quanto lo riguardava il lavoro fu mirabilmente fatto. Separò tutti gli ingredienti noti dell'aria con una precisione del tutto notevole; mise persino a verbale che aveva qualche dubbio sulla purezza dell'azoto. Per più di cento anni la sua determinazione fu ripetuta da chimici in tutto il mondo, il suo apparato fu custodito a Londra, divenne, come si diceva, "classico," e sempre, a ognuna delle innumerevoli ripetizioni del suo esperimento, quell'elemento subdolo l'argon si nascondeva tra l'azoto (e con un po' di elio e tracce di altre sostanze, e infatti tutti gli indizi che avrebbero potuto portare alle nuove partenze della chimica del ventesimo secolo), e ogni volta scivolava inosservato attraverso le dita professorali che ripetevano la sua procedura. + +È quindi sorprendente che fino all'alba stessa del ventesimo secolo la scoperta scientifica fosse ancora piuttosto una processione di felici accidenti che una conquista ordinata della natura? + +Eppure lo spirito della ricerca si stava diffondendo costantemente attraverso il mondo. Persino il maestro di scuola non poteva fermarlo. Per la mera manciata che cresceva per sentire meraviglia e curiosità sui segreti della natura nel diciannovesimo secolo, c'erano ora, all'inizio del ventesimo, miriadi che sfuggivano dalle limitazioni della routine intellettuale e della vita abituale, in Europa, in America, Nord e Sud, in Giappone, in Cina, e tutto intorno al mondo. + +Fu nel 1910 che i genitori del giovane Holsten, che doveva essere chiamato da un'intera generazione di uomini di scienza, "il più grande dei chimici europei," stavano soggiornando in una villa vicino a Santo Domenico, tra Fiesole e Firenze. Aveva allora solo quindici anni, ma era già distinto come matematico e posseduto da un selvaggio appetito di comprendere. Era stato particolarmente attratto dal mistero della fosforescenza e dalla sua apparente non relazione con ogni altra fonte di luce. Doveva raccontare poi nelle sue reminiscenze come osservò le lucciole che vagavano e brillavano tra gli alberi scuri nel giardino della villa sotto il caldo cielo notturno blu dell'Italia; come le catturò e le tenne in gabbie, le dissezionò, studiando prima l'anatomia generale degli insetti molto elaboratamente, e come cominciò a sperimentare con l'effetto di vari gas e temperature variabili sulla loro luce. Poi il regalo casuale di un piccolo giocattolo scientifico inventato da Sir William Crookes, un giocattolo chiamato spintariscopio, sul quale particelle di radio impattano sul solfuro di zinco e lo rendono luminoso, lo indusse ad associare i due insiemi di fenomeni. Fu un'associazione felice per le sue indagini. Fu anche una cosa rara e fortunata che qualcuno con il dono matematico fosse stato preso da queste curiosità. + +PRELUDIO +I CACCIATORI DEL SOLE +### Sezione 8 + +E mentre il ragazzo Holsten sognava sulle sue lucciole a Fiesole, un certo professore di fisica di nome Rufus stava tenendo un corso di conferenze pomeridiane sul Radio e la Radio-Attività a Edimburgo. Erano conferenze che avevano attirato una quantità di attenzione molto considerevole. Le teneva in un piccolo teatro di conferenze che era diventato sempre più congestionato man mano che il suo corso procedeva. Alla sua discussione conclusiva era affollato fino al soffitto in fondo, e lì la gente stava in piedi, stando in piedi senza alcun senso di fatica, tanto affascinanti trovavano i suoi suggerimenti. Un giovanotto in particolare, un ragazzo dalla testa tondeggiante, con capelli ruvidi come stoppa dalle Highlands, sedeva abbracciando il suo ginocchio con grandi mani rosso-sabbia e bevendo ogni parola, occhi ardenti, guance arrossate, e orecchie brucianti. + +"E così," disse il professore, "vediamo che questo Radio, che sembrava dapprima un'eccezione fantastica, un'inversione folle di tutto ciò che era più stabilito e fondamentale nella costituzione della materia, è realmente in armonia con il resto degli elementi. Fa notevolmente e forzatamente ciò che probabilmente tutti gli altri elementi stanno facendo con lentezza impercettibile. È come la voce singola che grida ad alta voce che tradisce la moltitudine silenziosa che respira nell'oscurità. Il Radio è un elemento che si sta disgregando e volando in pezzi. Ma forse tutti gli elementi stanno facendo ciò a velocità meno percettibili. L'uranio certamente lo è; il torio—la sostanza di questa reticella a gas incandescente—certamente lo è; l'attinio. Sento che stiamo solo cominciando la lista. E sappiamo ora che l'atomo, che una volta pensavamo duro e impenetrabile, e indivisibile e finale e—senza vita—senza vita, è realmente un serbatoio di immensa energia. Questa è la cosa più meravigliosa di tutto questo lavoro. Poco fa pensavamo agli atomi come pensavamo ai mattoni, come materiale da costruzione solido, come materia sostanziale, come masse unitarie di roba senza vita, ed ecco! questi mattoni sono scatole, scatole del tesoro, scatole piene della forza più intensa. Questa piccola bottiglia contiene circa una pinta di ossido di uranio; cioè, circa quattordici once dell'elemento uranio. Vale circa una sterlina. E in questa bottiglia, signore e signori, negli atomi in questa bottiglia riposa almeno tanta energia quanta potremmo ottenere bruciando centosessanta tonnellate di carbone. Se a una parola, in un istante potessi improvvisamente rilasciare quell'energia qui e ora ci farebbe saltare e tutto intorno a noi in frammenti; se potessi trasformarla nel macchinario che illumina questa città, potrebbe mantenere Edimburgo brillantemente illuminata per una settimana. Ma al presente nessun uomo sa, nessun uomo ha un'idea di come questo piccolo grumo di roba possa essere fatto per affrettare il rilascio della sua riserva. La rilascia, come un ruscello gocciola. Lentamente l'uranio cambia in radio, il radio cambia in un gas chiamato emanazione di radio, e quello di nuovo in ciò che chiamiamo radio A, e così il processo continua, emettendo energia ad ogni stadio, finché alla fine raggiungiamo l'ultimo stadio di tutti, che è, per quanto possiamo dire al presente, piombo. Ma non possiamo affrettarlo." + +"Vi capisco, amico," sussurrò il ragazzo dalla testa tondeggiante, con le sue mani rosse che si stringevano come una morsa sul suo ginocchio. "Vi capisco, amico. Continuate! Oh, continuate!" + +Il professore continuò dopo una breve pausa. "Perché il cambiamento è graduale?" chiese. "Perché solo una frazione minuta del radio si disintegra in qualsiasi secondo particolare? Perché si distribuisce così lentamente e così esattamente? Perché non tutto l'uranio cambia in radio e tutto il radio cambia nella cosa immediatamente inferiore in una volta? Perché questo decadimento a gocce; perché non un decadimento in massa? ... Supponete che presentemente troviamo che è possibile accelerare quel decadimento?" + +Il ragazzo dalla testa tondeggiante annuì rapidamente. L'idea meravigliosa inevitabile stava arrivando. Tirò il suo ginocchio verso il mento e dondolò sulla sua sedia per l'eccitazione. "Perché no?" fece eco, "perché no?" + +Il professore sollevò il suo indice. + +"Data quella conoscenza," disse, "notate cosa saremmo in grado di fare! Non solo saremmo in grado di usare questo uranio e torio; non solo avremmo una fonte di potere così potente che un uomo potrebbe portare nella sua mano l'energia per illuminare una città per un anno, combattere una flotta di navi da guerra, o guidare uno dei nostri transatlantici giganti attraverso l'Atlantico; ma avremmo anche un indizio che ci permetterebbe finalmente di accelerare il processo di disintegrazione in tutti gli altri elementi, dove il decadimento è ancora così lento da sfuggire alle nostre misurazioni più fini. Ogni frammento di materia solida nel mondo diventerebbe un serbatoio disponibile di forza concentrata. Realizzate, signore e signori, cosa queste cose significherebbero per noi?" + +La testa ruvida annuiva. "Oh! continuate. Continuate." + +"Significherebbe un cambiamento nelle condizioni umane che posso solo paragonare alla scoperta del fuoco, quella prima scoperta che sollevò l'uomo sopra il bruto. Oggi ci troviamo verso la radio-attività come il nostro antenato si trovava verso il fuoco prima che avesse imparato a farlo. Lo conosceva allora solo come una cosa strana del tutto oltre il suo controllo, una fiammata sulla cresta del vulcano, una distruzione rossa che si versava attraverso la foresta. Così è che conosciamo la radio-attività oggi. Questa—questa è l'alba di un nuovo giorno nel vivere umano. Al culmine di quella civiltà che ebbe il suo inizio nella selce martellata e nel bastone acceso del selvaggio, proprio quando sta diventando apparente che i nostri bisogni sempre crescenti non possono essere sopportati indefinitamente dalle nostre presenti fonti di energia, scopriamo improvvisamente la possibilità di una civiltà interamente nuova. L'energia di cui abbiamo bisogno per la nostra stessa esistenza, e con cui la Natura ci rifornisce ancora così parcamente, è in realtà rinchiusa in quantità inconcepibili tutto intorno a noi. Non possiamo aprire quella serratura al presente, ma—" + +Fece una pausa. La sua voce si abbassò così che tutti si sforzarono un po' per sentirlo. + +"—lo faremo." + +Alzò di nuovo quel dito magro, il suo gesto solitario. + +"E allora," disse... + +"Allora quella lotta perpetua per l'esistenza, quella lotta perpetua per vivere sul mero surplus delle energie della Natura cesserà di essere il destino dell'Uomo. L'uomo passerà dal pinnacolo di questa civiltà all'inizio della prossima. Non ho eloquenza, signore e signori, per esprimere la visione del destino materiale dell'uomo che si apre davanti a me. Vedo i continenti desertici trasformati, i poli non più deserti di ghiaccio, il mondo intero ancora una volta Eden. Vedo il potere dell'uomo raggiungere tra le stelle..." + +Si fermò bruscamente con un sussulto del respiro che molti attori o oratori avrebbero potuto invidiare. + +La conferenza era finita, il pubblico rimase in silenzio per pochi secondi, sospirò, divenne udibile, si mosse, agitò, si preparò per la dispersione. Fu accesa più luce e quella che era stata una massa oscura di figure divenne una brillante confusione di movimento. Alcune persone fecero segni agli amici, alcune si accalcarono verso il palco per esaminare l'apparato del conferenziere e prendere appunti dei suoi diagrammi. Ma il ragazzo dalla testa tondeggiante con i capelli ruvidi non voleva un tale dettagliato sminuzzamento dei pensieri che lo avevano ispirato. Voleva essere solo con loro; si fece largo quasi ferocemente, si fece angoloso e ossuto come una mucca, temendo che qualcuno potesse parlargli, che qualcuno potesse invadere la sua sfera ardente di entusiasmo. + +Andò per le strade con un volto rapito, come un santo che vede visioni. Aveva braccia sproporzionatamente lunghe, e piedi grandi ridicoli. + +Doveva stare da solo, arrivare da qualche parte in alto fuori da tutto questo affollamento di banalità, di vita quotidiana. + +Si fece strada fino alla cima del Seggio di Artù, e lì sedette per lungo tempo nella luce dorata della sera, immobile, eccetto che ogni tanto sussurrava a se stesso qualche frase preziosa che era rimasta nella sua mente. + +"Se," sussurrava, "se solo potessimo aprire quella serratura..." + +Il sole stava tramontando sulle colline distanti. Già era privato dei suoi raggi, un globo d'oro rossastro, sospeso sulle grandi banche di nuvole che presentemente lo avrebbero inghiottito. + +"Eh!" disse il giovanotto. "Eh!" + +Sembrò finalmente svegliarsi dal suo incantamento, e il sole rosso era lì davanti ai suoi occhi. Lo fissò, all'inizio senza intelligenza, e poi con un riconoscimento crescente. Nella sua mente venne uno strano eco di quella fantasia ancestrale, quella fantasia di un selvaggio dell'Età della Pietra, ossa morte e sparse nella deriva duecentomila anni fa. + +"Vecchia cosa," disse—e i suoi occhi brillavano, e fece una sorta di gesto di afferramento con la mano; "vecchia cosa rossa... Vi avremo ancora." diff --git a/split_chapter.py b/split_chapter.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b6ffaef --- /dev/null +++ b/split_chapter.py @@ -0,0 +1,91 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +""" +Script per dividere un capitolo in sezioni separate. +Ogni sezione viene salvata in un file separato per ottimizzare la traduzione. +""" + +import re +import sys +import os +from pathlib import Path + + +def split_chapter(chapter_file, output_dir): + """ + Divide un capitolo in sezioni basandosi sui titoli ### Section + + Args: + chapter_file: path del file del capitolo da dividere + output_dir: directory dove salvare le sezioni + """ + # Leggi il contenuto del capitolo + with open(chapter_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: + content = f.read() + + # Estrai il titolo del capitolo (prima riga con ##) + chapter_title_match = re.search(r'^## (.+)$', content, re.MULTILINE) + if not chapter_title_match: + print("Errore: Titolo del capitolo non trovato") + return + + chapter_title = chapter_title_match.group(1) + print(f"Capitolo: {chapter_title}") + + # Dividi per sezioni usando ### Section come delimitatore + # Pattern che cattura "### Section" seguito da numero o testo + sections = re.split(r'(### Section[^\n]*)', content) + + # Crea la directory di output se non esiste + os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True) + + # Il primo elemento è il preambolo (titolo del capitolo e testo prima della prima sezione) + preambolo = sections[0].strip() + + # Processa le sezioni + section_count = 0 + for i in range(1, len(sections), 2): + if i + 1 < len(sections): + section_header = sections[i].strip() + section_content = sections[i + 1].strip() + + section_count += 1 + + # Estrai il numero o nome della sezione + section_match = re.search(r'### Section\s+(\w+)', section_header) + if section_match: + section_id = section_match.group(1) + else: + section_id = str(section_count) + + # Crea il nome del file + if section_id.isdigit(): + filename = f"sezione_{int(section_id):02d}.md" + else: + filename = f"sezione_{section_id}.md" + filepath = os.path.join(output_dir, filename) + + # Scrivi il file della sezione + with open(filepath, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f: + f.write(f"## {chapter_title}\n\n") + f.write(f"{section_header}\n\n") + f.write(section_content) + + print(f" ✓ Creata sezione {section_id}: {filepath}") + + print(f"\nTotale sezioni create: {section_count}") + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + if len(sys.argv) != 3: + print("Uso: python split_chapter.py ") + print("Esempio: python split_chapter.py 'The World set Free_chapters/chapter_02.md' 'The World set Free_chapter02'") + sys.exit(1) + + chapter_file = sys.argv[1] + output_dir = sys.argv[2] + + if not os.path.exists(chapter_file): + print(f"Errore: File {chapter_file} non trovato") + sys.exit(1) + + split_chapter(chapter_file, output_dir) diff --git a/translate_section.py b/translate_section.py new file mode 100644 index 0000000..eb9c4db --- /dev/null +++ b/translate_section.py @@ -0,0 +1,135 @@ +#!/usr/bin/env python3 +""" +Script per tradurre una sezione alla volta dall'inglese all'italiano. +Questo approccio ottimizza l'uso dei token gestendo il contenuto in chunk più piccoli. +""" + +import os +import sys +import json +from pathlib import Path + + +# Regole di traduzione e stile +TRANSLATION_INSTRUCTIONS = """ +Traduci il seguente testo dall'inglese all'italiano seguendo queste linee guida: + +1. STILE E TONO: + - Mantieni uno stile letterario elevato, adatto a un romanzo di fantascienza classico + - Usa un tono che rifletta l'epoca edoardiana dell'originale + - Preserva la solennità e il ritmo narrativo + +2. TERMINI TECNICI E SCIENTIFICI: + - "atomic bombs" → "bombe atomiche" + - "aeroplanes" → "aeroplani" + - "Carolinum" → "Carolinio" (elemento immaginario) + - "inducive" → "induttivo" + - "degenerator" → "degeneratore" + +3. NOMI E LUOGHI: + - Mantieni i nomi propri in inglese (Frederick Barnet, Holsten, etc.) + - I luoghi geografici vanno tradotti quando hanno una forma italiana standard + - Titoli militari: "Marshal" → "Maresciallo", "General" → "Generale" + +4. FORMATTAZIONE: + - Mantieni tutti i marcatori markdown (##, ###, ecc.) + - Preserva i paragrafi e la struttura originale + - Non aggiungere note o commenti del traduttore + +5. ADATTAMENTO CULTURALE: + - Adatta modi di dire e espressioni idiomatiche all'italiano + - Mantieni però il flavour britannico del testo originale + - Usa forme verbali appropriate al contesto narrativo +""" + + +def translate_section(section_file, output_file): + """ + Mostra le istruzioni per tradurre manualmente una sezione. + In futuro potrebbe essere integrato con un API di traduzione. + + Args: + section_file: path del file della sezione da tradurre + output_file: path dove salvare la traduzione + """ + # Leggi il contenuto + with open(section_file, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f: + content = f.read() + + print(f"\n{'='*80}") + print(f"SEZIONE DA TRADURRE: {section_file}") + print(f"OUTPUT: {output_file}") + print(f"{'='*80}\n") + + # Conta parole per stimare il lavoro + word_count = len(content.split()) + print(f"Lunghezza: ~{word_count} parole\n") + + print(TRANSLATION_INSTRUCTIONS) + print(f"\n{'='*80}\n") + print("CONTENUTO DA TRADURRE:") + print(f"\n{'-'*80}\n") + print(content) + print(f"\n{'-'*80}\n") + + print("\nDopo aver tradotto il contenuto:") + print(f"1. Salva la traduzione in: {output_file}") + print("2. Verifica che la formattazione markdown sia preservata") + print("3. Rileggi per coerenza stilistica\n") + + +def batch_translate_directory(input_dir, output_dir): + """ + Prepara per la traduzione di tutte le sezioni in una directory. + + Args: + input_dir: directory contenente le sezioni da tradurre + output_dir: directory dove salvare le traduzioni + """ + os.makedirs(output_dir, exist_ok=True) + + # Trova tutti i file di sezione + section_files = sorted(Path(input_dir).glob("sezione_*.md")) + + if not section_files: + print(f"Nessuna sezione trovata in {input_dir}") + return + + print(f"\nTrovate {len(section_files)} sezioni da tradurre:") + for i, section_file in enumerate(section_files, 1): + output_file = Path(output_dir) / section_file.name + status = "✓ TRADOTTA" if output_file.exists() else "○ DA TRADURRE" + print(f"{i}. {section_file.name} → {status}") + + # Trova la prima sezione non ancora tradotta + for section_file in section_files: + output_file = Path(output_dir) / section_file.name + if not output_file.exists(): + print(f"\n{'='*80}") + print("PROSSIMA SEZIONE DA TRADURRE:") + print(f"{'='*80}\n") + translate_section(str(section_file), str(output_file)) + return + + print("\n✓ Tutte le sezioni sono state tradotte!") + + +if __name__ == "__main__": + if len(sys.argv) == 3 and sys.argv[1] == "--batch": + # Modalità batch: mostra quale sezione tradurre + input_dir = sys.argv[2] + output_dir = input_dir.replace("_chapters/", "_tradotto/") + batch_translate_directory(input_dir, output_dir) + elif len(sys.argv) == 3: + # Modalità singola sezione + section_file = sys.argv[1] + output_file = sys.argv[2] + translate_section(section_file, output_file) + else: + print("Uso:") + print(" Singola sezione: python translate_section.py ") + print(" Batch: python translate_section.py --batch ") + print("\nEsempio:") + print(" python translate_section.py 'The World set Free_chapter02/sezione_01.md' 'tradotto/sezione_01.md'") + print(" python translate_section.py --batch 'The World set Free_chapter02'") + sys.exit(1)